Chiyambi: Mchitidwe Wokangana wa Kulinganiza Chiŵeniŵeni

Kutaya chuma cha boma ndiko njira yalamulo imene imalola mabungwe osungitsa lamulo kulanda katundu [1] Kachisi, galimoto, malo, kapena katundu wina . Monenedwa kuti ndi wogwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito ya upandu, popanda kudzudzula mwiniyo ndi mlandu. Poyamba yozikidwa pa lamulo la zamalonda ndi kufutukuka pa nkhondo ya mankhwala, chidachi chakhala maziko a ntchito zapolisi m'dziko ku United States. Komabe, kufunsira kwake kwachititsa kupenda ndi kulira kwa anthu onse kwa lamulo pa zaka khumi zapitazo. Otsutsa akutsutsa kuti kulephera kwa malamulo a boma kumachepetsa chitetezo chachikulu, makamaka malamulo a Wene Remeterrament kuletsa kufunafuna ndi kudwala ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenera. Monga momwe malamulo a boma ndi makhoti akugwirizana ndi kusamvanitsidwa ndi kusamvana kumeneku, malo a boma akupitirizabe kukweza, mafunso ofufuza nkhani yovuta ponena za ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu pakati pa malamulo ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense.

Ntchitoyi imasiyana kwambiri ndi kulephera kwa apandu, kumene kumachitika kokha pambuyo pa chigamulo cha boma. M'kulandidwa kwa mlandu, katundu amalingaliridwa kukhala woimbidwa mlandu . Nthano yalamulo yodziŵika monga m'nkhani za . Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma lingatenge chuma ngakhale ngati mwini wake saimbidwa mlandu, kusaimbidwa mlandu wa upandu uliwonse. Mtolo wa umboni kaŵirikaŵiri umagwera kwa mwini wake kusonyeza kuti katunduyo anapezedwa mwalamulo, kusiyatu zinthu zopanda mlandu zimene zimalamulira milandu yaupandu. Zimenezi zasonkhezera kuwonjezereka kwa zitokosokoso, malamulo, ndi zigamu za khoti zimene zikusinthanso kuti zichitidwe.

Kumvetsetsa Malamulo a Zoyenera Kuperekedwa kwa Anthu Omwe Ali Oyenera Kuwasamalira

Chiyambi cha Lamulo Lofuna Kusintha

Chuma cha boma chimatsatira ziyambi zake za lamulo la Chingelezi ndi lamulo la opasa ndi katundu, kumene zombo ndi katundu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'kuzembetsa zingagwire popanda kupatsa mwini. United States anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo ameneŵa m'zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulukulu kuswa malamulo ndi kupeputsa. Komabe, nyengo yamakono ya kulephera inayamba moona mtima ndi Comprensive Crimessive Act ya 1984 ndi Anti-Drug Act ya 1986, imene inakulitsa mphamvu za boma ndi kuloŵereramo ndi kuloŵereramo mwa . Paprogramuniyi, apolisi a m'bungwe limodzi ndi mabungwe angalande ndi kulanda katundu ndi kusungitsa malamulo osakaniza, ndipo malamulo okhwimawo.

Pamlingo wa boma, malamulo otayidwa amasiyana kwambiri. Maboma ena amafuna chigamulo cha upandu katundu asanatayike, pamene ena amalola njirinjiri kuzikidwa pa umboni woyambirira wa Chingelezi / kungofuna kuti boma lisonyeze kuti kuli kothekera kwambiri kuposa kuti katunduyo ali wogwirizana ndi ntchito yosakhala yalamulo. Muyezo wocheperawu wapadera umenewu wakhala maziko a zitokoso za lamulo, pamene umasintha lingaliro la kukhala wopanda liŵongo ndi kuika mtolo wokwera mtengo ndi wovuta kwambiri kwa eni katunduwo kuti abweze chuma chawo.

Kupititsa kwa ['FLT] mu Rem

Pankhani ya kulephera kwa boma, boma limaika mlandu pa katunduyo (m., United States v. $500,000 ku U.S. Ndalama . Chuma chagwidwa ndi kuyembekezera zotsatirapo zake. Mwini wake ayenera kulembetsa ndi kutsimikizira kuti ali ndi chuma chawo ndi magwero a ndalama ovomerezeka. Njira imeneyi ingakhale yovuta kwa anthu opanda umboni walamulo, makamaka pamene mtengo wa katundu wolandidwayo uli wochepa kuposa ndalama zopitira. Kusoŵa kwa kuyenera kwa uphungu woikidwa. m'nkhani zowonjezereka zowonjezera mphamvu. Monga chotulukapo, eni chuma ambiri amataya ndalama zawo m’malo mwa kugonjetsa kuukira kwa "kuukira kwamwaŵitsa ndalama."

Mavuto a Malamulo: Malamulo Owonjezera Achinayi, Achisanu, ndi Achisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu

Kusintha Njira Yachinayi: Kufufuza ndi Kubisa Mopanda Nzeru

Chikalata cha Opaleshoni chachinayi chimapereka kuyenera kwa kuletsa kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. Komabe, kulephera kwa anthu kumagwira ntchito pa njira ina kusiyana ndi kufufuza kwa apandu. Apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amalanda katundu wonga chifukwa cha chifukwa chomveka kuti chinthucho nchogwirizana ndi upandu, koma kugwidwa kwanga koyamba kumachitika popanda chilolezo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene galimoto ikuima, wapolisi angatenge ndalama zopezedwa m’galimoto ngati apeza zizindikiro zina za malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga magulu aakulu, zigawo zobisika, kapena nkhani zosagwirizana ndi mfundo zina. Otsutsa apeza kuti zimenezi ndi kulanda katundu chifukwa chakuti amalimbana ndi anthu osati anthu ndipo sapeza chitetezo cha wozenga mlandu.

Boma ndi makhoti angapo a boma apenda kugwidwa ndi njiwa kumeneku. United States v. $12,000 mu U.S. Rabi [1] [8: 1] . 2006], khotilo linavomereza kuti Kusintha kwa Kane kumafunikira kuti kugwidwa kukhale koyenera, ngakhale ngati kulephera kotsatirapo kumakhala kwachiŵeniŵeni. Posachedwapa, Khoti Lapamwamba mu v. Madrid Madrid [2] adatsimikiziranso kuti kugwidwa ndi njiru kuchitika pamene mkulu wa asilikali agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yakuthupi ku katundu, ngakhale ngati mwiniyo salandidwa chuma nthaŵi yomweyo. Pamene mlanduwo wachitidwa ndi nkhani yosiyana, watchulidwa m'kutsutsana ndi kulephera kulephera kutsutsa kwa munthu mwiniyo popanda kulakwa.

Kusintha kwa Kasanu: Kufunika Kochita ndi Kuzindikira

Komiti ya Auth Process Claus ya Findre Amendment imafuna kuti eni ake apeze chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi mpata woti amvedwe katundu wawo asanalandire. M'nkhani yolandidwa, zimenezi zakhala zotsutsana kwambiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri, chidziŵitso chimaperekedwa kokha kupyolera m'nyuzipepala yakwawo kapena pepala loikidwa pa malo, limene eni ake sangaone m'nthaŵi yake. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Jenes v. [FLT:] (2006]) linalamula kuti pamene mwini chuma salandira chidziŵitso, boma liyenera kutenga njira zina zowonjezereka kuti liwadziŵitse. Komabe, malamulo ambiri a boma amadalirabe pa malangizo opereŵera.

Nkhaŵa ina yofunikira ndiyo yokhudza mlandu . Mayiko ena amalola katundu kutengedwa ndi kuchitidwa kwa miyezi ingapo asanapende mlandu uliwonse. Khoti mu United States v. James Daniel Good Realture Procture [1993]) adakhulupirira kuti boma liyenera kupereka chidziŵitso ndi kugamula asanatenge katundu weniweni, koma lamulo la ndalama ndi katundu waumwini silikhala lomveka bwino. Makhoti ang'ono angowa agaŵana pa kaya pakhale patatsala nthaŵi yokha yokha yomvera, kutsogolera kutetezera kosiyana kwa malamulo.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Kudya Zopambanitsa

Mwinamwake kupangidwa kwakukulu kwa lamulo m'zaka zaposachedwapa kunachokera ku chigamulo cha lamulo la bungwe la Supreme Court mu Timbs v. Indiana (2011). Khotilo linanena kuti Malamulo Opatulikitsa a Reight Reformation Reference Reference Reconfs Claus amagwira ntchito ku boma ndi maboma a kumaloko kupyolera ku Demendment. Mlanduloyo, mwamuna anali ndi dziko lake la Rhover Rever ataidwa mlandu wa kugulitsa heroin . Gawolo linaŵerengedwa nthaŵi zinayi za kuchepetsa kwa upanduwo. Khotilo linagamula kuti kuwonongeka kwa mlanduwo kunali kowopsa kwambiri ndipo chifukwa chake kulephera. [FLT.]

Mosasamala kanthu za mabomba , nkhondoyo siitha. Maiko ambiri amalolabe kulandidwa kwa katundu aliyense wogwirizanitsidwa ndi upandu, mosasamala kanthu za phindu, ndipo Bwalo Lamilandu linasiya funso la chimene chimapanga "auth" kukhala yabwino. Makhoti akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito kulinganiza kwa ndalama, zimene zilibe mtengo wake, ndi chuma chenicheni kapena galimoto.

Ufulu Wotenga Malo, Zochita, ndi Kutetezera Mwini Nyumba Wopanda Mlandu

Kutetezera Mwini Uliwongo: Chitetezo Chamkuto?

Malamulo a boma ambiri amaphatikizapo "mwiniwake wa kampani" wodzitetezera, kulola mwini katundu kubwezera chuma ngati sakudziŵa kapena kuvomereza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa katundu wawo molakwika. Mwachitsanzo, mwininyumba angataye nyumba ngati mwiniwake wamwazi m'chipinda chapansi popanda kudziŵa. Kuti apambane, mwiniwake ayenera kuonetsa kuti sanachite dala ntchito yosaloledwa. Komabe, katundu wa umboni ali ndi mwini wake, ndi kusoŵa chuma chambiri chochitira nkhondo. Chikalata cha 2019 ndi [[FL:] Chikalata cha Oweruza [FL:] cha kuperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri. [Makalata ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ocheperapo a ]

Dziŵani ndi Kuyenera kwa Kumva Mwamsanga

Ngakhale pamene mwiniwake wosalakwa alipo, zopinga za procedtural zimadumpha. Pambuyo pa kugwidwa, eni malo ayenera kukonza zinthu mkati mwa windo lachidule . Nthaŵi zambiri 30 masiku / kapena kutsala ndi ngozi yotaya katundu wawo kwamuyaya. Maboma ambiri amafuna kuikidwa kwa chikole chofanana ndi 10% cha chumacho pamaso pa munthu, kuchotsapo anthu amene ali ndi ndalama zochepa. Makhoti m’mayiko ambiri awononga zofunika ngati kuswa njira yoyenerera. Chrimschock v. Kelly [2:1] [2] CIT. 2002] Khoti limene linasunga kuti kumvetsera kufulumira kuyenera kuchititsa ngati kuti pali umboni wofunikira wochititsa kulanda katunduyo ndi kaya ngati wofunikira.

Kugaŵana Koyenera

Imodzi ya mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za kulephera kwa boma ndiyo kulephera kwa boma kugaŵana programu. Pansi pa programu imeneyi, boma ndi apolisi a m’deralo angagwirizane ndi mabungwe a boma (monga ngati DEA kapena FBI) kutenga katundu pansi pa lamulo la boma, amene kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi miyezo yotsika ndi zisonkhezero za ndalama zambiri. Zimenezi zimalola maboma kuswa malamulo awo osintha zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, boma limene limafuna kuti apandu ayambe kulanda kulephera kwa boma "kutsendereza, ndipo boma lingasungebe magawo 80% a ndalama zopezedwa. [FL:0] ACU lalemba kuti kugaŵana kwawo kosalakwa kumalepheretsa zoyesayesa za kusintha ndi kuzunza. Mu 2015, kenaka, Actyneral Groneral Grievity analetsa kulanda ana, koma analephera kuyendetsa ntchito yoyendetsedwa ndi kuyendetsa ntchito.

Kusintha ndi Kugamulapo kwa Boma

Kusintha Kochitidwa Mwalamulo: Chitsimikiziro Chofunidwa ndi Mtolo Wapamwamba Wopereka Umboni

Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto amene abuka chifukwa cha malamulo, mayiko pafupifupi 37 asintha malamulo awo kuyambira mu 2014.

  • Kutsutsa chigamulo cha upandu [[FLT: 1] katundu asanatayidwe (m., New Mexico , Nebraska , North Carolina). Mu New Mexico, lamulo la 2015 linathetsa kutayikiridwa kotheratu kwa nzika, kufunidwa kwa boma kutsimikizira kukhala ndi liwongo mosatsutsika m’nkhani yaupandu asanatenge chuma. Komabe, lamulo linafooke mu 2019 pambuyo pa kudandaula kwa madipatimenti apolisi za kutaya ndalama.
  • Kukweza mtolo wa umboni ku boma ndi kukweza muyezo ku "umboni wowonekera ndi wokhutiritsa" (m.g., Ohio, Florida). Zimenezi zimakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa apolisi kulanda katundu popanda umboni wamphamvu.
  • Kuchuluka kwa kuonekera kwa kuoneka mwa kufuna kuti pakhale lipoti la pachaka la khunyu, kuphatikizapo mtundu, phindu, ndi mkhalidwe wa zinthu. Maboma ambiri tsopano amafalitsa nkhani pa Intaneti, ngakhale kuti kulolera kumasiyanasiyana.

Mosasamala kanthu za kusintha kumeneku, kusungitsa lamulo kumakhala kosagwirizana. Lipoti la U.S. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ya Ofesi ya General linapeza kuti mabungwe ambiri osungitsa malamulo analephera kupereka lipoti lolondola la kutayikiridwa kwa chidziŵitso, ndipo njira zoyang'anira zinali zofooka. Lipoti la DOJ OIG likugogomezera kupereŵera kopitirizabe kwa kuŵerengera mlandu [.

Zigamulo Zazikulu za Khoti

Kupyola . Apps , 2020, zigamulo zina zingapo zasonkhezera malamulo a boma olephera. State state v. M'chaka cha 2008 Toyota Tacoma (Amphi. App. 2020), khoti linagamula kuti kuwonongeka kwa galimoto yamtengo wa $2,000 pa mlandu waung'ono wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kunaswa malamulo a boma. [Mu Makedzana a Forfeit of doture,15,9,20] (MFL. [MF.M., khotilo linalamula kuti lamulo losatsimikizira kuti silinalone kanthu kena kukwaniritsa lamulo lakutetezera kwa lamulo lokhudza chuma.

However, state supreme courts have sometimes upheld aggressive forfeiture practices. In Hand v. State (Iowa 2020), the Iowa Supreme Court rejected a due process challenge to the state’s forfeiture law, finding that the low burden of proof and lack of a hearing requirement did not violate constitutional guarantees. The split among state courts creates a fractured legal environment, with property owners’ rights heavily dependent on their location.

Kufuna Kukakamiza ndi Kukakamiza Nzika za Lamulo

Kulemekeza Mayendedwe a M’dziko: Kulimbikitsa ndi Kuzunza

Zisonkhezero za zandalama zokhala ndi kulephera kwa anthu kusuliza kowopsa. Madipatimenti a apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito kutaya ndalama zothandizira ntchito, zipangizo, ndi malipiro, kuyambitsa kusagwirizana kwa chiwongola dzanja. Kufufuza 2017 ndi kwa Chicago [1] ndi [[FLT:] .Arizone State University ] . ['AS] Anapeza kuti madipatimenti a apolisi amene amalandira thumbale yaikulu ya ndalama amaloŵa m'manzere ndi kugwedetsedwa, makamaka m'madera ochepa. National Bureaual a wofufuza wa za Economicology pepala lothandiza kusiyanitsa mitundu. [FLD:]

Nzika zimene katundu wawo wagwidwa kaŵirikaŵiri zimayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu. Kudwala kwa ndalama kungawononge ndalama zimene zisungidwa moyo, pamene njirinjiri zingaletse wina kupita kuntchito. [[FLT: 0] Institutitute ya Chilungamo [[[FLT: 1]] yalemba nkhani zambiri zimene zatayitsa anthu zikwi makumi ambiri za madola popanda kuimbidwa mlandu wa upandu. Vuto la maganizo ndi la zachuma nlovuta, ndipo ambiri sabwezanso katundu wawo.

Tsogolo la Boma Lokhala ndi Zosafunika

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, malo alamulo adzapitirizabe kusanduka. Khoti Lapamwamba lasonyeza kufunitsitsa kwakukulu kwa kuletsa kulephera, ndipo makhoma a boma akukakamizidwa ndi magulu onse aŵiri a mwambo ndi ololera kukonzanso. Zoyesayesa za kuwonjezera pa mlingo wa boma, zonga ngati [[FLT:] ...FAIR Act , [FLT:] [FLT] [1] (FGUP] Active Reconsolement Act ), zakhazikitsidwa koma sizinapitidwe. Pa mlingo, kumanganso [kasuntswana pakati pa [FL:] AL [FFF:3] [FLT], [FLT] [F:] [F]] [FLT] [4] Mayeso afunikira chikalata chachikulu chachikalata cha ku United States cha ku Greatmost [F:], ndi kumbuyo: [FT.FT]

Pomaliza, chuma cha boma chawonongeka ndi mchitidwe wotsutsana kwambiri umene umakhala pa kuyendetsa mabwalo a upandu ndi ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Zitokoso za lamulo zimene zimayang'anizana nazo . Kusintha kwa lamulo ku kuwongolera ndi kulinganiza ndi kuwongolera malamulo ndi kukakamiza apolisi ndi opanga malamulo kupendanso mmene amachitira chilungamo. Pamene kusintha kwapanga kupita patsogolo, dongosolo limakhala lopanda pake ndi kusayenerera, ndi mtolo pa eni chuma kukhazikitsa zoyenera zawo kaŵirikaŵiri n’ngoletsedwa. Pamene makhoti akupitiriza kuyesa miyeso ndi malamulo kuyeretsa malamulo, zotsatira zake sizidzaumba kokha kuikidwiratu kwa chuma komanso unansi waukulu pakati pa nzika ndi boma.