Vuto Losatha: Mmene Magulu Amachepetsera Ufulu Wolimbana ndi Chisungiko

Chitaganya chirichonse chiyenera kuyang'anizana ndi funso lalikulu: kuti ndi ufulu wochuluka motani umene ungaperekedwe kaamba ka lonjezo la chisungiko? Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa ufulu wa munthu ndi chisungiko cha onse sikuli kopangidwa kwamakono, koma kwakula m'nyengo ya uchigaŵenga wa dziko lonse, kuyang'anira kwa maluso a zaumisiri, ndi zaumoyo wa anthu. Lingaliro la ufulu, lokhala ndi malamulo alamulo kuchokera ku Magna Carta ku Universal Declaration of Human Rights, limaimira malo otetezedwa a ufulu ndi ulemu. Komabe kufunidwa kwa chisungiko, kaya ku upandu, ziwopsyezo zachilendo, kapena miliringu, kaŵirikaŵiri imakakamiza maboma kuchepetsa ufulu umodzimodziwo. Chiyenerocho sichikusankha chimodzi pa zina, koma kuchirikiza ufulu wosasiya anthu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda ufulu wa za umphaŵi, ufulu wa kulungamitsa, ndi kulungamitsa zinthu, pamene zikhomeretsa.

Kufotokoza Maufulu Amakono: Kuposa Ufulu Waung’ono

M’mademokrase alamulo, ufulu umenewu umaikidwa m’mabungwe atatu ozungulira, ndipo uliwonse umakhala ndi mbiri yake ndi kufunika kwake.

Kumasuka kwa Pachiŵeniŵeni: Chizindikiro cha Mawu

Maufulu a nzika amatsimikizira kukhoza kwa kulankhula, kulambira, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kufunafuna chilungamo popanda kubwezera boma. Kusintha Koyamba kwa Malamulo a U.S. kuli chitsanzo chapadera, komabe kumasulira kwake kwasintha mwa zochitika zosinthasintha monga Schenkck v. United States , kumene kumayambitsa "ngozi ndi iripo". Kuyesa, ufulu umenewu si wokwanira. Kuda, kunyoza, ndi kusonkhezera chiwawa kaŵirikaŵiri kumaletsedwa, kusonyeza kuti ngakhale ufulu wa anthu wokondeka kwambiri walinganizidwa kutetezera zikondwerero zina. Chipsirirocho chimakhala chachikulu pamene chitetezo cha dziko chikuyang'anizana: kutetezera ndi kuvulaza ndi kuvulaza kwa lamulo ndi kuphatikizana kwa lamulo.

Kumasuka kwa Ndale: Ufulu Wolamulira

Maufulu andale amaphatikizapo kuvota, kuthamangira udindo, ndi kuchita nkhani za boma. Ufulu umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti munthu adziimbe mlandu pa demokalase. Komabe amatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi ndawala zochotsa chidziŵitso, kuyendetsa mavoti, ndi kuvota zimene zimayambukira kwambiri magulu opatuka. Ofesi ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe yagogomezera kuti kuloŵerera m’zandale kuyenera kutetezedwa, osati ufulu wa kuthandizira pandale. Malamulo a chitetezo monga malamulo a ovota, pamene kuli koyenera kuletsa chinyengo, kungatsende ndi kuwononga kulingana kwa ndale.

Kumasuka m’Zachuma: Kukhala ndi Mbali m’Malo ndi Msika

Maufulu a zachuma amaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi katundu, kuloŵa m'mapangano, ndi kulondola zinthu zofunikira pamoyo. Ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri zingawonedwe kukhala zofunika pa ufulu wa munthu, zingawombane ndi malamulo a chisungiko onga kutayikiridwa katundu, ziletso za malonda, kapena kuyang'anira mtengo wa ngozi. Mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVAD-19, kutsekereza kwa zachuma kukakamiza malonda ochititsa kuchotsedwa kwakukulu pakati pa thanzi la anthu ndi ntchito zachuma. Kutsutsana pa malire a kuloŵerera kwa boma kumagogomezera mfundo yakuti ufulu wa zachuma suli konse konse; nthaŵi zonse umaikidwa ndi zitsogoze ndi zingwe zolamulira zachuma zofuna kutsimikizira chilungamo, kukhazikika, ndi kutetezeka.

Oletsa Chisungiko: Chifukwa Chake Maboma Amaletsa Ufulu

Komabe, njira zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito poteteza anthu zingachititse kuti anthu asamade nkhawa: njira zimene angazigwiritse ntchito poonetsetsa kuti atetezedwe zingapangitse kuti anthu asamakhulupirirene, asamafune kuuzidwa zochita paokha.

Kuopsa kwa Malo Okongola ndi Zoopsa

Kuchokera pa uchigaŵenga mpaka pa uchigaŵenga wa pa Intaneti, ziwopsezo zamakono kaŵirikaŵiri zimafalikira ndipo sizikudziŵika. Zimenezi zachititsa chiphunzitso cha kupululidwa: Kuloŵererapo kusanachitike, kozikidwa pa luntha kapena mayeso a ngozi. Maprogramu auchigaŵenga, osandanda, ndi kutsekedwa konse pa mfundo imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, [FLT]] Alemba mmene National Security Letters ku United States angasonkhezere makampani kutumiza mauthenga popanda kupenda kwachiweruzo, kukweza nkhani zazikulu za Kukonzanso Kosatsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza amanena kuti zida zotero zimapulumutsa miyoyo, otsutsa akuchenjeza kuti iwo amasunga kusunga mwachibadwa ndi kuchotsa lamulo la lamulo.

Kulabadira Kwalamulo ndi Zotulukapo Zake Zosayembekezeredwa

Malamulo onga USA PARIOTTT Act (2001) ndi UK's Terrorism Act inafutukula kwambiri apolisi ndi mphamvu za luntha. Zinapangitsa kukhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito fonitap, zolembera za malonda, ndi kuyang'anira anthu okayikira popanda kulipira. Komabe, kufufuza kochitidwa ndi mabungwe monga ACLU[FLT , [1] [] Act] Act , kumasonyeza kuti maulamuliro ameneŵa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri polimbana ndi maupandu osakhala aupandu, ndi kuti madera ochepa amasunga lamulo. Kutsegulira kwa chitetezo kuti aonedwe ndi kuyang'anira kochititsa chidwi n’ko kosalekeza.

Thanzi la Onse Monga Chisungiko

COVID-19 inayambitsanso kusiyana maganizo pa nkhani ya ufulu. Malamulo, malocking, mapasipoti, ndi kujambula kwa manambala adagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse. Ngakhale kuti njira zambiri zinachirikizidwa ndi umboni wa kufalitsa, zinayambitsanso zitsutso za kudziimira kwa thupi ndi zachinsinsi. Bungwe la Zaumoyo la padziko lonse lafalitsa kulinganiza thanzi la anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu [, kugogomezera kuti ziletso zirizo ziyenera kukhala zovomerezeka, zofunika, zolinganiza, ndi nthaŵi yokwanira. Mliri wasonyeza kuti ngakhale chitetezo chotsimikizirika chingakhale chopambana mwamsanga ngati sichingayang'aniziridwe mwamphamvu.

Maziko Odabwitsa: Kusiya Masamba Kukhala Mazira

Kumvetsetsa maziko ameneŵa kumathandiza kumveketsa bwino chifukwa chake malondawo satha kuthetsedwa.

Zogonana ndi Kugwirizana kwa Mayanjano

Thomas Hobbes, mu Leviathan [FLT [1] [1651], adatsutsa kuti popanda wolamulira wamphamvu, moyo ukakhala "nkhondo ya onse pa onse. Malinga ndi Hobbes, anthu amapatula ufulu wina posinthana ndi boma. Tsogolo limeneli lidakali lolungama kwambiri pa ulamuliro wa boma. Komabe nzeru ya Hobbesian ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kulungamitsa kupondereza kopanda nzeru; ngati chisungiko chili chabwino kwambiri, malire alionse pa ufulu angalungamizidwe. Chotero democracy yamakono iyenera kupeputsa ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Mfundo Yoopsa ya Mphero

John Stuart Mill, mu Ku Liberty . Mwachitsanzo, programu yokha yokhazikitsa ufulu ndiyo kuletsa kuvulaza ena. Mfundo imeneyi imapereka malire omveka: zochita zimene zimayambukira munthu aliyense kukhala womasuka ku kusokonezeka kwa boma. Makonzedwe a pulogalamu a mbulunga ndi othandiza kuyang'anira njira zachitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, programu yoyang'anira zinthu zimene zimaloŵa m’malo mwachinsinsi popanda ziwanda kuvulaza. Komabe, kulongosola "harm" m'nkhani ya chitetezo cha dziko kapena thanzi la anthu kumakhala kotsutsana ndi kulakwa kothekera, kumene kuyenera kukana chifukwa cha kupeputsa malamulo.

Zoipa ndi Chilungamo Monga Kukoma Mtima

John Rawls, mu Chiphunzitso cha Chilungamo (1971], chinatsutsa kuti chitaganya chachilungamo ndicho chimene chikasankhidwa kumbuyo kwa "umbuli," kumene anthu samadziŵa malo awo m'chitaganya. Pamkhalidwe umenewu, anthu anzeru angatetezere ufulu wawo waukulu kwa onse, ndi kulola kusalingana kokha ngati akupindula ndi phindu lochepa. Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a chitetezo kumatanthauza kupanga njira zimene siziri zolemetsa kwambiri. Poli monga ngati gulu lodziŵika ndi lokhala lotetezeredwa m’malo mwa kuyang'aniridwa ndi chiŵeruzo chachikulu.

Kulira kwa Nthaŵi Yathu: Kumene Kukukulira

Mabwalo adziko ambiri enieni amasonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa ufulu ndi chisungiko. Nkhani iliyonse imagogomezera kufunika kwa njira zosinthasintha, zotsalira mawu apatsogolo ndi apansi.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta ndi Kukhala Kokha

Kukwera kwa Intaneti ndi zipangizo zanzeru zapanga maluso osayerekezereka. Maboma angapangitse malo, kulankhulana, ndi khalidwe pamlingo waukulu. Bungwe la European Union’s General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) limaimira dongosolo lachinsinsi lamphamvu, pamene maiko onga China amagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo a za ngongole a anthu amene amagwirizanitsa kuyenerera ndi kulamulira. Privicacy International [ gulu lochenjeza kuti kuyang'anira kwa anthu ambiri kukayikirana ndi kukhoza kuchititsa adani andale. Kulinganiza lamulo kumafunikira ndi ufulu wachinsinsi kumafuna kuyang'anira kwalamulo, kuyang’ana, ndi kuchepetsa mapulinsipulo.

Kulimbana ndi Uchigaŵenga ndi Ntchito Yofunika

Pambuyo pa 9 / 11, maiko ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo amene anafooketsa njira yoyenerera ya uchigaŵenga wokayikitsa. M'kutsekeredwa kosalekeza ku Guantanamo Bay, kugwiritsira ntchito mabwalo ankhondo, ndi kupha anthu kowonjezereka kochitidwa kupyolera m'ma droness zonsezo zinalungamitsidwa kukhala zofunikira kaamba ka chisungiko. Komabe njira zimenezi zimachepetsa lamulo ndi kupanga zidzudzudzulo zimene zingawonjezere kusinthika kowonjezereka. Lipoti lochitidwa ndi Amnety International [1] Kutsendedwa kopitirizabe popanda kuzemba lamulo la ufulu wa anthu. Kulimbana kogwira mtima sikufunikira kutaya njira yoyenerera; kuonetsera ndi kulinganiza kwachilungamo kungawonjezere kuyenerera ndi kugwirizana.

Kulabadira kwa Chivomerezo cha Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kumasulidwa

Mliri wa Covid-19 wokakamiza maboma kukhazikitsa ziletso zimene sizikanatheka panthaŵi yamtendere. Mabungwe, zoletsa maulendo, ndi katemera wa lamulo zinayambitsa mkangano waukulu. Ziletso zina, monga kuchepetsa misonkhano yaikulu, zinavomerezedwa kwambiri. Zina, monga kugwirizanitsa ndi manambala, zinayambitsa nkhaŵa zachinsinsi. M'mayiko ambiri, makhoti anabwezera kumbuyo polimbana ndi ochenjeredwa. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti la Germany Federal Constitution linanena kuti njira zina zotsekera ziyenera kuzikidwa pa umboni wotsimikizirika ndipo sizingathetsedwe. Mliri wophunzitsa kuti mphamvu zamwadziwitsa zimafunikira malamulo a kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa ndi uyang'aniro kuti ziteteze kutha kwa ufulu wa anthu.

Kulinganiza Zinthu Modalirika: Mfundo za M’Baibulo ndi Zochita Zake

Nkhani si yakuti kaya chitetezo n’chofunika kapena ayi, koma kuti munthu athe kuchitsatira popanda kutaya ufulu wake.

Udindo ndi Kufunika

Njira zachitetezo ziyenera kulingana ndi chiwopsezo ndi zofunika kuti mupeze cholinga choyenerera. Kulimbana ndi anthu ena kuyenera kukhala njira yomalizira, osati yankho loyamba. Lingaliro la kulinganiza limakhala logwirizana m'zipangizo zambiri zodzitetezera za anthu, monga ngati Mfundo 8 ya European Convention on Human Rights, imene imalola kuloŵerera ndi malo achinsinsi pokhapokha ngati "ofunika m'chitaganya cha democracy" ikhala yokha.

Kuyera Malo ndi Kuyang’anira

Maprogramu achinsinsi amayambitsa nkhanza. Mabungwe oimira boma, monga makomiti a nyumba ya malamulo, mabungwe otetezera ufulu wa anthu, ndi mabungwe otetezera makompyuta, n’zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la UK's Investigation Powers Power poweruza milandu yokhudza kuyang’anira. Maboma akamachita mwachinsinsi, anthu sawakhulupirira ndipo angasiye kudalira ufulu wa anthu ndipo angawononge ufulu wawo. Kuona mtima kumatanthauzanso kufalitsa mfundo zomveka bwino za malamulo ndi kukambirana ndi anthu.

Kutentha kwa Dzuŵa ndi Kupenda Nthaŵi

Maulamuliro a chitetezo sayenera kukhala achikhalire. Malamulo operekedwa pochitapo kanthu pa ngozi ayenera kuphatikizapo masiku otha ntchito, ofuna kusintha malamulo. Maguluwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi amatsutsana ndi kutsimikizira kuti makonzedwe sapititsidwa kwamuyaya popanda chifukwa. Mwachitsanzo, USA PATRIOT Act, inali ndi zinthu zingapo zimene zinali zotheka kuloŵa m'dzulo ndipo potsirizira pake anasinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa.

Chitetezo cha Oweruza

Makhoti ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zopenda njira zachitetezo ndi kupha zija zimene zimaphwanya ufulu waukulu. Ntchito ya oweruza yoyang'anira akuluakulu ozembedwa yakhala yofunika kwambiri m'mayiko ambiri. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States mu Hamdi ndi . Rumsfeld [2004])) adakhulupirira kuti olimbana ndi asilikali ayenera kukhala ndi mpata wokwanira wotsutsa kutsekeredwa kwawo. Mofananamo, Khoti la Umboni ya ku Ulaya Yoweruza Yoletsa chinsinsi pa zinthu zosafunikira. Ufulumiko ya komiti ya sumateteza anthu ndi chitetezero cholimbana ndi chitetezo chimene chikupita patsogolo kwambiri.

Kufufuza za Matenda m’Malinga ndi Malo

Kupenda mmene anthu osiyanasiyana amasamalirira ufulu wawo kumapereka maphunziro othandiza. Ngakhale kuti palibe dziko limene lili ndi mbiri yabwino, njira zina zimalemekeza ufulu kuposa zina.

Germany: Mwambo Wolimba Wokhala Pawekha

Germany ali ndi chimodzi cha zikhalidwe zachinsinsi kwambiri m'dziko, chozikidwa pa chidziŵitso cha Nazi ndi Stasi. Khoti la Federal Constitution lapanga "kuyenera kwa kudzidziŵikitsa" kuti kuchepetsa kusonkhanitsa kwa zolemba za boma. Ngakhale pambuyo pa zigaŵenga, akuluakulu a Germany mwachisawawa apeŵa maprogramu oyang’anira anthu, mmalo mwa kudalira ntchito ya luntha ndi malamulo amphamvu otetezera. Machitidwe a dziko amasonyeza kuti chikumbukiro cha mbiri yakale chingatsogolere ku njira zothetsera mavuto oyenera.

India: Kusamala ndi Boma la Chitetezo Likukula

India ali ndi mavuto apadera: zipani zokakamiza, uchigaŵenga wodutsa malire, ndi chiwawa cha anthu onse. Ilo lakhazikitsa malamulo onga ngati Umonal Activities (Prevention) Act, amene amalola kumangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kuletsedwa kwa njira zoyenerera. Khoti Lapamwamba la India nthaŵi zina laloŵerera, kuchotsa makonzedwe amene amaswa ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe akusimba kugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa kwa malamulo ameneŵa motsutsana ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu ndi anthu ochepa. Nkhani ya India imasonyeza vuto la kusunga zoyenera za chitetezo pamene ziwopsya ndipo zitetezero za mabungwe zikufooka.

Sweden: Democracy yodzisankhira ikuchitidwa

Sweden ali ndi mwambo wa kukambirana kwa anthu ambiri asanatsatire malamulo a zachitetezo. Mliriwu, pamene boma linakhazikitsa ziletso, unadalira pa kumvera ndi kuvomereza modzifunira mmalo mwa malamulo okhwima. Kudzilamulira kolemekezeka uku akupeza chiŵerengero chotsika cha matenda m'zaka zoyambirira. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti kudalira pa mphamvu za mphamvu za dziko kungakhale kosakwanira pamavuto. Chitsanzo cha Sweden chimasonyeza kufunika kwa kudalirana ndi anthu ndi kuvomerezana monga njira zina zotetezera popanda kukakamiza anthu kuti apeze chithandizo.

Tsogolo Lake: Zaumisiri, Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Malo Atsopano

Kulinganiza pakati pa ufulu ndi chisungiko kudzapitirizabe kupitirizabe kuyambika monga kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga. Luntha la zopangapanga, kuzindikira nkhope, ntchito yolosera, ndi mathekiniki a zinthu zamagetsi amapereka ziŵiya zamphamvu zotetezera komanso zimapereka ngozi zosayerekezeka ku zinthu zachinsinsi ndi ufulu. Kugwirizana kwa mayiko onse nkofunika kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi mapangano amene amaletsa mpikisano. Msonkhano wa Ulaya 108 + ndi kuyesayesa kwina kofuna kupanga muyezo wachinsinsi wa dziko lonse.

Kudalirana kwa mayiko kumatanthauzanso kuti mayiko ambiri amadalirana ndipo zimenezi zimafunika kuti anthu azigwirizana kuti ateteze ufulu wa anthu.

Chofunika kwambiri si kupeza njira imodzi yothetsera vutoli, koma kumanga mabungwe ndi zizoloŵezi za demokrase zimene zingagwirizane ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe. Nzika ziyenera kukhalabe ndi chibwenzi, kudziŵa, ndi kukonzekera kufunsa akuluakulu. Kusamala nthaŵi zonse kukhoza kusungidwa.

Pomaliza, nkhani ya ufulu ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zongopitirizabe. Pamene ziwopsezo zikusintha, tiyeneranso kusintha. Koma mfundo yaikulu idakalipo: chitetezo chimene chimabwera pamtengo wa ufulu wofunika kwambiri si chisungiko chenicheni. Anthu amene amalemekeza ulemu ndi ufulu wa mamembala awo si okha, koma ndi opirira kwambiri. Mwa kuchirikiza malamulo, kutsimikizira kuwala, ndi kuphatikiza anthu onse odzitetezera, tingawongoletsa kumasuka ndi kuteteza popanda kupereka ufulu weniweniwo kuti titeteze.