Kumvetsa Mphamvu za Boma la United States

Maulamuliro a boma la boma samadzisankhira ndi [1] iwo amafotokozedwa mosamalitsa ndi Malamulo a U.S. ndipo amaumbidwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri za kumasulira kwa lamulo, kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kusoŵa kopindulitsa. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kuti zimvetsetse mmene malamulo amapangira, mmene misonkho imasonkhanitsidwira, mmene mautumiki ankhondo amagwiritsidwira ntchito, ndi mmene mautumiki a tsiku ndi tsiku monga kutumiza makalata ndi kusamalira thanzi. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula mozama kwa mitundu ya mphamvu za boma, maziko a malamulo, zoikidwirapo, ndi njira zenizeni zimene zimayambukira miyoyo ya anthu a ku Amereka.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mphamvu Yaukulu

Pamene Abambo Opezedwa analinganiza Malamulo mu 1787, iwo anapanga boma la boma la mphamvu zochepetsedwa, zopatsidwa. Mosiyana ndi maboma a boma, amene amasunga mphamvu za apolisi kuti achitepo kanthu kwa anthu, boma la boma lingagwiritsire ntchito mphamvuzo zoperekedwa ndi Malamulo. Zigamulo zimenezi zimapezedwa makamaka m’Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, limodzinso ndi m’kumasulira ndi m’malangizo a chiweruzo. Opanga malamulowo anafuna kuti gawoli lawo liletse kuperekedwa kwa ulamuliro ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense.

Makonzedwe a mphamvu za boma kaŵirikaŵiri amasweka m'magulu atatu: [[FLT: 0] mphamvu zokhala ndi mphamvu (zolembedwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo), mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito [ (zochokera ku ndandanda yoyenera ndi yoyenera), ndi [[FLT] mphamvu zolamulira [ (mtundu wokhawo wokhala ndi zinthu mwachibadwa). Kumvetsetsa magawo ameneŵa ndi njira yoyamba yosonyezera kufutukuka ndi malire a ulamuliro wa boma.

Mphamvu Zokhala ndi Mphamvu Zochuluka: Mndandanda wa Maufumu

Maulamuliro oikidwa ndi amene andandalikidwa mwachindunji m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo . Awa ndi mphamvu zimene Congress(ndiponso boma la boma) lingagwiritsire ntchito mwachindunji. Zina mwa mphamvu zazikulu zotchulidwa zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kupereka ndi kusonkhanitsa misonkho, ntchito, zikalata, ndi kuchotsa ngongole ndi kupereka kaamba ka chitetezo chofala ndi ubwino wa onse wa United States
  • Kubwereka ndalama ku United States
  • Kulamulira malonda ndi maiko akunja, pakati pa maiko angapo, ndi mafuko a Eni America (Chommerce Claus)
  • Kukhazikitsa lamulo lofanana la kupangidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi malamulo ofanana pankhani ya kulephera kwa ndalama
  • Kugula ndalama, kuwongolera phindu lake, ndi kukonza muyezo wa zolemera ndi miyeso
  • Kupereka chilango cha kunyenga kwa zinthu ndi ndalama za siliva za ku United States
  • Kumanga maofesi otumiza makalata ndi misewu
  • Kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi maluso othandiza mwa kukhala ndi nthaŵi zochepera kwa olemba ndi otulukira zinthu ndi ufulu wokha wa zolemba zawo ndi zotumba (kukopera mawu olondola ndi oyenera)
  • Makhoti amene amaika makhoti kukhala otsika kwa Khoti Lalikulu
  • Kufotokoza ndi kulanga maupandu ndi maupandu ochitidwa panyanja zazitali ndi kuswa lamulo la mitundu
  • Kulengeza nkhondo, kupereka makalata a mafamu ndi obwezera, ndi kupanga malamulo onena za kulanda malo ndi madzi
  • Kukulitsa ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo (mopanda kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama kwa zaka zoposa ziŵiri)
  • Kusamalira ndi kusamalira gulu la pamadzi
  • Kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a dzikolo ndi asilikali a panyanja
  • Kupereka lamulo la kuitana apolisi kuti apereke malamulo a Union, kupondereza ziukiro, ndi kuchotsapo ziukiro
  • Kupereka zolinganiza, kunyamula m’manja, ndi kulanga asilikali, ndi kulamulira mbali yawo monga momwe angagwiritsidwire ntchito mu utumiki wa United States
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo apadera pa malo a chigawo cha Columbia ndi pamwamba pa nyumba za chigawo, magazini, madoko, ndi nyumba zina zofunikira

Maulamuliro otchulidwawa amapanga maziko odziŵika a ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, Commerce Claus [1] Amasuliridwa mokulira, kulola boma la boma kuyang'anira zonse kuyambira pa kugulitsa malole apakati mpaka pa Intaneti, ndipo ngakhale ufulu wachibadwidwe pansi pa kutsimikiza kumene tsankho limayambukira malonda a mayiko. mphamvu yomangitsa imatheketsa boma kusungitsa ntchito zake zazikulu, kuyambira pa kutetezera dziko kufikira ku Social Security. [[FLT:] mphamvu zotetezera zachikhalidwe] pansi pa kutumiza makalata kwa anthu onse 50.

Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito: Ulamuliro Wosinthasintha

Si ntchito iliyonse ya boma yofunikira ingawonedwe m'kalata yolembedwa m'zaka za zana la 18. Kudzaza mwendo umenewu, Malamulo amaphatikizapo Naciessary ndi Moyenerera Claus [1] (Mfundo I, Chigawo 8, Claus 18), imene imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo “kupanga Malamulo onse amene adzakhala ofunika ndi oyenera kunyamula kuchotsa Maulamuliro otchulidwawo, ndi Maulamuliro ena onse oikidwa ndi Boma la United States, kapena m'Dipatimenti iliyonse." Iyi ndi magwero a [FLC:2] mphamvu zopanga [FLT] [FL:] [2] [-omati ] .ULEMUS]

Khoti Lapamwamba lotchuka linakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha maulamuliro otchuka. Khotilo linagamula kuti Communing inali ndi ulamuliro wopanga banki ya mtundu ngakhale kuti panalibe mphamvu yotero imene inaonekera m'Malamulo, chifukwa chakuti banki linali chiŵiya chothandiza ndi chothandiza choperekera mphamvu zogwirizana ndi msonkho, kukongola, ndi ndalama. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall analemba motchuka kuti, “Chimalizire, chikhale chovomerezeka, chikhale m’malo a malamulo a malamulo, ndi njira zonse zimene zili zoyenera, zimene zimasintha momvekera bwino ku mfundozo, zimene sizili zoletsedwa, koma zimaphatikizapo kalata ndi mzimu wa malamulo, ndi malamulo.

Zitsanzo za mphamvu zotanthauza zimene zimagwira ntchito lerolino zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Internal Revenue Service (IRS) kusonkhanitsa misonkho [1] Mphamvu ya msonkho imaŵerengedwa, koma kupanga bungwe lovuta kuperekera msonkho ndi mphamvu yofuna
  • Kupangidwa kwa Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kuti afufuze maupandu amene amadutsana ndi mizera ya boma kapena kuphatikizapo lamulo la boma [1] Kuchokera ku mphamvu zoŵerengedwa zolanga maupandu ndi kuyendetsa malonda
  • Lamulo la kuyenda pandege kupyola Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) [1] [1] Ulendo wa ndege unali wosalingalirika mu 1787, koma kulamulira malonda a dziko ndi kupereka kaamba ka ubwino wa onse kulungamitsa bungweli
  • Kudutsa kwa malamulo a malo okhala monga Clean Air Act ndi Clean Water Act, ozikidwa pa Commers Claus ndi mphamvu yolamulira madzi okhoza kuulutsidwa

Maulamuliro ogwiritsiridwa ntchito amapereka kuthekera kwa boma la boma kuyankha ku mavuto atsopano − tekinoloji, uchigaŵenga wa dziko lonse, nthenda yosakaza — popanda kufuna kuwongolera lamulo lalamulo pa lamulo kapena bungwe lirilonse latsopano.

Mphamvu Zimene Tinabadwa Nazo: Uchifumu Wake Uliwokha

Kuposa kuŵerengedwa ndi kutchulidwa kwa maulamuliro, boma laboma lirinso ndi mphamvu zolamulira ] . [1] Ulamuliro wa mtundu uliwonse wachifumu m'chitaganya cha mitundu yonse. Maulamuliro ameneŵa salembedwa m'Malamulo koma amaonedwa kukhala ofunika kuti boma ligwire ntchito monga woimira dziko lachigawo. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lazindikira kuti United States, monga gulu lachifumu, lili ndi mphamvu yolamulira malire ake, kutsogolera maunansi achilendo, ndi kudzitetezera lokha kuukira.

Zitsanzo zazikulu za mphamvu zachibadwa zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kulamulira ndi kujambula ndi kujambula [1] [1] Pamene kuli kwakuti Mfundo I imandandalika kuikidwa kwachibadwa pakati pa mphamvu zoŵerengedwa, mphamvu yachibadwa yochotsa kapena kuvomereza anthu osakhala a zenire iri kuyenera kwachikulu
  • Kutetezera mtunduwo ku ziwopsezo zachilendo [1] [1] Mphamvu yothamangitsa kuukira yandandalikidwa m'maulamuliro otchulidwa, koma mphamvu yachibadwa ya kutenga kachitidwe kowomboledwa kapena kuloŵa m'mapangano otetezerana imachokera ku ulamuliro
  • Kuchititsa nkhani zachilendo [1] kuphatikizapo kuvomereza maboma achilendo, mapangano (ndi chilolezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano
  • Kupeza gawo (monga mwa Louisiana Purchase, limene silinali lovomerezedwa mwachindunji koma linalungamitsidwa kukhala kupangidwa kwa pangano ndi mphamvu yachibadwa ya kulamulira)

Mphamvu zachibadwa kaŵirikaŵiri ziri pakati pa zotsutsana kwambiri chifukwa chakuti siziri zozikidwa pa malemba. Mwachitsanzo, zonena za mphamvu yachibadwa ya kulamulira mkati mwa nkhondo [“monga kuloŵetsedwa kwa Aamereka a ku Japan mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mabwalo ankhondo ankhondo kwabutsa mkangano waukulu wa lamulo ndi wandale zadziko.

Ulamuliro Wogawana: Mphamvu Zamakono

Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma limapereka ulamuliro waukulu, silimagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu m'chinthu chopanda kanthu. Dongosolo la la [FLT] federalism mphamvu yogawa pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi boma. mphamvu zamakono ndizo zija zogawiridwa ndi maulamuliro onse aŵiri a boma. Maulamuliro onse aŵiri a boma ndi boma angagwire ntchito pa nkhani zimenezi, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma ndi lalikulu pansi pa Supy Claus (Artle VI) pamene nkhondo zibuka.

Mphamvu zofala zimene zimapezeka pa nthaŵi imodzi zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Kusintha [1] [1] Maboma onse a boma ndi a boma angapereke msonkho, ngakhale kuti boma la boma limafunidwa mwalamulo kugawa misonkho yachindunji pakati pa maboma ndi anthu (misonkho ya malipiro inaikidwa mwalamulo ndi kukhazikitsa kwa madeti a 16
  • Kumanga misewu ndi maziko [1] [1] Ndalama za boma za misewu ndi milatho ya m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, pamene mayiko amasunga misewu yakwawo ndi misewu yambiri m’malire ake
  • Kulengeza makhoti ang'onoang'ono [1] [1] [1] Dongosolo la khoti la boma limaphatikizapo makhoti a zigawo ndi makhoti a m'dera a apilo, pamene kuli kwakuti boma lililonse lili ndi dongosolo lake la khoti
  • Malamulo opimira [1] ndi mabungwe a boma (monga FBI ndi DEA) ndi boma ndi apolisi akomweko, nthaŵi zina okhala ndi malamulo otsatizana
  • Mabanki ndi makampani ] [1] Mabanki angapeze tchata cha boma kapena cha boma
  • Kufunkha ndalama [1] zombi ndi ziwiya za United States zopereka ngongole
  • Thanzi ndi ubwino [[FLT :1] [1] [1] Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma limayang'anira Medicare ndi Social Security, maboma amayendetsa Medicaid (ndi ndalama za boma) ndipo ali ndi maprogramu awoawo a zaumoyo

Ulamuliro wogawana umenewu umalola kulinganizika: boma la boma lingakhazikitse miyezo ya dziko ndi kupereka ndalama, pamene maboma angagwirizane ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko. Kugaŵanika kwa mphamvu kuli chitetezo chachikulu ku ulamuliro wankhanza ndipo limatsimikizira kuti boma likhalabe lovomereza kwa nzika pamilingo yambiri.

Zolephera pa Mphamvu Yaukulu

Kuchinjiriza ufulu ndi kuletsa kuchenjera, Malamulo ndi Bill of Rights amaika malire ofunika [[FLT: 0] pa mphamvu ya boma. Ziletso zimenezi n’zofunika mofanana ndi kupereka ulamuliro.

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu

Kusintha koyambirira kwa khumi ku Malamulo, kovomerezedwa mu 1791, kolunjikitsidwa mwachindunji kuletsa kachitidwe ka boma. Mpando woyamba wa Amereka umaletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo akuti ufulu wa kutsegulira mawu, kusindikiza, kufalitsa, chipembedzo, kusonkhana, kapena kuchonderera. Mpando wa Kusintha kwa Kane kumateteza ku kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa. Kusintha kwa Fithmergement kumatsimikizira njira yoyenerera ndi kuletsa kudzipha. Kuletsa kwa Sendrometic Remendment kutsendement ndi chilango chachilendo. Kuyenera kumeneku kumagwira ntchito mwachindunji ku boma la boma (Likulu la Ufulu wa Ufulu wa kumagwira ntchito ku chigawo cha boma; pambuyo pake Demendmentation Development ya 14 inagwiritsira ntchito zitetezero zochuluka za boma kudzera m'chiphunzitso cha kuwonjezera chiphunzitso cha kukhazikitsa).

Kupatukana ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Malamulo amagawa boma la boma kukhala nthambi zitatu , mkulu (Conterrent), ndi jaji (mlandu) (zikalata) (zonsezo) ndizonse zokhala ndi mphamvu zosiyana ndi zokhoza kuyang'anira zina. Msonkhano umapanga malamulo, koma Pulezidenti angawakhazike; Pulezidenti angakhazikitse oweruza ndi akuluakulu a boma, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira; makhoti angalengetse malamulo osagwirizana ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo (okhazikitsidwa mu Maryrybry v. Madison , 1803). Dongo limeneli limaletsa nthambi iliyonse kuyang'anira.

Ufumu wa Mafuko ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Demendulo ya 10 imakhala ku maiko (kapena kwa anthu) maulamuliro onse osaperekedwa ku boma la boma ndi Konsichushoni, kapena oletsedwa ku maboma. Lamulo la [[FLT: 0] uchifumu wa munthu aliyense [ limatanthauza kuti nkhani zambiri monga maphunziro, malamulo a ukwati, ndi malamulo a boma, ndi apolisi a kumaloko, zikukhalabe udindo wa boma ndi boma. Boma la boma silingalamulire akuluakulu aboma kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma (monga mmene Khoti Lapamwamba linanenera mu . United States . , 1997]

Mfundo Zachindunji Zoti Azitsatira

Mfundo I, Chigawo 9 cha Malamulo amandandalika malire apadera pa ulamuliro wa boma: palibe kuchotsedwa kwa habeas corpus (kusiyapo ngati patakhala chipanduko kapena kuukira), palibe mapepala a malamulo a wolandira kapena a pambuyo pake, palibe msonkho pa kutumizidwa kunja kwa boma lirilonse, palibe chimene chimakonda madoko a boma lina kuposa a wina, ndipo palibe ndalama zotengedwa ku Treasury popanda chilolezo chalamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa amasonyeza kusakhulupirira kwa oyambitsawo ulamuliro wosaletsedwa.

Zimene Boma la Federal Limachita Pamoyo Wake wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

M’malo mokhala bungwe lakutali ku Washington, D.C., boma limakamba za moyo wa munthu aliyense wa ku America, ndipo nthawi zambili limacita zinthu mosadziŵika.

Maphunziro

Boma la boma silimayang'anira sukulu . Ndilo limathandiza kwambiri ndi ntchito yakumaloko. Kulandira Maphunziro kumapanga maprogramu onga ngati Thit Imapereka kwa masukulu ochepera obwera ndi Asocialism Act (IA), imene imatsimikizira maphunziro oyenera apoyera kwa ophunzira okhala ndi zolemala. Programme , kuphatikizapo Pell Grants ndi ngongole za ophunzira, kuthandiza mamiliyoni ambiri kulipira kaamba ka koleji. Kuwonjezera apo, boma limakhazikitsa malamulo monga ngati Astries Revece Act (ESA).

Kusamalira thanzi

Kupyolera mwa Medicare , boma limapereka kwa mamiliyoni ambiri a Aamereka. [[FLT:] Makedi ] Makedi [1] (kwa anthu opereŵera ndi mabanja, ogwirizana ndi maboma, ogwirizana ndi maulamuliro), boma limapereka mathayo a thanzi kwa mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu a ku America. [[FLT:] Malek'''''kuwonjezera kulowa kwa munthu aliyense pa inshuwalansi kudzera m'misika ndi kuthandizira, ndi kukhazikitsa chitetezo chakuyang'anira mikhalidwe yoyambirira yapasachedwa. Mabungwe a zaumoyo monga [FL:] Zipata za za za za za za za za za za za Umoyo [NUP]: ndi za kuteteza kwachimoyo kwa anthu. [FUPUPUPUPU.]

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Boma la boma limawononga ndalama zambiri m'zoyendera za dzikolo. Fateral Highway Administration imayang'anira Interstate Highway System, pamene Fateral Transtit Administration [ imapatsa maluwa a mabasi ndi ziwiya. [FLT:] Factal Adreat Administration imayang'anira ulendo wa pandege, ndi [FLT:] National Highracrate Ad Adbut Administration Administrated [FLGURGUative ]. Gulu la Oyendetsa ntchito za m'mabungwe ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zamalonda.

Malo Okhala Ndiponso Mphamvu Zamagetsi

[[FLT:] Environal Protection Agency (NEPA) [FLT ] imakhazikitsa malamulo amene amachepetsa kuipitsa mpweya ndi madzi, kuyendetsa zonyansa zangozi, ndi kuyendetsa makemikolo. National Oceanism ndi Atmospheric Administration (NONAA) imayang'anira nyengo ndi nyengo, pamene ndalama zofufuzira za mphamvu zobwezeretsera mphamvu ndi kuyang'anira zida za nyukiliya. Malamulo a malo okhala ndi malo akunja akunja akusintha kuchokera ku mafuta a galimoto mpaka kumwera madzi.

Zachuma

Maprogramu onga ngati Chisungiko cha zachuma (kubwezeretsa, kupunduka, ndi mapindu a opulumuka) ndi Supplial Interition Information Program (SPAP) imapereka chitetezo cha zachuma ndi chakudya. [[FLT:] Firedal Reserve system [ imakhazikitsa njira ya ndalama yochepetsera kukwera mtengo ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito. Supersurety ndi KMATIC (C) [FLT] imalamulira malonda kutetezera makampani.

Kumaliza

Maulamuliro a boma laboma ndi aakulu ndi oumizidwa. Olamulidwa, osonyezedwa, ndi achibadwa amapereka Washington ulamuliro wa kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani zofunika za dziko lapansi (kuchokera pa kukhazikitsa ndalama ndi kulengeza nkhondo kuyang’anira njanji ndi kupereka chisamaliro cha zaumoyo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Bill of Rights, kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, ulamuliro, ndi malamulo alamulo amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu imeneyi siingakhale yokwanira. Mwakumvetsetsa zimene boma la boma la boma lingachite ndi zimene silingathe kuchita, nzika zingaloŵetsedwe bwinopo ntchito za demokrase, kuchirikiza zikondwerero zawo, ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri awo kukhala ndi mlandu. Monga momwenso kumasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro ameneŵa kudzakhala maziko awo.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani U.S. mfundo za Malamulo zolembedwa [[FLT :2], kufufuza .Cuption 101 zotsala kuchokera ku makhoti a boma , kapena kupenda zikalata zotsegulira pa National Archives .