Kumvetsa Chilango cha Nyengo pa Ntchito: Chiyambi ndi Msinkhu

Age Discrection in Works Act (ADEA), adasainwa m'lamulo mu 1967, adalinganizidwa kutetezera anthu a zaka 40 ndi kuponderezedwa pantchito malinga ndi msinkhu. Imagwira ntchito za eniake okhala ndi antchito 20 kapena kuposapo, boma, ndi maboma akwawo, mabungwe a ntchito, ndi mabungwe a antchito. ADEA amaletsa tsankho m'makampani, kupha, kuombera, kukweza, kulipira, ntchito, maphunziro, ndi ntchito zina zilizonse. Mosiyana ndi Dituti VII ya ufulu wa anthu a kudziko, chipembedzo, kapena chiyambi cha chiwerewere, ADEA ali ndi kalasi yosanja yotetezedwa, anthu a m'kalasi lapadera kumadera 40 ndi 40 ndi [1] adapanga nkhondo zapadera pa zigamu zalamulo za zaka zoyenerera.

Lamulolo limaletsanso kubwezera molunjika kwa anthu amene amatsutsa machitachita auchiŵembu kapena kutengamo mbali m'zochitika zogwirizana ndi ADEA. M’zaka makumi angapo, ADEA yasinthidwa nthaŵi zingapo, makamaka ndi Elder Works Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA) ya 1990, imene inalimbitsa chitetezo cha antchito okalamba ponena za makonzedwe a antchito ndi kukhazikitsa zofunika zazikulu za kuyenerera kwa olanda ufulu wa ADEA.

Mavuto Ochuluka Amene Malamulo Anayambitsa ADEA

Kukhazikitsa Mtolo wa Umboni: O’Connor v.

M’chochitika chachikulu chimenechi, Khoti Lalikulu linafotokoza miyezo yoonekera bwino ya ADEA authontiff. Khotilo linagamula kuti wofufuza safunikira kutsimikizira kuti iwo analoŵedwa mmalo ndi munthu wa zaka zosafika 40; kuli kokwanira kusonyeza kuti msinkhu wa ADEA unali chiwongolero chotsimikizira pa chosankha cha womlemba ntchitoyo. Chigamulochi chinachepetsa chiwiya cha mabawawo kwa olemba ntchitowo kuti apulumuke chiweruzo chachidule, kukakamiza antchito kupereka zifukwa zomveka, zosatsutsa zochita zoipa. Chigamulocho chinafotokozanso kuti kutetezeredwa kwa munthu wina wopitirira zaka 40, mosasamala kanthu kuti woloŵa ntchitoyo alinso woposa 40, malinga ngati wodziŵa bwino angapeze mfundoyo angagamule kuti chigamutse kuti chigamule mlanducho.

“ Koma kwa "A." Standard: Gross v. FBL Services za za Ndalama (2009)

Mwinamwake mlandu wa ADEA wotsatirapo kwambiri m'mbiri yaposachedwapa, Gross v. FBL Services Informal Service . Khoti Lalikulu linasintha kwambiri vuto la umboni. Khoti Lalikulu linatsutsa kuti wotsutsa ayenera kutsimikizira kuti zaka zinali “koma chifukwa cha". Zochititsa ntchito yoopsayi, chifukwa chakuti siikanakhalapo popanda msinkhu wokwanira. Muyezo umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa“ chochititsa choyambitsa [1] chogwiritsidwa ntchito pa Zigawo VII. Otsutsa kuti [FLT:] motsimikizirika] anapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yovuta kwa antchito achikulire, makamaka m'zaka zimene mwina chingakhale chingakhale chimodzi cha zifukwa zowachititsa kuukira kapena kutsutsa. Kutsutsa kochititsa mkangano kokulira, ngakhale kuti sikuna.

Kuipa kwa Kulamulira ndi Kulamulira kwa Smith Valson

Chiyambukiro chosagwirizana chimanena kuti . pamene lamulo lapamwamba la kuletsa kuloŵerera kwa antchito okalamba mosawona umboni wa kukondera kwadala . lakhala malo otetezerapo pansi pa ADEA. Smith v. Mzinda wa Jackson, Khoti Lapamwamba linasunga kuti kutetezera kosiyanako kumaonekera pansi pa ADEA koma ndi kulephera kwakukulu: Olemba ntchito angachinjirize malamulo oterowo mwa kusonyeza kuti ali ndi “zinthu zina zomveka bwino kuposa pa msinkhu wa" (RFOA). “chifunsi chomveka bwino chimenechi n’chokulira kuposa“ ntchito yotetezera ya kampani , kupereka olemba ntchito pansi pa dzina la munthu, kutsogolera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa makhoti apamwamba, kuchirikiza kulinganiza kwa bungwe latsopano (ECC) kutsimikizira mfundo yomveka bwino ya kumbuyo kwa olemba ntchito. Oyang''kambira kuti pambuyo pa zaka za anthu ena a m'zaka zapakati pa zaka zapakati pa za kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kwa olembapo.

Mfumu ya Boma: Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000)

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ADEA kwa maboma kunayesedwa Kimel . Florida Board of Regents [1]. Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti ADEA siilone ngati lamulo la boma lachisanu ndi chimodzi la kuletsa kuletsa kugamula, tanthauzo la antchito a boma silingapereke ndalama zowonongeka pa ADEA m’khoti la boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chinachepetsa kwambiri kufika kwa ADEA m'chigawo cha anthu onse, kukakamiza antchito a boma kuti adalire malamulo oletsa boma kapena njira zina zochiritsira. Chigamucho chimakhalabe chotsutsana, ndi akatswiri ena a zamalamulo akutsutsa kuti chimawononga cholinga choyamba cha ADA kuti ateteze antchito onse, kuphatikizapo awo a m’boma.

Malamulo Omwe Anakhala Opatulidwa M’zaka Zathu

Kusokonezeka kwa Nyengo ndi Mapindu Operekedwa

Chimodzi cha madera otsutsana kwambiri ndi audindo ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito kusiyana kwa amisinkhu pothandiza mapulani. OWBPA inaikidwa makamaka ku njira zochepetsera kapena kuchotsa mapindu kwa antchito okalamba popanda kuswa ADEA. Ngakhale zili choncho, mikangano yopitirizabe pa malamulo a maprogramu osonkhezera anthu kupuma pantchito. Ngakhale kuti maprogramu otero amaloledwa ngati aperekedwa modzifunira, EEOC wafufuza mapulani amene amakakamiza antchito okalamba kuti asiye ntchito. Mzera pakati pa chisonkhetso choyenera ndi chopereka chomangira chabwino umakhalabebebe Livior, kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kuti makhoti apende chinenero ndi mawu ake opereka. Kusintha kwapamwamba kwa makampani amene alonjeza mapindu owonjezera a kusintha mapepala, antchito onsewo anasocheretsedwa.

Tsankho la Nyengo Linachitidwa: “Programu Yabwino” ndi Malonda

Antchito ena amakhazikitsa magulu a malipiro amene amawonjezera malipiro awo amene amawonjezera ntchito. Olemba ntchito ena amakhazikitsa makampani amene amalipira anthu amene achedwa kuntchito. Malangizo atsopano a EEOC amalimbikitsa kuti olemba ntchito ayenera kupenda ntchito yawo kuti atsimikizire kuti malamulo a ADEA. Akatswiri a zamalamulo amatchula nkhani zimene makampani analembetsa “zaka za chidziŵitso ." monga pologalamu ya zaka za ntchito, makamaka ngati malamulowo sagwirizana bwino ndi ntchito.

Kuchepetsa Tsankho: Kodi Anyamata Ogwira Ntchito Angadzagwirenso Ntchito mu ADEA?

Mkangano wa ADEA ulipobe ngati ADEA amatetezera antchito aang'ono osafika 40 kukhala osoŵa chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo. Makhotiwo nthaŵi zonse anena kuti gulu lotetezeredwa la ADEA langokhala la anthu a zaka 40 ndi kuposa. Komabe, ena ofufuza ayesa kunena kuti “achichepere” anganene ngati anapatulidwa chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo, ngakhale ngati iwo agwa pansi pa zaka 40. [FLTE:0] Aynern Lands Systems, Inc. v. Cline [FLT:] [204], Khoti Lapamwambalo linalamulira kuti ADE sadzibisa kusiyanitsa kwa msinkhu kwa zaka zawo. [i.i.], okondedwawo anali ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika.

Mbali ya EEOC m’Kukakamiza ndi Mkangano

EEOC, imene imakakamiza ADEA, yakhala maziko a mikangano ya ndale zadziko ndi yalamulo. Magulu ena olemba ntchito amatsutsa kuti chitsogozo cha EEOC pa nkhani zonga “zinthu zina zoyenerera kuposa msinkhu” chafutukula lamulo kupyola zimene Congress inalinganiza. Mu 2020, EEOC inapereka lamulo lomalizira losintha chitsimikiziro cha kuchotsa ziyambukiro, kufunikiritsa ofufuza ntchito zimene zimayambitsa kusagwirizana. Lamulo limeneli linatsutsidwa m'khoti, ndi mapostritiff akutsimikizira kuti limapangitsa ziyenero zosayenera kuonekera bwino. [FLD:] E. Dipatimenti ya KHAMBIRIS. Dipatimenti ya . Dipatimenti ya KC. [F.] [FLD:] [12] [201], [2]

Zovuta Zothandiza Olemba Ntchito ndi Antchito

Zimene Olemba Ntchito Ayenera Kuchita Modzipereka

Polingalira za kulinganiza kwalamulo, olemba ntchito ayenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti apeŵe ADEA kopa. Choyamba, tsimikizirani kuti malamulo onse a ntchito okhudza kuchepetsa ntchito , kuchotsa, ndi RIFs , anapangidwa mosamalitsa ndi malamulo a zaka 88neutare. Olemba ntchito ayenera kulemba zifukwa zovomerezeka za malonda pa chosankha chilichonse chimene chingakhale ndi zotsatirapo kwa anthu okalamba. Chachiŵiri, popereka zisonkhezero zofulumira za ntchito, amapereka chidziŵitso chonse mogwirizana ndi OWBPA’s warever, kuphatikizapo nyengo yokambirana 21666 patsiku (masiku 45 kaamba ka gulu la anthu ochotsedwa) ndi nthaŵi ya 71966. Kulemba ntchito kuti achotse zofunika zosafunikira kwenikweni kapena ntchito zina zimene sizili zofunika. Pomalizira pake, makampani a OWPA adasungidwa ntchito a zaka za kukonzekera kukonzekera kwa omenya nkhondo ndi kuyendetsa ntchito yosazindikira.

Vuto Lomakula la “Aimvi ” ndi Kuipa kwa Mantha

Kuchepetsa mphamvu (RIF) zosankha ndi magwero ofala a ADEA litigation . Olemba ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana ndi zinthu zoyenerera kuposa zaka makumi anayi. Makhoti akhulupirira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito “miyeso ya kuyendetsa zinthu” imene ingasonyeze kuganiziridwa kwa amisinkhu yosiyana. EEOC ingakhale ndi malangizo osonyeza kuti machitidwe otero angaswe ADEA ngati miyezo yosankha siizikidwa pa zinthu zina zofunika kuposa zaka 40. Makhoti akhulupirira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito “malamulo a kulinganiza kwa zaka zoikidwiratu ndi kulungamitsa. Kulingalira kwachi kwachi kwachindunji kwa kukhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kukondera kwa msinkhu ngati mlingowo sugwiritsidwa ntchito nthaŵi zonse. Oweruza a Gweruza mlanduwo amadalira pa umboni wa kutsimikizira kuti RI adakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa antchito oposa 40, kuchititsa ntchito ntchito yosatsatitsata. Machenjera akupereka uphungu omalizira a kuyang'kambira kuti akonzere mchitidwe wa kuyang'ka kanthaŵi komalizira ka kanthaŵi koyambirira kafulu. A Rding'kawonjezera kuti asinthe ndi kuwongolera kuti asinthe. Oyang

Kukula kwa Tsankho la Zaka Zathu

Gawo la tekinoloji layang'anizana ndi kupenda kokulira kaamba ka ukalamba. High profile imatsutsa makampani onga Google, Facebook, ndi IBM anena kuti njira yothandizira antchito achichepere mwadongosolo, makamaka m'ntchito za uinjiniya ndi zopanga. Mu 2021, EEOC inapereka mlandu waukulu pa kampani ya Silicon Valley yonena kuti ikufuna mwadala “omaliza maphunziro a za makolejiya" kaamba ka malo a zaluso, mwakutero kuchotsa makampani achikulire. Makampani ambiri a za tekinoloji athetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo, koma mwambo wa zaka zapamwamba ukupitirizabe. Akatswiri akulingalira kuti mkhalidwe wachangu wa [1] Kutetezera kwa maindasitale, kuphatikizapo zaka za AD ndi luso la za sayansi, amapanga malo oyenerera kaamba ka kusokonezedwa kwa ADE. Okalamba amakono akusintha malamulo a ku madera ambiri a ku California (mong’onong’onong’onong’onong’ono) monga kuteteza kuteteza, kuwonjezera kwa AD.

Malangizo Am’tsogolo: Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Zoyesayesa Zalamulo Zolamulira Kusintha Koipa

Chiyambire Chigamulo , mamembala a Congress ayambitsa ngongole zonga ngati Teleting Eldermissing Activity Against Tribation Act (POWADA) kubwezeretsa “chochititsa” kuyesa ADEA. Pa 2025, PHODA yayambiranso nthaŵi zambiri koma sinapatsidwepo zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti “koma kwa" muyezo mumaika mtolo wapamwamba pa antchito achikulire, makamaka pamene tsankho limaphatikizidwa ndi zifukwa zina zomveka. Otsutsa kuti kuchepetsa muyezo kukachititsa kuphulika kwa kululuza ndi kukakamiza antchito kuti atetezere ngakhale kusankhana. Mkhalidwe wandale umalingalira kuti kusintha kwa anthu achikulire kumakhala kosadziŵika, koma kufalikira kwa anthu a zaka zambiri.

Chiyambukiro cha Ntchito ya Ukalamba

Kuchuluka kwa anthu okalamba kudzachititsa kuti pakhale kusalidwa kwa zaka. Pofika 2030, mmodzi mwa antchito asanu a ku America adzakhala ndi zaka zoposa 65. Pamene antchito achikulire ambiri a ATEA achedwa kupuma pantchito, chiŵerengero cha anthu ofufuza chikhoza kukwera. Olemba ntchito afunikira kusintha madongosolo kuti athandize antchito okalamba, monga madeti osinthasinthasintha, kusankha ntchito, ndi kusintha ntchito kwa ntchito. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, antchito achichepere angakakamize malamulo amene amachepetsa ubwino wa zaka zapamwambazo, kuyambitsa mikangano imene ingayambitse kugaŵanitsidwa kwatsopano pansi pa boma kapena kuletsa lamulo lakumaloko. Mayiko ena akuwonjezera kale kusankhidwa kwawo kwa zaka zawo kuti aphimbe antchito onse, kudutsapo 40 76a ndi . California, yalingalira kuti lamulolo likuletsa kusiyanitsa kwa anthu azaka zina, kuchotsapo ntchito, kumene kukhoza kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kusoŵa kwa zaka zawo ndi kulakwa kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa ADEne. [F1]:[0]

Kuyerekezera ndi Maphunziro a Padziko Lonse

Pamene kuli kwakuti ADEA idakali lamulo lalikulu la boma ku United States, maiko ena atengera njira zosiyanasiyana za kukondera amisinkhu. Bungwe la European Union’s Mooclacy Eality Directive (2000/78/EC) limaletsa tsankho la misinkhu m’maiko onse a m’dziko, koma limalola kulungamitsidwa kozikidwa pa zolinga zalamulo za ntchito. Lamulo la Ufulu wa United Kingdom 2010 liyenera kupitiriza mwa kuletsa tsankho la amisinkhu yosatsana malonda ndi ntchito, osati ntchito. Zitsanzo zapadziko lonse zimapereka chitetezo chachikulu ndipo zocheperapo kuposa ADEA. Ena a A. U.S. Akuvomereza kuti Ayenera kutenga dongosolo lofananalo lofananalo lochotsapo malamulo audindo a zaka zapatula, monga kutsatsatsatsa malamulo audindo ndi antchito audindo audindo osadziŵika bwino. Komabe, anthu andale angosinthasintha.

Kumaliza: Kusintha Malo Ovomerezeka ndi Malamulo

Tsankho la Nyengo ya Ntchito lakhala chitetezo chachikulu kwa antchito okalamba kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, koma zolephera zawo zikuonekera kwambiri m'kusintha kwa chuma. Zochitika zotsatizana zonga Gross ndi . Mzinda wa Jackson s. [Dolotala] [[FLT]] [] lakhala lochepetsa malire a malamulo, pamene pali kutsutsana ndi kulinganiza, kupindula ndi mapulani, ndi luso la zolemba ntchito zamakono zikupitirizabe kupangira kumanga. Olemba ntchito ayenera kukhalabe maso, pamene EEOC ndi authoffa ndi opatula a chinsinsi akupitiriza kutembenuza matanthauzo a ADEA. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ukalamba ndi kufunafuna ntchito kwaudindo lapamwamba, ndi kudalira pa kusintha kwa audindo lapamwamba la AD.

Kwa olemba ntchito ofuna kugwirizana ndi ADEA ndi kupeŵa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, njira yabwino kwambiri yodzitetezera ndiyo: Kupenda ntchito zonse za uchete wa msinkhu, kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ochepetsa tsankho losadziŵa, ndipo nthaŵi zonse kulembedwa zifukwa zomveka, zosayenerera za kugamula ntchito. Okalamba, nawonso ayenera kudziŵa kuti ADEA adakali chimodzi cha ziŵiya zingapo zimene zilipo, ndipo malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko angapereke chitetezo chowonjezereka. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho la ausinkhu wawo imakhala kutali ndi [1] Koma ndi chidziŵitso cha kukonza malamulo, ntchito ingakhale malo kumene zaka zimalemekezedwa, osawopekedwa.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri zokhudza malamulo aumisinkhu, yenderani [[FLT: 0] EOC's Ages surrenation tsamba [1] kapena pendani U.S. Dipatimenti ya chuma cha ntchito pa ADEA . Kuwonjezerapo, [FLT] National Conference of Legist [1] imapereka chidule chothandiza cha bungwe la ADEA [FLT] zitetezero za antchito achikulire.