Chiyambi: Chitokoso cha Upandu wa M’matauni ndi Ntchito ya Woyang’anira Mzinda

Upandu wa m’mizinda udakali vuto losatha ndi locholoŵana lomwe limayambukira moyo, chuma, ndi kugwirizana kwa mayanjano a mizinda kuzungulira dziko. Kuyambira upandu wa katundu kufikira ku milandu yachiwawa, chiyambukiro cha upandu chimafalikira kumadera onse, kuchepa kwa chidaliro m'mabungwe a boma ndi kulepheretsa kutukulidwa kwa chitaganya. Mabwana a mzinda ali ndi thayo la ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za maboma a boma . N’chifukwa chake ndi kuchepetsa njira zimene zimayenderapo malamulo a boma kupyola malamulo a mwambo. Iwo amayang'anira mabanki, amathandizirana ndi madipatimenti apolisi, amasungitsa malonda, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a za mabizinesi omwe amalongosola zizindikiro ndi mizu ya upandu.

Kuchepetsa upandu kogwira ntchito kumafuna njira yothandiza [[FLT: 1] yophatikiza kusungitsa, kuteteza, kukonza malo okhala, kukonza mayanjano a anthu, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Kufufuza kosasintha kumasonyeza kuti palibe njira imodzi yothandiza yodzipatula; m’malo mwake, chipambano chimadalira pa njira zochitira umboni mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza njira zofunika zimene mabwana a mzinda angayambe kuchepetsa upandu, kujambula zitsanzo zenizeni za m’mizinda, maphunziro ofufuza, ndi malangizo a akatswiri. Njira iliyonse imafufuzidwa mozama, kuonetsa zopanga zake zopindulitsa, ndi zotsimikizira zotsatira zake.

Malamulo a M’chitaganya: Kumanga Kukhulupirirana ndi Kulinganiza

Polishi ya anthu ndi imodzi ya njira zovomerezedwa kwambiri zochepetsera upandu pamene akupititsa patsogolo maunansi a apolisi. Pakatikati pake, apolisi a m'chitaganya amasintha maganizo kuchokera ku kukhazikitsa lamulo kwa mphamvu ndi kuyambitsa mavuto, ndi maofesala kukhala ziŵalo zazikulu za madera amene akutumikira. Mabwana a mizinda amachita mbali yaikulu m'kusintha kumeneku ndi zipangizo za magetsi, ophunzitsa, ndi kuchirikiza kugula zinthu.

Mfundo za M’Baibulo ndi Zochita Zake

Filosofi ili pa mizati itatu: mapangano a apolisi ndi anthu, kusandulika kwa masinthidwe kumene kumasintha zinthu zofunikira kupanga zosankha, ndi [[FLT]] kuwonjezera kuthekera kwakuti nzika zidzachitira lipoti milandu, ndi kutsutsana ndi kuukira. Maofesala amalimbikitsidwa kuloŵa m'mapazi, kupezeka pamisonkhano yapafupi, ndi kugwirizana ndi nzika za kumaloko. Kulingalira kumeneku kumakulitsa chikhulupiriro, chimene chimawonjezera kuthekera kwakuti nzikazo zidzachitapo mlandu, mogwirizana ndi kufufuza, ndi kutsutsana kwa upandu.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Zinthu Zimatheka

Chisonyezero chapadera chophatikizidwa ndi National Institute of Justice chinapeza kuti polishi ya anthu ikhoza kuchepetsa mantha a upandu, kuwonjezera chikhutiro cha nzika, ndi kuchepetsako kuchuluka kwa upandu modekha , pamene aphatikizapo kusungitsa. Mwachitsanzo, Chicago Alternative Policision Strategy (KANT) yochitidwa mu 1990 inachititsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa upandu wachiwawa m'magawo a oyendetsa ndege. Mofananamo, ntchito zapachitukuko za chitaganya cha Newark, anaphunzira pa tsatanetsatane wa [[FLT:] BUFUREA ya Malamulo a Chigamu cha Chigamulo [FLT] , anasonyeza kuwonjezereka kwa mlingo wowonjezera kwa chiwawa m'madera aungwe.

Kuthetsa Mavuto

Ngakhale kuti ntchito zapolisi zimapindulitsa, apolisi amakumana ndi mavuto. Otsutsa a m'madipatimenti apolisi ozoloŵera “antchito zankhondo”, kuchepa kwa ndalama zothandizira anthu, ndi mavuto a kuyesa zotsatira zosadziŵika monga kukhulupirirana angafooketse zoyesayesa. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti achilikiza ndale ndi ndalama, akupereka maphunziro opitirizabe, ndi kupanga njira zodziwitsira zochita zonse ziŵiri ndi zotsatira. Popanda atsogoleri odzipereka, ntchito za boma zikhoza kukhala njira yothandiza anthu onse popanda kusintha kwenikweni.

Kulinganiza Zachilengedwe ndi Zaulendo: Kuchinjiriza Upandu Kupyolera m’Mkhalidwe wa Zachilengedwe (CPTED)

Mabwana a mizinda, amene amayang’anira makonzedwe ndi madipatimenti ogwirira ntchito, angagwiritse ntchito mwachindunji CPU OTED kukonza malo osungirako zigaŵenga, kukonza malo osungirako zinthu, kukonza malo osungiramo zinthu, ndi kukonza mapulogalamu osamalira malo.

MASOMPHENYA OSOKONEZEDWA

[[FLT: 0] Kuyang'anira kwachibadwa kumafuna malo kotero kuti olakwawo amve kuti akuyang'aniridwa. Izi zingachitidwe mwa kuika mawindo oyang'ana makwalala, kusefa mawindo omwe amatsekereza ziwiya, ndi kutsimikizira kuwala kokwanira m'madera a anthu. [[FLT:]] Kulimbitsa thupi [[FLT]] [FLT] kumaloŵa ndi kupangitsa kuti apandu aloŵe ndi kuthawa. Chomalizira: "Kuwonetsa mawirona, ndi masitepeti, ndi kuletsa kuswa. [FLT:] Kulamulira [FLT] kukhoza kuchititsa zisonyezero zowopsa [FLT:] kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa ziwiso, kupangitsa kuti apandu athane. Chosadziŵikacho, pomalizira: [FT]

Mapulogalamu Enieni a Dziko

Mu New York City, chizindikiro cha ntchito za kukonza nyumba za anthu ndi magetsi oongoleredwa, mageti otetezereka, ndi malo ozoloŵereka zinathandizira kuchepetsa kwa 30% kwa upandu wachiwawa m'maprojekiti ena, malinga ndi Drand Corporations maphunziro a [[. Mofananamo, “programu ya Liverpool ya“ kukonza magetsi" . . . Kuteteza zipata zotetezereka zotsekedwa ndi 50% m'madera opangidwa. Mabwana a mzinda angapezenso mipale yobiritsira yobiriŵira ya , ku Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania anapeza kuti kugwetsa kwa mabomba obiriŵitsa ndi kuukira kwa mfuti ku Philadelphia.

Kuloŵetsedwa m’Kulinganiza Mzinda

Kuwonjezera chiyambukiro, CPUTED iyenera kuphatikizidwa poyamba m'kachitidwe ka kulinganiza mmalo mwa kubwezeredwa pambuyo pa mavuto a upandu kubuka. Mamanejala a mizinda angakhazikitse komiti yopenda ya CPTED yomwe imaphatikizapo apolisi, olinganiza, olinganiza, ndi oimira anthu. ICMA (International City/Collegey Management Association) imapereka chitsogozo ndi maphunziro kwa atsogoleri a maluso ameneŵa. Kuwonjezerapo, kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha “mabungwe opanga [1] kungathandiza madera amene amalandira njira zoloŵerera za malo oyamba, kutsimikizira kugwiritsira ntchito bwino ndalama zoikiridwa.

Kuphunzitsa Zakuthambo: Kulephera, ndi Kuneneratu za Kukwaniritsidwa kwa Zinthu

Kuwonjezeka kwa chidziŵitso cha kuletsa upandu kwasintha kuchoka ku njira yothandiza kusintha sayansi. Polishi ya zaumoyo imagwiritsa ntchito ziŵerengero za upandu, madongosolo a chidziŵitso cha malo (GIS), ndi maalamu oneneratu kuti apereke zinthu. Mabwana a mizinda angachirikize tekinoloji imeneyi mwa kuchirikiza zipangizo za ndalama, kuchirikiza kugawana kwa mfundo za m'zasayansi, ndi kutsimikizira kuti kufufuzako kwadziŵitsa kupanga zosankha.

Kusuta ndi Kutsekereza Kotentha

Bungwe la apolisi la New York la CompStat system , ndi la uyang'aniro wa zinthu zimene zimatsogolera upandu panthaŵi yeniyeni ndipo zimawachititsa olamulira a bwalo la boma kuŵerengera ndi kukhala chitsanzo cha dziko lonse. CompStat inakhala chitsanzo cha kutsika kwakukulu kwa upandu m'ma 1990 ndi 2000, ngakhale kuti otsutsa akuona kuti inalimbikitsanso kulimbikitsa kwaukali kwauchigamulo wa mayanjano. Kufikira kowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] malo osungirapo a polisi , kumasumika chuma pa madera ochepa kumene kuchitika upandu waukulu. kuukira kwaunika kwamphamvu. [FLT.FLT:3]

Kulosera za Malamulo a Malamulo ndi Malamulo a Malamulo

Polishi yoneneratu igwiritsira ntchito mbiri ndi makina kuphunzira kuneneratu kumene kudzachitika ndi pamene upandu udzachitika. Pamene kuli kwakuti kachitidwe kameneka kakupangitsa nkhaŵa za kukondera, zachinsinsi, ndi kuthekera kuchirikiza njira zaupapa za polisi. Mamanejala a mizinda ayenera kutsimikizira kuti zithunzi zooneka bwino, zofufuzidwa nthaŵi zonse, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga chiŵiya chimodzi pakati pa zambiri . Mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu ya Los Angeles Police Departles ya PredPol inayang'anizana ndi kuyang'aniridwa pambuyo poti ikhale madera ochepa kwambiri. Poyankha, mizinda ingapo yatenga ntchito yofufuza [[FLT:] [1] [1]

Kumanga Kabuku Kothandiza Kudziŵa Zinthu

Kukwaniritsa ntchito ya upoto wa zolembedwa ndi boma kumafuna zambiri kuposa pulogalamu. Mabwana a mizinda afunikira kuphatikiza mapulatifomu ogwirizanitsa makompyuta a polisi ndi makompyuta a thanzi la anthu onse, nyumba, ndi mautumiki a anthu. Zimenezi zimapereka njira yofikira ya boma [ kumene ofufuza angapeze mikhalidwe yosadziŵika bwino, monga ngati malo opanda ntchito kapena kusoŵa kwa mautumiki a achichepere. Institute ya Urban [1] Imapereka ziwitso pa mmene masinthidwe a zinthu angachitire ulemu wokhudza moyo waumwini pamene akulimbikitsa chisungiko.

Maprogramu a Kakhalidwe ndi Kutukuka kwa Zachuma: Kuthetsa Zochititsa

Palibe chiwonjezeko chapolisi kapena cha malo okhala chimene chingathetseretu upandu ngati oyendetsa magalimoto a zachuma a anthu, umphaŵi, kusoŵa ntchito, kusaphunzira, matenda a maganizo, kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo . Mabwana a m’mizinda angagwiritse ntchito mautumiki a m’makampani osiyanasiyana kuyambitsa mipata ndi madongosolo ochirikiza amene amachepetsa chisonkhezero ndi kusoŵa chochita zimene zimatsogolera ku khalidwe laupandu.

Kuloŵererapo Koyambirira ndi Programu Zaunyamata

Kufufuza ana ndi achichepere kuli imodzi ya njira zopitira zopitira mtengo kwambiri zotetezera upandu. Programu ngati pambuyo pa sukulu, kulangiza, ndi ntchito za m’chilimwe zasonyezedwa kuchepetsa kumangidwa kwa achichepere ndi kulakwa kwa achikulire. National Crime Prevention Council imagogomezera chipambano cha “Programu ya Opause”, imene inathandiza zikwi zambiri za achichepere okhala ndi chidziŵitso cha ntchito zolipidwa ndipo inawona kuti 23% ya chiwawa cha achichepere mkati mwa nyengo ya programu. Mabwana a City angapereke ndalama za kuyesayesa ndi a mnzawo amene sakufuna phindu kuti ayendetse ntchito.

Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu pa Zachiwawa ndi Makhalidwe a Anthu Onse

Kuwona chiwawa monga nthenda yopatsirana kwachititsa maprogramu atsopano onga Cure Violence (Poyamba Chicago’s LettleFire ). Maprogramu ameneŵa amagwiritsira ntchito “osokoneza chiwawa [1] Mamembala a chitaganya okhoza kusokonezedwa, kaŵirikaŵiri omwe kale anali opalamula, amagwirizanitsa anthu a m'ziŵalo zapamwamba ndi ntchito, ndi kusintha malamulo a chikhalidwe pa kubwezera. Kupenda kwasonyeza kuchepetsa kwakukulu m'kuwombera ndi kuphana m’mizinda monga New York, Baltimore, ndi San Francisco. Mabwanalaa mzinda angachirikize maprogramu ameneŵa mwa kupereka ndalama zotetezera zaumoyo, kuwagwirizanitsa m'makonzedwe aakulu a anthu onse, ndi kuwagwirizanitsa ndi zoyesayesa za kupikisana ndi .

Kupita Patsogolo Kwachuma Ndiponso Kukhazikika kwa Nyumba

Upandu ukufalikira m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Maprogramu ophunzitsa ntchito, kuchirikiza ntchito zazing'ono, ndi njira zoyendetsera nyumba zotchipa zingakhazikitse madera ndi kuchepetsa upandu. Kufufuza kofalitsidwa mu [FLT: 0] Journal of Research ku Crime ndi Delinquisency [1] Kupeza kuti kuwonjezera kulikonse kwa ntchito zapamudzi kumagwirizana ndi kutsika kwa chuma kwa 7% ya katundu ndi kuchepetsako. Mofananamo, kugaŵira nyumba zothandizira mabanja kusamuka kuchokera ku madera apamwamba aumphaŵi kupita kumadera ang'onoang'ono. Mabwa a City angachepetse kumanga ana. Makampani a boma angapereke ndalama zothandizira kumanga msonkho, ndi malamulo a kumaloko kuti alimbitse ntchito zachuma pamene aumphawire.

Mavuto a Kupeza Zosowa Zathupi ndi Kusamalira

Ngakhale kuti pali njira zambiri zochitira umboni, oyang’anira mizinda amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu pochepetsa upandu wa m’mizinda.

Mavuto a Chuma ndi Chitsenderezo cha Ndale

Mizinda yambiri imachita ndi bajeti yolimba, ndipo zoyesayesa zochepetsa upandu kaŵirikaŵiri zimapikisana ndi zosoŵa zina zofulumira zonga ngati maziko, maphunziro, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo. Meya kapena bungwe lingafune zotulukapo za mwamsanga, kutsogolera ku kukonza kwa kanthaŵi kofupika (m’chitsanzo, kutsatsatsa ndalama zambiri) mmalo mwa kusungitsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama kwanthaŵi yaitali m'maprogramu a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Mabwana a mizinda angathandizire mwa kuyambitsa njira zopimira zopimira mtengo zimene zimasonyeza mmene kutsekera ndalama zotetezera kubanki kumasungidwa, kutsekera, kutsekera, ndi mautumiki a anthu ovutika pansi pa ndandanda ya malonda, osapindula, ndi magulu a anthu angawonjezerenso ndalama zothandizira ndalama.

Kusadalirana ndi Kusamvera Malamulo

M’mizinda yambiri, makamaka awo amene ali ndi mbiri ya nkhanza za apolisi kapena kusakaza fuko, kusadalirana kwakukulu kumafooketsa kugwirizana. Kuyendera polisi ya anthu ndi njira za chidziŵitso kungalephere ngati nzikazo zingawawone kukhala oyang’anira mmalo mwa kugwirizana. Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kuika pa malo oyamba chiweruzo cha polisi [[FLT]]] . Kutsutsa kuti lamulo ndi mabungwe ena achitira anthu zinthu bwino, mwaulemu, ndi mowonekera bwino. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo mabungwe a asilikali, kufufuza kwaumwini, ndi chitaganya chanthaŵi zonse kumene anthu angalankhulepo popanda kuwopa kubwezera.

Njira Zothetsera Chigaŵenga

Apandu amasintha malingana ndi njira zatsopano zosungitsira zinthu. Pamene mizinda ikupanga makamera ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolosera, olakwa angapite ku malo osayang’aniridwa kwambiri kapena kutsatira njira zatsopano (m’chitsanzo, upandu wa pa Intaneti kapena kuba m'masitolo). Mabwana a mizinda afunikira kukhalabe othamanga, kukonzanso makompyuta awo, akuluakulu a ntchito zophunzitsa, ndi kufalitsa mawu omveka kuchokera kwa antchito a m'malo a asilikali ndi anzawo a m’mudzi. Njira yomveka bwino ndi yolephera.

Kukondera ndi Zotsatirapo Zosayembekezereka

Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kupenda kuchepetsa upandu uliwonse, kufunsa amene amapindula ndi ndalama. Mapilo onga ngati chuma chambiri . [mabwana a mizinda]

Malangizo Amtsogolo: Luso Loyendetsa Zinthu, Chigwirizano, ndi Lamulo la Kumanga

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, njira zotsimikizirika kwambiri zochepetsera upandu wa m’mizinda zimaphatikizapo kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa tekinoloji, kumanga bwino kwa chitaganya, ndi kugwirizana kwa magulu. Mabwana a mizinda ali pamkhalidwe wapadera wochititsa kusintha kumeneku.

Luso la Kumzinda Wanzeru ndi Chidziŵitso Chanthaŵi Yeniweni

Kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo zothandizira kumva zinthu, nzeru zopeka, ndi malo a upandu weniweni kumathandiza kuti pakhale njira zoyendera mofulumira ndi zolondola. Mwachitsanzo, makompyuta otulukira mfuti monga ShotSpotter angachenjeze apolisi m'masekondi angapo, kuchititsa kuti pakhale umboni wochuluka ndi kufunsa. Komabe, maluso amakono ameneŵa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malamulo omveka bwino okhudza kutumiza zinthu, kupezeka kwa anthu onse, ndi kuyang'anira kuletsa ntchito zausilika. Mabwana a mizinda angakhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera zinthu zimene zikuphatikizapo ufulu wa anthu ndi akatswiri a sayansi kuyambira pachiyambi.

Njira Zodzitetezera Zokhala ndi M’dziko

mizinda ikusintha mowonjezereka mathayo a chisungiko cha anthu kuchokera ku apolisi ndi osalandira zida zankhondo kwa anthu olankhula ndi anthu olankhula motsutsana ndi upandu wa maganizo, kusungitsa magalimoto, kapena anansi. Programu zonga ngati CaHOOTS yonga chitsanzo ku Eugene, Oregon, tumiza antchito za zaumoyo mmalo mwa apolisi ku mafoni osakhala achiwawa 9, kuchepetsa kumangidwa ndi kumasula apolisi kuti asunge kwambiri zachiwawa. Mabwana a mizinda angayendetse maprogramu oterowo, kupenda chiyambukiro chawo mopambanitsa, ndi kupima zimene zimagwira. Vatera Institute of Justice

Kusintha kwa Anthu Ogwirizana ndi Malo

Kuloŵerera kwa kampani kaŵirikaŵiri kumalephera kupanga kusintha kokhalitsa. Matauni achipambano kwambiri amatsatira njira yothandiza [[FLT: 0] imene imapanga ntchito zapolisi za chitaganya, kuwongolera malo, mautumiki a zachikhalidwe, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma m'malo amodzi otchuka. “maluso ozikidwa pa malo ena", osonyezedwa ndi maprojekiti othandizira kuyendetsa zinthu za m'dziko, ochirikizidwa ndi Urban Institute , amadzipereka kwa zaka zambiri. Mabwana a mizinda angathandize pamodzi, kubweretsa nyumba pamodzi, maphunziro, maphunziro, ndi madipatimenti a zachitetezo kulinganiza ndi kutetezera katundu.

Mapeto: Kulinga ku Mizinda Yotetezereka Koposa, Yosakondera

Kuchepetsa upandu wa m’mizinda sikumafuna njira yosavuta , kupitiriza kuyesa, kusintha, ndi kufunitsitsa kukambirana choonadi chosagwirizana ponena za kusalingana ndi ndi kulephera kwa dongosolo. Umboni ngwakuti palibe njira imodzi yokha imene imagwira ntchito; mabwana a mizinda aluso kwambiri adzakhala awo amene amaphatikiza ntchito ya polisi ya anthu ndi njira yapamwamba yosungira chilengedwe, mathero a za mabizinesi, ndi chilungamo. Chitokoso nchachikulu, koma n’chotheka kukonzanso kusintha kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, ndi kukonzanso zinthu, ndi kukonza machitachita, mabwana angayambitse malo kumene kulibe kusoŵako upandu komanso kusoŵa mpata wochitira zinthu, coiseontion, ndi chilungamo. Chiyeso n’chomwe chingakhale chokhalitsa, koma chikhoza kuchititsa kusintha pochita utsogoleri, umboni, ndi kugwirizana ndi chitaganya.