Table of Contents
Unansi pakati pa maulamuliro a boma ndi boma umaumba pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa Amereka, kuchokera ku misewu imene timapita nayo ku sukulu zimene ana athu amaphunzira. Kumvetsetsa mmene maulamuliro ameneŵa amagaŵidwira, kugaŵikana, ndipo nthaŵi zina kutsutsidwa kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira kakonzedwe ka boma locholoŵana kamene kamalamulira United States. Mtsogoleri wolongosoka ameneyu amapenda kulinganiza kocholoŵana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma, akumapenda mmene dongosolo la unduna wa bomali limayambukirira zosankha ndi malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kodi Kuyendera Limodzi Nchiyani Ndipo Nchifukwa Ninji Kuli Kofunika?
Federalism akutanthauza kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma. Lamulo la maziko la ulamuliro wa Amereka limeneli linatuluka m'Bungwe la Malamulo la mu 1787, pamene Oyambitsa anafunafuna kupanga boma lamphamvu la mtundu kuposa limene linalipo pansi pa Setting of Confederation pamene akusungabe ufulu waukulu wa maboma a mtundu uliwonse.
Dongosolo la boma limakhudza nkhani chifukwa chakuti limayambukira mwachindunji mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kukakamiza, ndi kumasulira m'dziko lonselo. Pamene mupereka misonkho, lembetsa kuvota, kutenga laisensi ya dalaivala, kapena kutumiza ana anu kusukulu, mukugwirizana ndi magaŵano a maulamuliro. Dongosololo limayambitsa chipsinjo champhamvu chimene chakhala chikusintha zosoŵa za dziko pamene likuyesa kusungitsa ulamuliro wa boma.
Maulamuliro obwezera maboma a boma amathandizira kusunga kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa iwo ndi boma la boma. Ilo limalolanso kukhazikitsa ufulu wakuyesa malingaliro ndi maprogramu osiyanasiyana. Nthaŵi zina maiko amatchedwa "mabungwe a demokrase" kaamba ka chifukwa chimenechi. Kuyesa kumeneku kumatheketsa maboma osiyanasiyana kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana za malamulo, ndi njira zachipambano zimene zingachirikizidwe ndi maiko ena kapena ngakhale pamlingo wa boma.
Kumvetsa Maulamuliro a Boma la Maboma Aakulu
Boma la boma limagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la maulamuliro ochepa, oŵerengedwa. Maulamuliro oikidwa ali mphamvu zapadera zopatsidwa ku boma la boma, ndipo makamaka ku Congress, pansi pa Lamulo la U.S.. Mosiyana ndi maiko ena ambiri kumene boma lalikulu lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu, Constitution ya United States imandandandalika mwachindunji zimene boma la boma la boma lingachite.
Maziko a Maulamuliro Audindo
Maulamuliro ambiri ameneŵa andandalikidwa m’Chigawo I, Chigawo 8. Amaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa levy ndi kusonkhanitsa misonkho, ntchito, zikalata, ndi mapolopolo; kulipira ngongole; kupereka kaamba ka kutetezera ndi ubwino wa onse; kuyendetsa malonda ndi maiko akunja ndi pakati pa maiko; kukhazikitsa makhoti ang’onoang’ono a boma; kukhazikitsa ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo; kulengeza nkhondo; ndi kusungitsa dongosolo la zolemba.
Maulamuliro oŵerengedwa ameneŵa amapanga maziko a malemba a ulamuliro wa boma. Opanga malamulo a Constitution anasankha dala kutchula mphamvu za boma mmalo mwa kupereka ulamuliro waukulu, wosadziŵika. Kuteroko kunasonyeza nkhaŵa zawo ponena za kuyambitsa boma lalikulu lamphamvu kwambiri limene lingawopseze ufulu wa munthu ndi ulamuliro wa boma.
Maulamuliro Aakulu Omwe Akuchitidwa
National Defense and Military Affairs: Boma la boma liri ndi ulamuliro wokha pa chitetezo cha dziko, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kusungitsa magulu ankhondo, ndi kulamulira magulu ankhondo. Ulamuliro wankhondo wapakati umenewu umatsimikizira kugwirizanitsa dongosolo la chisungiko la dziko ndi kuletsa maboma adziko lirilonse kuchita ntchito zawo zankhondo zachilendo.
[[FLT: 0] Mayiko ndi Immigration: Nkhani zonse zokhudza malamulo achilendo, kukambitsirana za pangano, ndi maunansi zikutha pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. Zitsanzo pakati pa maulamuliro khumi ndi atatu ondandalikidwa kumeneko zimaphatikizapo mphamvu yolamulira kusamuka ndi kukonza zinthu zachilengedwe, ndalama ndi kuyendetsa ndalama, kukhazikitsa maofesi a positi, ndi kupatsa malo olembetsa ndi olembetsa kupititsa patsogolo sayansi ndi luso. Kulamulira kwa boma kumeneku kumatsimikizira United States ndi liwu limodzi m'nkhani zapadziko lonse.
Currency and Interstate Commerce: Boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro wokha wa kukhoma ndalama ndi kulamulira phindu lake, kutsimikizira ndalama ya dziko limodzi. Commerce Claus wakhala mmodzi wa magwero ofunika kwambiri a mphamvu za boma, kulola Nyumba za Malamulo kuyang'anira ntchito zachuma zimene zimadutsa mizera ya boma.
Malo Ophunzitsa: Malamulo amapereka Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yopititsa patsogolo sayansi ndi maluso mwa kusunga malo ndi zopeka. Zimenezi zimapanga dongosolo la dziko limodzi lotetezera ufulu wa anthu a nzeru, kupeputsa kuyambika kwa zinthu ndi ntchito ya kulenga ku malire a boma.
Kukula kwa Mphamvu ya Federal Kupyolera m’Kumasulira
Pamene kuli kwakuti Konsichushoni imatchula maulamuliro a boma, mbali ya maulamuliro ameneŵa yafutukuka mowonekera kupyolera m’kumasulira kwachiweruzo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwa ziganizo zina za lamulo.
Chofunika ndi Choyenera Claus: Malamulo ofunikira ndi Seant Claus akupereka ulamuliro wa kupanga malamulo ofunika kukwaniritsa mphamvu zake zotchulidwa. Mawu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti Congress iri ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zolembedwa m'Malamulo, kutsimikizira ukulu wa mpambo woŵerengedwa.
Mu McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti pansi pa Chifuniro ndi Chiyeneretso cha Clausce Congress linali ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa banki ya dziko lonse kuti igwire ntchito yake ya kusonkhanitsa misonkho, kulipira ngongole, ndi kubwereka ndalama. Chigamulo chochititsa chidwi chimenechi chinakhazikitsa maulamuliro a boma osati okha ondandandalitsidwa bwino komanso amene akulingaliridwa kukhala ofunika kupha maulamuliro otchulidwa.
Tchalitchi cha Commerce Claus: Mu Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S., Bwalo Lapamwamba linazindikira mphamvu ya Congress ya kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko. M’nkhaniyi, Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa lamulo la boma la New York lomwe linapatsa laisensi yaudindo yokha yogwira ntchito, kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma loyang'anira malonda a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti Comma Clace anapatsa ulamuliro wa Congresswole osati kokha pa kusinthana zinthu zamalonda komanso pa ntchito zina zimene zimayendera madera osiyanasiyana, likukhazikitsa lamulo laukulu la boma laukulu la boma loyang'anira malonda.
Kumasulira kwa Commerce Claus kwasintha kwambiri m'kupita kwa nthawi. Mphamvu ya Nyumba za Malamulo zolamulira malonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana yatsimikiziranso kuti ndiyo njira yothandizira kuti Nyumba za Ufumu zikhazikike. Mphamvu yolamulira malonda a mayiko, Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi mphamvu zolamulira zinthu zimene zakhala zikugulidwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo pafupifupi chilichonse, chimakhudza malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana.
Kukopa ndi Mphamvu ya Kuwononga: Mphamvu ya msonkho, mwachitsanzo, imakhozetsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukweza pafupifupi ndalama zosaŵerengeka ndi kulamulira bwino lomwe chuma cha mtundu. Nyumba za Malamulo zingagwiritsire ntchito ndalama zimenezi, monga kupereka ndalama zachilolezo ku maboma, kusonkhezera maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo akuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizikuloledwa kukhazikitsa.
Mwachitsanzo, n’zoonekeratu kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ilibe mphamvu yolamulira msinkhu wochepa wogula kapena kumwa moŵa. Komabe, bungwe la Congress lakhazikitsa bwino kwambiri zaka zongomwa zapakati pa 21 m’dzikolo.
Zopinga Zaposachedwapa pa Mphamvu Yaunyinji
Mosasamala kanthu za kufutukuka kwa ulamuliro wa boma, Bwalo Lapamwamba nthaŵi zina laika malire pa ulamuliro wa boma. Mlandu wa United States kutsutsana ndi Lopez mu 1995 unasungidwa popanda kugamulidwa kwa Gun Free School Zone Act chifukwa chakuti linaposa mphamvu ya Congress ku "bulutate malonda... pakati pa maiko angapo. Woweruza Wamkulu William Rehnquist analemba, "Timayamba ndi malamulo oyambirira. Malamulo amapanga Federal Government of maulamuliro oŵerengedwa. Pakali nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka 60 Khoti linapeza kuti popanga lamulo lalamulo la boma, Congressslo adaposa mphamvu yopatsidwa ndi Commest Claus.
Chosankha chimenechi chinasonyeza kuti padakali malire atanthauzo kwa ulamuliro wa boma, ngakhale pansi pa malamulo omasulira mokulira monga Communist Claus.
Maulamuliro a Boma ndi Ulamuliro Wosatha
Boma la boma likugwira ntchito moikidwa m’maulamuliro, maboma a boma amagwira ntchito mosiyana. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zotchedwa "apolisi a m’dzikolo" /_ ulamuliro wa mayiko ambiri wokhazikitsa malamulo a thanzi, chitetezo, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo, pogonjera ku malamulo alamulo.
Kusintha kwa Chigawo cha Khumi ndi Mphamvu Zosatha
Maulamuliro amene malamulo a boma sapereka ku United States, kapena kuletsa boma, amaperekedwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu.
Lamulo la Khumi Lowonjezera limalamula kuti boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zokhazo zoperekedwa ndi Malamulo, ndi kuti maulamuliro ena onse amene malamulowo sawaletsa ali a boma lililonse, kapena anthu. Cholinga cha kusintha kumeneku ndicho kutsimikiziranso malamulo a boma ndi kulimbikitsa lingaliro la boma lokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, zoŵerengeka.
Kwenikweni, ilo limasunga ku maiko (kapena anthu) maulamuliro alionse amene Constitution simapereka kwa boma la boma, kusiyapo kokha maulamuliro Constitution imaletsa mwachindunji ku maboma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ulamuliro wa boma sumatchulidwa koma m’malo mwake ukhoza kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu iriyonse imene siingaperekedwe ku boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa ndi Malamulo.
Maulamuliro a Boma ndi Mathayo
Kuphunzitsa: Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa malamulo a maphunziro, kuphatikizapo miyezo ya maphunziro, mafomu a mphunzitsi, njira zothandizira sukulu, ndi zofunika za kumaliza maphunziro. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limapereka ndalama ndi kuika zofunika zina (kapena kwenikweni zokhudza ufulu wa anthu ndi ophunzira okhala ndi zolemala), maboma ndi madera a sukulu akupanga zosankha zambiri zamaphunziro. Izi zikufotokoza chifukwa chake madongosolo a maphunziro amasiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku boma ndi boma m'makwaniridwe a ndalama, miyezo ya maphunziro, ndi kayendetsedwe ka gulu la sukulu.
Public Safety and Criminal Law: Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu womasulira upandu, kukhazikitsa zilango zaupandu, ndi kusungitsa mabungwe osungitsa lamulo. Maupandu ambiri amachitidwa m'makhoti a boma pansi pa lamulo la boma. Maboma amagamula kuti ndi khalidwe liti limene limapanga upandu (pambuyo pa milandu ya boma), kukhazikitsa zitsogozo, kuyendetsa madongosolo a ndende, ndi kuyang'anira madipatimenti a apolisi a kumaloko. Ichi nchifukwa chake malamulo aupandu amasiyana kwambiri pakati pa maboma a boma lina angakhale upandu waukulu m’boma lina.
Lamulo la Banja: [ Ukwati, chisudzulo, kulera ana, kulera ana, ndi choloŵa ndizo nkhani zazikulu za lamulo la boma. Maboma amakhazikitsa ziyeneretso za laisensi ya ukwati, maziko a chisudzulo, miyezo ya kugamula za kusunga ana, ndi malamulo olamulira kugaŵidwa kwa katundu pamene wina wamwalira. Chigamulochi chimalongosola chifukwa chake ukwati ndi malamulo a chisudzulo amasiyana pa mizera ya boma.
Lamulo ndi Malamulo Ogwirizana: Madziko amakhazikitsa malamulo olamulira kukhala ndi katundu, malonda a malo, maunansi a mwini nyumba, ndi kusungitsa pangano. Makhoti a boma amasamalira mikangano yambiri yokhudza ufulu wa katundu ndi kuswa pangano. Ufumu umenewu umalola maboma kusintha zinthu ndi kupanga pangano la zinthu ndi malamulo malinga ndi mikhalidwe ndi zokonda za kumaloko.
Maboma amalamulira ndi kuyang'anira ndi akatswiri a laisensi kuphatikizapo madokotala, maloya, manesi, aphunzitsi, ogulitsa malo, ndi ntchito zina zosaŵerengeka. Boma lililonse limakhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake kaamba ka luso laukatswiri, mayeso, ndi akatswiri olangiza amene amaswa miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino kapena yalamulo. Ichi nchifukwa chake laisensi za akatswiri sizisintha modzifunira pakati pa maboma.
Malamulo a magetsi: [[FLT ] pamene boma limapereka ndalama zazikulu za misewu ndi kuika miyezo ina ya chitetezo, maboma ali ndi thayo lalikulu la kumanga ndi kukonza misewu, kutulutsa laisensi za madalaivala, kujambula galimoto, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu. Maboma amasankha liŵiro pa misewu yambiri, amakhazikitsa ziyeneretso za galimoto, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a maphunziro a oyendetsa galimoto.
Health: Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wakutetezera thanzi la anthu, kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa malesitilanti ndi kusungika kwa chakudya, zipatala zosamalira matenda opatsirana, ndi kuyang'anira ngozi zaumoyo wa anthu. Maboma angaumirize kutsegulidwa kwa anthu, kupatsidwa zigaŵenga zokakamiza (kutsatira malamulo a lamulo), ndi kutetezera ngozi za malo okhala.
Uyang'anira wosankha: United States ali ndi thayo lalikulu la kuchititsa masankho, ngakhale maofesi a boma. United States amagamula njira zovomerezera ovota, kukhazikitsa malo ofunsira, kulinganiza mavoti, ndi kuŵerengera. Chilamuliro cha boma chimenechi chachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu m'masankho osankha m'dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo kusiyana kwa kupezeka koyamba kwa voti, malamulo opangira voti, ndi zofunika zovota.
Malire a Malamulo a Boma
Ngakhale kuti mayiko ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, mayiko sangakwanitse kuchita zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri.
Kuwonjezera apo, boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake amene angaike ziletso zina pa ulamuliro wa boma.
Mphamvu Zamakono: Pamene Ulamuliro Waukulu wa Boma ndi Waukulu Uchepa
Maulamuliro ena a boma ali ogwirizana, kutanthauza kuti maboma a boma ndi a boma omwe angawagwiritsire ntchito panthaŵi imodzi.
Msonkho
Maboma onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma ali ndi mphamvu ya kukhoma misonkho ya ndalama. Boma la boma limasonkhanitsa misonkho ya ndalama zimene amapeza, misonkho ya pauni, misonkho ya malo, ndi misonkho ina. Maboma angapereke msonkho wawo wa ndalama zimene amapeza, misonkho ya malonda, misonkho ya katundu (kaŵirikaŵiri yoperekedwa ku maboma), ndi ndalama zina. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ndi mabizinesi amakhoma misonkho pamlingo wa boma pa malipiro omwewo kapena pa mabizinesi osiyanasiyana.
Maboma ena alibe msonkho, pamene ena amakhazikitsa ndalama zambiri, kusonyeza mmene amasankhira mmene angakhomere ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za boma.
Kukakamiza Lamulo
Maboma a boma ndi a boma omwe amasunga malamulo ndipo angapereke mlandu. Mabungwe a Federal onga FBI, DEA, ndi ATF amasungitsa malamulo a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma ndi apolisi a m’dzikolo angasungitse malamulo a boma. Mchitidwe wina ungaswe malamulo a boma ndi a boma omwe, amene angapereke anthu ku mlandu kwa olamulira onse aŵiri (ngakhale kuti zimenezi nzosoŵa).
Ulamuliro wa panthaŵi imodzi umenewu umatheketsa kusungitsa kwapadera kwa boma upandu wina (monga kuzembetsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa, uchigaŵenga, ndi upandu wolinganizidwa) pamene ukulola maboma kusamalira unyinji waukulu wa milandu yaupandu. Mabungwe osungitsa lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanira kupyolera mwa mphamvu za ntchito ndi kugawana chidziŵitso, ngakhale kuti mafunso a ulamuliro nthaŵi zina angabuke.
Kumanga Mabuku
Maboma onse aŵiri angapange ndi kusungitsa zinthu. Boma la boma limamanga ndi kukonza misewu ina yapansi pa chigawo cha dziko, nyumba za boma, kukhazikitsa asilikali, ndi malo ena. Maboma amamanga misewu ya boma, milatho, nyumba za anthu onse, ndi nyumba zina. Nthaŵi zambiri, ntchito za zomangamanga zimaphatikizapo kugwirizana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma, ndi kuchirikiza ndi ndalama zothandizira ntchito zomanga boma.
Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala
Chitetezero cha malo okhala chimaphatikizapo onse aŵiri ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Malamulo a Federal onga ngati Clean Air Act ndi Clean Water Act amakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko ndi kulamulira zoipitsa zina, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito ndi kutsatirira miyezo ya boma imeneyi ndipo angapereke zofunika zina zowonjezereka. Maboma amayang'aniranso nkhani za malo okhala zosasamalidwa ndi lamulo la boma.
Ulamuliro wa panthaŵi imodzi umenewu umalola kuti mayiko azikhala ndi malamulo ochepa pamene ukulola maboma kupereka chitetezo chachikulu cha malo okhala ngati asankha.
Kusunga Ndalama ndi Kuzisunganso
Malamulo a zachuma amayang'anizana ndi malamulo a boma ndi akuluakulu a boma. Mabanki a boma amalembedwa ndi kulamulidwa ndi mabungwe a boma, pamene mabanki oyendetsedwa ndi boma amayang'anizana ndi malamulo a boma (kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira boma). Inshuwalansi imayendetsedwa makamaka pa mlingo wa boma, pamene mabanki akuyendetsedwa mogwirizana ndi boma. Chitetezo cha ndalama chimaphatikizapo mabungwe a boma ndi maloya a boma omwe.
Kutsutsana kwa Malamulo: Pamene Malamulo a Boma ndi Otsutsana
Polingalira za kucholoŵana kwa maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma, mikangano imabuka mosapeŵeka. Malamulo amatchula zimenezi kupyolera mwa Supremacy Claus, yopezeka mu Mfundo VI, imene imasonyeza kuti Malamulo a m'Chilamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano ndi "Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dziko. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana, lamulo la boma likukhalapo.
Chiphunzitso Chonyenga
Federal kumasulidwa kumachitika pamene lamulo la boma lichotsa kapena kuletsa lamulo la boma m’dera lina. Chiwomboledwe chingasonyezedwe (pamene lamulo la boma likunena mwachindunji kuti limachotsa lamulo la boma) kapena kutanthauza (pamene makhoti amasankha lamulo la bomalo kotheratu lopasula malamulo a boma).
Predection : Congress nthaŵi zina imanena momveka bwino kuti lamulo la boma limachotsa lamulo la boma m'mbali ina. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma la ndege limatsekereza kwambiri malamulo a ndege a mlingo wa ndege, njira, ndi mautumiki. Pamene Nyumba za Ufumu zisonyeza bwino lomwe cholinga chake cha kumasula lamulo la boma, makhoti adzakakamiza kumasulidwa.
Predition: Ngakhale popanda chinenero, makhoti angapeze kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikufuna kukhala ndi gawo lonse la malamulo, kusasiya malo alamulo la boma. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitika m'madera a ulamuliro wa boma, monga ngati kusamukira kudziko kapena nkhani zachilendo.
Lamulo la Boma limachotsedwa pamene likutsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma, mwa kupangitsa kukhala kosatheka kugwirizana ndi malamulo onse aŵiri kapena mwa kukhala chopinga kukwaniritsa zolinga za boma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati lamulo la boma lifuna khalidwe ndi lamulo la boma limaletsa, lamulo la boma limachotsedwa.
Zitsanzo Zothandiza za Chiyeso
Nkhani za kutha ntchito zimabuka m'nkhani zambiri zokhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. M'makompyuta, malamulo a boma amachotsa malamulo ambiri a ntchito zosatsa malonda. M'mapindu a antchito, lamulo la ERISA limawononga malamulo ambiri a boma okhudzana ndi makonzedwe audindo a thanzi ndi ntchito yopuma pantchito. Pa kutetezeka kwa mankhwala, kuvomerezedwa kwa mankhwala kwa boma kwa FDA kumachotsa ena (koma si onse) lamulo la boma lonena za opanga mankhwala.
Komabe, lamulo la boma silimachotsa lamulo la boma nthaŵi zonse. M'madera ambiri, lamulo la boma limaika malo a chitetezo pamene likulola maboma kupereka chitetezo chokulirapo. Lamulo la malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri limagwira ntchito mwanjira imeneyi, ndi miyezo ya boma yokhazikitsa zofunika zochepa zimene zingapitirire. Mofananamo, maboma angapereke chitetezo chachikulu cha ogula kapena ufulu wa antchito kuposa zimene lamulo la boma likufuna, malinga ngati silikutsutsana ndi malamulo a boma.
Kusinthika kwa Mafuko Kupyola m’Mbiri
Federalism pa Kukhazikitsidwa chotero ingalongosoledwe bwino koposa monga "Maulamuliro Oŵerengedwa Federalism". Boma la dziko linalingaliridwa kukhala limodzi la mphamvu zochepera ndi zoŵerengeka. Maulamuliro a maboma anali kokha zonse zotsala pambuyo pa kuŵerengerako. Komabe, kulinganizika kwa mphamvu ya boma ndi ya boma kwasintha modabwitsa koposa zaka mazana aŵiri.
Kuchiyambi kwa Dziko: Mphamvu ya Maboma Yochepa
Zaka makumi oyambirira pambuyo pa kuikidwa m'malo, boma la bomalo linagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wochepa, kusumika maganizo kwambiri pa nkhani zachilendo, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi kuyang'anira malonda a m'mayiko ena. Maboma anasamalira malamulo ambiri a m'dziko, ndipo boma la boma linali ndi kayendetsedwe kochepa ndi kukhala ndi malire m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa nzika.
Zosankha za Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall m'nkhani zonga McCulloch v. Maryland anakhazikitsa malamulo ofunika a ulamuliro wa boma, koma mbali yothandiza ya ntchito ya boma inakhalabe yochepera. Anthu ambiri a ku America anagwirizana kwambiri ndi maboma a boma ndi a m'dzikolo, osati akuluakulu a boma.
Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukonzanso: Kufutukula Ulamuliro wa Federal
Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi kukonzanso kotsatirapo (Malamulo a Thanthi, 14 ndi 145) zinawonjezera kwambiri mphamvu ya boma, makamaka ponena za ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Mendustry ya 144t Amendment inakhala maziko a kutetezera kokulira kwa ufulu wa boma, osati boma la boma lokha.
Kusintha kumeneku kunapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu zatsopano zosungitsira ufulu wa anthu ndi kuletsa maboma kuswa malamulo otetezera.
Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo ndi Chigwirizano Chatsopano: Chifutukuko cha Uyang’aniro
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri zinakhala ndi malamulo owonjezereka a boma a ntchito ya zachuma, ngakhale kuti Bwalo Lapamwamba nthaŵi zina linatsutsa malamulo a boma kukhala ulamuliro wapamwamba koposa wa kusonkhana.
Poyamba, Bwalo Lapamwamba linawononga maprogramu angapo a New Deal monga osakhala a boma. Komabe, pambuyo pa 1937, Bwalo lamilandu linayamba kuchirikiza malamulo aakulu a zachuma a boma pansi pa Commerce Claus ndi makonzedwe ena alamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kunatheketsa kupangidwa kwa maprogramu aakulu auyang'aniro a boma okhudza maunansi a antchito, ulimi, kusungidwa kwa chuma, kusunga ndalama, ndi malo ena ambiri.
Nyengo ya Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni: Kutetezera Ufulu Wamunthu Mmodzi
Ma 1950 ndi 1960 anaona mphamvu za boma zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, makamaka kuletsa tsankho la fuko. Makhoti a Federal analamula kuchotsedwa kwa sukulu ndi zipinda zina za boma, Congress anakhazikitsa malamulo osintha ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndipo mabungwe a boma anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kudana ndi ufulu wa anthu. Zimenezi zinaimira kugamula kwapadera kwa ulamuliro wa boma pa nkhani zimene zinasiyidwa m’maboma.
Nyengo Yamakono: Kuipidwa Kopitirizabe ndi Malire a Nthaŵi Zina
Kuyambira m'ma 1990 kumka mtsogolo, Bwalo Lapamwamba lapereka maulamuliro a boma nthaŵi zina, ngakhale kuti ulamuliro wa boma udakali waukulu. Zosankha zonga United States ndi Lopez ndi United States v. Morrison anapeza kuti malamulo ena a boma anaposa ulamuliro wa bungwe pansi pa Commerce Claus. Khotilo lilinso ndi mphamvu yochepetsa mphamvu ya boma la boma la boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a boma.
Ngakhale kuti pali zofooka zimenezi, boma la bomalo limapereka ulamuliro waukulu kwambiri kuposa umene linali nawo m’dziko loyambirira la republic.
Mmene Mafuko Amayambukirira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma kuli ndi ziyambukiro zenizeni pa zokumana nazo za tsiku ndi tsiku, ngakhale pamene nzika sizikudziŵa za nyumba za boma zimene zikugwira ntchito.
Kusamalira thanzi
Kusamalira thanzi kumaphatikizapo kuphatikiza malamulo a boma ndi boma. Medicare ndi Medicaid ndi maprogramu a boma (Maboma amapereka Medicaid mosinthasintha kwambiri). Affordcable Care Act yokhazikitsidwa ndi boma kaamba ka inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, koma boma lisankha ngati likufuna kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zawo za inshuwalansi ndi kuwonjezera makampani a Medicaid. Makampani a boma osamalira zaumoyo ndi oyendetsa makampani a inshuwalansi (kusiyapo a boma la ERISA lolamulira lamulo). FDA imavomereza mankhwala ndi zipangizo zamankhwala pamlingo wa boma, pamene likulamulira ntchito za mankhwala a chipatala.
Ntchito
Antchito amatetezeredwa ndi malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma. Malamulo a Federal amakhazikitsa malipiro ochepa (Maboma angapereke zocheperapo), amaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa mikhalidwe yotetezeredwa, amalamulira chisungiko cha ntchito kupyolera m'OSHE, ndi kulamulira mgwirizano wolinganiza ndi kulinganiza. Maboma angapereke chitetezo chowonjezereka, monga malipiro ocheperapo, operekedwa patchuthi cha banja, kapena chitetezo chakulimbana ndi kusoŵa kwa lamulo. Maboma amayang'aniranso madongosolo a antchito olipira ndi inshuwalansi ya ntchito (ndizoyendera za boma ndi ndalama).
Kuteteza Anthu
Chitetezo cha boma chimaphatikizapo mabungwe aŵiri (monga bungwe la Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and Federal Trade Commission) ndi maloya a boma ndi mabungwe otetezera anthu. Malamulo a boma amalamulira zinthu zina ndi zochita, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi malamulo awo otetezera ogula. Pamene mugula chinthu, kubwezera chinthu, kapena kutsutsa mlandu, mungakhale mukukweza ufulu pansi pa lamulo la boma, lamulo la boma, kapena zonse ziŵiri.
Maphunziro
Pamene kuli kwakuti maphunziro ali kwakukulukulu ntchito ya boma ndi ya kumaloko, lamulo la boma ndi kuchirikiza maphunziro. Malamulo a Federal amatetezera ophunzira okhala ndi kulemala (IEA), amaletsa tsankho (Tit IX ndi malamulo ena a ufulu wachibadwidwe), ndi amakhazikitsa ziyeneretso za masukulu kulandira ndalama za boma. Komabe, malingana ndi malamulo amasankha miyezo ya maphunziro, ziyeneretso za maphunziro, ndi kumaliza maphunziro. Zimenezi zikufotokoza chifukwa chake mkhalidwe wa maphunziro ndi chuma zimasiyana kwambiri m’maiko ndi ngakhale m’maiko.
Chilungamo Chaupandu
Maupandu ambiri amaperekedwa pansi pa lamulo la boma m’makhoti. Komabe, milandu ina imaswa lamulo la boma ndipo imazengedwa mlandu m’khoti la boma, kuphatikizapo kuzembetsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa, kuswa lamulo, milandu ya msonkho wa boma, ndi milandu pa katundu wa boma. Boma la boma limasonkhezeranso kuweruza kwa upandu mwa kupereka ndalama (mwachitsanzo, kupereka ziŵiya zosungitsa lamulo kapena maprogramu) ndi kupyolera mwa ziyeneretso za lamulo (monga ngati chitetezo ku ku kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kuyenera kwa uphungu).
Ukwati ndi Banja
Ukwati ndi lamulo labanja kwakukulukulu ndi nkhani za boma, koma lamulo la boma limachita mbali. United States amakhazikitsa zilolezo za ukwati, chisudzulo, ndi kusungidwa kwa ana. Komabe, lamulo la boma limasankha kaya maukwati a kugonana kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi ayenera kuvomerezedwa (kutsatira zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba), ndipo lamulo la boma limalamulira mbali zina za kuchirikiza ana. Lamulo la boma la msonkho limasamalira mabanja osiyana kusiyana ndi anthu amodzi, ndi maprogramu a boma amavomereza maukwati ochitidwa pansi pa lamulo la boma.
Mkhalidwe wa Malo Okhala
Mpweya umene mumapuma ndi madzi amene mumamwa amaikidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi boma. Malamulo monga Cease Air ndi Clean Water Act amakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko, koma kaŵirikaŵiri maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo imeneyi ndipo amakhazikitsa zofunika zazikulu. Maboma amalamulira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa malo ndi magwero ambiri a kuipitsa, pamene boma limalamulira ena. Pamene kuipitsa malo kuchitika, kuyeretsa kungaphatikizepo lamulo la boma la Superfundid, malamulo a malo, kapena zonse ziŵiri.
Mikangano ndi Mabungwe Amakono mu Federalism
Kulinganiza koyenera pakati pa mphamvu ya boma ndi ya boma kudakali kotsutsana kwambiri, ndi makambitsirano opitirizabe m’mbali zingapo.
Kulembetsa Mwalamulo
Kumenyana pakati pa kuloledwa kwa chamba ndi boma kumasonyeza kusagwirizana kwa boma. Maboma ambiri alola chamba kuti chikhale choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zamankhwala kapena posangulutsa, koma chamba si chololedwa ndi boma. Boma la boma lasankha kusapereka mlandu wa makampani a chamba a boma, koma zimenezi zikuimira kuonetsetsa kuti boma liziletsa m’malo mwa kusintha malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zimachititsa makampani ndi anthu a m’mayiko amene amapanga chamba kuti azikhala osadalirika ndiponso kuti azikhala ndi mavuto.
Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina
Lamulo loletsa kusamutsidwa ndilo la boma lokha, koma maboma ndi malo amachita mbali zosungitsa. Kutsutsana pa "mizinda yachisawawa" kumene kumachepetsa kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi malamulo a boma oyesera kuthetsa nkhani za kusamuka, kumadzutsa mafunso ponena za mbali zoyenera za maboma a boma ndi boma. Makhoti anena kuti maboma satha kupanga malamulo awoawo odzisankhira oloŵa m’dziko, koma mafunso akukhalabe onena za mmene maboma ayenera kuthandizira kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.
Lamulo la Zaumoyo
Afford Care Care Act inayambitsa mkangano waukulu wa boma, ndi zitokoso zotsutsa kuti malamulo a zaumoyo a boma aposa ulamuliro wa bungwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza mbali yaikulu ya lamulo, linachepetsa kukhoza kwa boma kukakamiza maboma kuwonjezera Medicaid. Nkhani zopitirizabe ponena za malamulo a zaumoyo zimaloŵetsapo mafunso ngati boma la boma kapena maboma ayenera kukhala ndi thayo lalikulu.
Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kusintha kwa Malo Ozungulira
Maboma ena ayamba kutsatira malamulo a zanyengo pamene ena alibe, ndipo pakubuka mafunso akuti kaya lamulo la boma liyenera kuchotsapo njira za nyengo kapena ngati maboma ayenera kulola kuti dzikolo lichite zinthu zopitirira miyezo ya boma.
Kusintha kwa Mfuti
Ufulu wa mfuti ndi malamulo zimaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri za boma ndi boma. Lamulo lachiŵiri la Amereka limaletsa onse aŵiri ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma, koma mkati mwa malamulo alamulo, milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma ingathe kulamulira mfuti. Lamulo la Federal limakhazikitsa zofunika zina (monga mayeso a kumbuyo a ogulitsa), pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amasiyana kwambiri m’malamulo awo a mfuti, kuyambira kulekerera kwambiri kufikira kuletsa kwambiri. Malamulo akupitirizabe ponena za kaya lamulo la boma liyenera kuchotsa malamulo a boma a mfuti kapena kaya maboma ayenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kuletsa mfuti.
Kulandira Ufulu ndi Maulamuliro a Chisankho
Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amapanga masankho, lamulo la boma limatetezera ufulu wosankha ndi kulamulira mbali zina za chisankho cha boma. Kutsutsana pa zofunika za wovota, kuvota koyambirira, kuvota, ndi njira zina zosankhira kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo mafunso onena za boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Voting Rights Act Act adafuna malamulo ena a boma kuti apeze chivoti asanayambe kusintha njira zovota, ngakhale kuti Supreme Court inachepetsa chiyeneretso chimenechi mu 2013, ikuyambitsa mkangano wopitirizabe ponena za kuyang'anira malamulo a chisankho cha boma.
Mbali ya Makhoti mu Kufera Federal - State Relations
Makhoti, makamaka Bwalo Lapamwamba, amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’kulongosola malire pakati pa mphamvu ya boma ndi ya boma. Mwa kumasulira kwa lamulo, makhoti amagamula kaya ngati malamulo a boma amaposa ulamuliro wa chigwirizano, kaya ngati malamulo a boma amawombana ndi lamulo la boma, ndi mmene angathetsere mikangano pakati pa maboma osiyanasiyana.
Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Mapilo
Mphamvu ya Khoti Lalikulu ya kupenda chiweruzo, yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803), imakhozetsa makhoti kuchotsa malamulo a boma kapena a boma amene amaswa malamulo a Konsichushoni. Mphamvu imeneyi imapangitsa makhoti kukhala osonkhezera kwambiri mikangano ya boma, kugamula kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa boma umene uli ndi ulamuliro m’madera opikisana.
Zigamulo za khoti la Commerce Claus, Moyenerera ndi Moonadi Claus, Tenth Amendment, ndi malamulo ena alamulo zimagwirizanitsa mphamvu za boma ndi boma.
Chiphunzitso Chotsutsa Lamulo
Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti boma la boma silingapereke "uyang'aniro" mwa kuwakakamiza kukhazikitsa kapena kukakamiza maprogramu a boma. Maboma sangafunikire kukhazikitsa malamulo akutiakuti kapena kugwiritsira ntchito akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa makonzedwe a boma. Lamulo limeneli, lokhazikitsidwa m'milandu yonga New York v. United States (1997), kutetezera uchifumu wa boma mwa kukhazikitsa maboma silikuchepetsedwa ku mabungwe a boma wamba a boma.
Komabe, boma lingapange zotulukapo zofananazo mwa kugula ndalama za boma zodalira pa pa pamlingo wa pathupi zoperekedwa ndi boma zogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ena.
Mapindu ndi Zopinga za Chipani cha America
Boma limasintha zinthu ndipo zimenezi zimakhudza mmene boma limagwirira ntchito komanso mmene limagwirira ntchito kwa nzika zake.
Mapindu a Kulimbana
[[FLT: 0] Kuyesa kwa Prolity: Madziko angatumikire monga malabola a demokrase, kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera. Kusintha kwa boma kwachipambano kungavomerezedwe ndi maboma ena kapena boma la boma, pamene kuyesa kolephera kukhudza boma limodzi lokha mmalo mwa dziko lonse. Kuyesa kumeneku kwachititsa kukonza zinthu m’madera monga kusintha ubwino, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi kusamala zaumoyo.
Malingaliro ofufuzidwa: [[FLT: 1] Madziko angagwirizane ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, zikondano, ndi zosoŵa. Zimene zimagwira ntchito m'maboma okhala ndi anthu ambiri sizingagwirizane ndi magawo akumidzi, ndipo boma lingalole kusiyana kumeneku. Nzika zingasankhe kukhala m'maiko amene malamulo awo amayenderana ndi zimene amakonda, kupanga mtundu wa chipani cha boma.
Multiple Access Thoughts: Federalism imapereka malo ambiri kaamba ka kutengamo mbali kwa ndale zadziko ndi kutsata lamulo. Nzika zingaloŵetsedwe ndi maboma a kumaloko, boma, ndi a boma, ndi magulu amene amalephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo pamlingo umodzi angayesenso wina. Kuchuluka kwa malo ofikira kukhoza kuwonjezera kugawana kwa democracy.
Zipilala pa Mphamvu: Mphamvu yogawanitsa pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma imapanga mayeso owonjezereka otsutsa utsenderezo. Palibe boma limodzi limene limalamulira mbali zonse za moyo wa nzika, ndipo maboma angatsutse kuchenjera kwa boma (m’malamulo). Kugaŵa mphamvu kumeneku kumatetezera ufulu mwa kuletsa kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro.
Prasation of Local Sex: Federalism imalola maboma kusungitsa miyambo ya ndale zadziko yosiyana, miyambo, ndi malo apadera. Maboma angasonyeze mapindu ndi zikonda za nzika zawo m’njira zimene lamulo la dziko lofanana silingakhoze.
Zopinga za Kulimbana
Kulingana: Federalism ingachititse kusiyana kwakukulu m'maufulu, mautumiki, ndi zitetezero m'maiko ena. Nzika m'maiko ena zikhoza kukhala ndi maphunziro abwino, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, kapena chitetezo chalamulo kuposa zija za m'maiko ena. Kusalingana kwa dziko lapansi kungaoneke kukhala kosalungama ndipo kungaswe malamulo a nzika zofanana.
Kusintha: Magawano a ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma amapanga kucholoŵana kumene kungasokoneze nzika ndi kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kudziŵa mtundu wa boma limene limachititsa. Kuwomba m’manja kungachititse kujambula, kuphonya, kapena zofunika zosiyana.
Race ku Kutsidya: Mpikisano pakati pa maiko nthaŵi zina ungatsogolere ku "kuloŵa pansi," kumene malamulo a pansi (mwachitsanzo, m'chitetezero cha malo okhala kapena ufulu wa antchito) kukopa mabizinesi. Kupikisana kumeneku kungafooketse chitetezo chofunika.
Zovuta za kugwirizanitsa: Mavuto amene amadutsa mizera ya boma (monga kuipitsa malo kapena matenda opatsirana) angakhale ovuta kuyang'anira pamene ulamuliro wagaŵidwa pakati pa maboma. Mavuto a kusonkhanitsa angafunikire kuloŵerera kwa boma, koma kudziŵa pamene kachitidwe ka boma kali koyenera kungakhale kotsutsana.
Zochititsa Mkwiyo: [[FT:1] Kusinthasintha kwa malamulo a boma kungapange zopinga kuti zisamuke ku dziko. Malaisensi a ukatswiri amene sasinthana pakati pa mayiko, miyezo ya maphunziro yosiyana, ndi zofunika za lamulo zosiyanasiyana zingapangitse anthu kukhala ovuta kudutsa mzera wa boma.
Potility ya Nkhanza: m'mbiri, ufulu wa maboma nthaŵi zina wapemphedwa kutetezera machitachita otsendereza, makamaka ukapolo ndi kusankhana mitundu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu za boma zingagwiritsidwenso mwankhanza, kudzilamulira nthaŵi zina kwatheketsa kuswedwa kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha umene unafunikira kuloŵerera kwa boma kuti awongolere.
Malangizo Othandiza pa Zoyendera ndi Boma
Kuzindikira kugaŵikana kwa maboma ndi maboma kungathandize nzika kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri madongosolo a boma ndi kuchirikiza zofuna zawo.
Dziŵani Boma Loti Mulidziwe
Pamene muli ndi vuto kapena funso, kudziŵa ngati kuli nkhani ya boma kapena ya boma kukuthandizani kulankhula ndi akuluakulu a boma oyenerera. Nkhani zokhudza Social Security, Medicare, kusamuka, kapena msonkho wa boma ndi nkhani za boma. Nkhani zophatikizapo laisensi ya dalaivala, mabizinesi aukatswiri, nkhani zambiri za upandu, maphunziro, kapena misonkho ya boma ndi nkhani za boma. Nkhani zina (monga ngati chitetezo cha ogula kapena za malo okhala) zingaphatikizepo milingo yonse iŵiri.
Zindikirani Ufulu Wanu Pansi pa Malamulo Ausilikali ndi Boma
Nthaŵi zina malamulo a boma ndi malamulo amapereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa lamulo la boma. Pamene muyang’anizana ndi nkhani ya lamulo, lingalirani ponse paŵiri magwero a lamulo la boma ndi la boma a zoyenera ndi mankhwala.
Zindikirani Mipata ya Kuphunzitsa Mwanzeru pa Maluso Aakulu
Ngati mukufuna kusonkhezera malamulo, lingalirani za mlingo wa boma umene uli ndi ulamuliro pa nkhaniyo. Nkhani zina zimafotokozedwa bwino pamlingo wa boma kapena wa kumaloko, pamene zina zimafuna kuti boma lichitepo kanthu.
Musaiwale Kuti Zinthu Zisintha
Kudziwa kuti zinthu zimenezi zasintha kumathandiza kuti mudziwe mmene zingakhudzire ufulu wanu komanso udindo wanu.
Tsogolo la Chipani cha America
Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu ya boma ndi ya boma kudzapitirizabe kusintha m’chivomerezo cha mikhalidwe yosinthasintha, mphamvu za ndale zadziko, ndi mafotokozedwe achiweruzo.
Luso la Zaluso ndi Kuyendera Limodzi
Kodi kubisa zinthu zachinsinsi kuyenera kutetezedwa motani mwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, kapena zonse ziŵiri? Kodi nzeru zopeka ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi miyezo ya dziko kapena njira zosiyanasiyana za boma?
Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Mavuto a Zachilengedwe
Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mavuto ena a malo okhala amene angafunikire kuti mayiko agwirizane kwambiri, koma zikuoneka kuti mayiko adzapitirizabe kuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito njira zothetsera vutoli ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za boma.
Kusamalira Zaumoyo ndi Kakhalidwe ka Anthu
Maganizo okhudza kusamalira thanzi, maphunziro, ndi maprogramu a zachikhalidwe cha anthu adzapitirizabe kuphatikizapo mafunso onena za mbali zoyenera za maboma a boma ndi aboma.
Kusintha Zachuma pa Zachuma Padziko Lonse
Pamene ntchito ya zachuma ikulakulakulakulakulakulakula kwa dziko ndi dziko lonse, mafunso akubuka ponena za kaya ngati malamulo a boma ndi oyenera kapena ngati miyezo ya boma iri yoyenerera. Mabizinesi kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha malamulo a mtundu umodzi kuposa zifuno za boma zosiyanasiyana, koma maboma angafune kusungabe malamulo osintha.
Zofunika Zophunzira Zochuluka za Maboma ndi Maulamuliro a Boma
Kwa awo amene akufuna kuphunzira zambiri ponena za kugaŵikana kwa maboma ndi kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro aboma, pali chuma chochuluka.
Consitution Annoted , yosungidwa ndi laibulale ya Congress, imapereka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa makonzedwe alamulo, kuphatikizapo aja onena za maulamuliro a boma ndi boma. Bukuli limaphatikizapo kufupikitsa kwa zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi mbiri yakale.
[[MLT:0] LGALL Information Institute pa Sukulu ya Law ya Cornell imapereka mafotokozedwe ofikirika a lamulo la malamulo, kuphatikizapo malamulo a boma, limodzi ndi kugwirizana kwa nkhani ndi malamulo okhudza nkhani ndi nkhani zina.
Mawebusaiti a boma amafotokoza malamulo a boma, mabungwe, ndi ntchito zimene anthu akugwira.
Webusaiti ya USA.gov imatumikira monga malo operekera chidziŵitso ndi mautumiki a boma, kuthandiza nzika kudziŵa mabungwe a boma amene amasamalira nkhani zosiyanasiyana.
Mabungwe a zandale ndiponso anthu oganiza bwino amalimbikitsa kufufuza ndi kufufuza nkhani za boma, zomwe zimapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa kulinganiza koyenera kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma.
Kumaliza: Kukhala ndi Federalism
Kugaŵana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma kuli mbali yolongosola ulamuliro wa Amereka, yokhudza pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya kachitidwe ka anthu ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo lino limapanga kucholoŵana ndipo nthaŵi zina limatsogolera ku mikangano, limaperekanso mapindu kuphatikizapo kufufuza malamulo, zothetsera zolinganizidwa, ndi zofufuza pa ulamuliro wa boma.
Kuzindikira mmene maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma akugaŵidwira, kugaŵikana, ndi kupikisana kumathandiza nzika kuyendetsa bwino madongosolo a boma, kuchirikiza bwino zikondwerero zawo, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’zochitika za democracy. Pamene dzikolo liyang’anizana ndi mavuto atsopano ndi mipata, kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma kudzapitirizabe kuchitika, kukumafuna chisamaliro chosalekeza ndi chigwirizano kwa nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi mabwalo a milandu.
Kaya muyamba bizinesi, kufuna mautumiki a boma, kuchirikiza masinthidwe a lamulo, kapena kungoyesa kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo amayambukirira moyo wanu, chidziŵitso cha boma chimapereka nkhani zofunika. Dongosolo la United States, limodzi ndi kuvuta kwake ndi kutsutsana kwake, lidakali kuyesa molimba mtima kugaŵana ndi kugawana mphamvu ya boma . . lan limayesabe kuumba mtunduwo zaka mazana aŵiri pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa Malamulo.