Kusankha mwaufulu ndi moyenerera kuli chiyeneretso chokulira kaamba ka demokrase iriyonse yogwira ntchito. Komabe padziko lonse, njira ya kuwona mtima kwa voti imadzaza ndi zopinga zadongosolo, kupotoza kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kubuka kwa ziwopsezo kuchokera ku pulogalamu ya . Pamene kuli kwakuti cholinga cha munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi ndi kuŵerengera kwake kulingana ndi , imakhala yovomerezeka kwambiri, chenicheni chenichenicho chimachepa. Kuchokera ku ziphuphu zokhalako m'dziko kupita ku makampani osinthasinthasintha zinthu ochitidwa pa Intaneti, mavutoŵa n’ngosiyanasiyana monga momwe akupitirizira mavutowa, kupenda mizu yaikulu, zotsatira zenizeni za dziko, ndi njira zimene zikutumizidwa kutetezera njira za demokrase.

Ziphuphu Zandale: Zimene Anthu Amafuna

Chinyengo chandale chingakhale chiwopsezo chachindunji kwambiri pa kusankhidwa kwa osankhidwa. Zimaonekera pamene olamulira agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo kutsekereza dongosololo m’chiyanjo chawo, kaŵirikaŵiri pa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa nzika. Chiphuphu chikhoza kuchitika pambali iliyonse ya kusanthula kwa osankhidwa. Pambuyo, mkati, kapena pambuyo pa voti, ndipo zotsatira zake nzakuwononga anthu. Chiphuphu cha akuluakulu a masankhoti, kugula, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa chuma cha boma kaamba ka zikondwerero za chita chita chita chita pulojekiti. M'nkhani zambiri, ntchito zonse zosankhidwa za osankhidwa zimapotokosa, zikutulutsa zotsatira zimene sizigwirizana ndi kuŵerengera kwenikweni kwa anthu.

Mitundu ya Ziphuphu m’Zosankha

  • Kugwirizana kwa akuluakulu a boma osankhidwa – zopereka kapena ziŵiya zoperekedwa kwa osunga makampani, antchito ofufuza, kapena maofesala obwerera kukasintha zotsatirapo kapena kuchititsa chinyengo kuchitika.
  • Kuvomereza mipukutu ya wovota [1] – Kuwonjezera maina achinyengo, kuchotsa osankha alamulo, kapena kusintha maadiresi kuti athetse otsutsa.
  • Kutsimikiza otsutsa – Usebenzisa magulu a boma a chisungiko, magulu ankhondo, kapena kulembedwa ntchito zigawenga kuti ziwopseze, kuukira, kapena kupha adani andale zadziko.
  • Mwakufuna kugula – malipiro a ndalama zachindunji, chakudya, kapena katundu wopatsidwa kwa ovota posinthana ndi chichirikizo chawo] kachitidwe kofala kwambiri m'madera okhala ndi ziŵerengero zaumphaŵi.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito chuma cha boma [1] – Usensi ya ndalama za boma, magalimoto, kupezeka kwa mawailesi, kapena antchito a kagulu ka anthu kupititsa patsogolo ndawala ya munthu wina mosemphana ndi lamulo.

Kufufuza Nkhani za Chinyengo cha Electoral

Maiko ambiri ayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu okhudzana ndi ziphuphu za ndale pa masankho. M'mbali zina za Afirika, monga Kenya ndi Nigeria, zinenezo za kugula mavoti ndi nsalu zachititsa zionetsero zofala ndipo, nthaŵi zina, nkhondo zachiwawa. Ku Latin America, maiko onga Brazil ndi Mexico akumana ndi maupandu okhudza ndawala yosaloledwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito bwino ndalama za anthu. Zochitika zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene ziphuphu sizimawonongera kokha zotulukapo za masankho komanso zimakulitsa magaŵano a anthu ndi kunyonyotsoka chikhulupiriro m'manja a democracy. Matupi apadziko lonse onga [[FLT:] TRANS International International International imaperekeractive projectives transs tractive International pachaka kuti kuipitsa kwa anthu onsewa kwa .

Kupondereza: Zopinga Zalamulo ndi Zachiŵiri

Kupondereza Voter ndiko kuyesayesa kwadala kuchepetsa kugaŵidwa kwa magulu a anthu ena, mwakutero kusintha zotsatira za kusankhidwa. Mosiyana ndi chinyengo chenicheni, kutsendereza kaŵirikaŵiri kumagwira ntchito mkati mwa kalata ya lamulo, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kutsimikizira ndi kulimbana. Malamulo akusiyana kuchokera ku zofunikira zoletsa kufikira kutsekedwa kwa malo ofufuza m'madera ochepa. Cholinga nthaŵi zonse nchimodzimodzi: kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kusanthula ya magulu amene amalingaliridwa kukhala osachirikizidwa ndi gulu lachipani kapena gulu landale lamphamvu.

Njira Zofala Zotsendereza

  • Strict malamulo a voti – Zofunika kaamba ka chizindikiritso cha boma lokhala ndi zithunzi zimene zimayambukira mokulira ovota osalandira ndalama zambiri, okalamba, ndi a mafuko aang'ono omwe alibe maoda oterowo.
  • Kuchepetsa malo ofufuzapo – Malo otsekera m'mizinda kapena m'midzi okhala ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri, kuchititsa kuyembekezera kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kutsika kwa kachilombo.
  • Kupeza pepala laposi m'mapepala [1] – kuletsa kuvota kwa munthu kapena kukhazikitsa njira zotsatirira zimene zimawononga antchito a shifiki, ophunzira, ndi anthu olumala.
  • Mafomu a mipukutu ya voti – kuchotsa ovota olembetsedwa m'mipukutu popanda chidziŵitso cholondola, kaŵirikaŵiri ozikidwa pa zolembedwa zolakwika zofanana.
  • Malamulo opatutsana – Kuletsa anthu ndi zigamulo za upandu kuchokera ku kuvota, lamulo limene m’maiko ena limayambukira mamiliyoni ndi kuukira mopambanitsa mitundu yaing’ono.

Chiyambukiro pa Kuimira ndi Kukhulupirira

Chiyambukiro cha kutsendereza ovota nchachikulu. Pamene magulu ena achotsedwa mwadongosolo, boma losankhidwalo limalephera kuimira anthu onse. Kusoŵa kumeneku kungatsogolere ku malamulo amene amachepetsa magulu osoŵa kale, kuyambitsa kusintha kwankhanza kwa kutha ndi kusadalirana. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi mabungwe onga Brennan Center ya Justice [1]

Chisonkhezero cha Lupanga: Lupanga Lokhomedwa Kaŵiri

Zipangizo zamakono zimapereka zida zamphamvu zothandizira kuwongolera kuonekera kwa masankho . Monga makina ovota pa Intaneti, kulembetsa kwa ovota pa Intaneti, ndi zotsatira zenizeni zosimba. Komabe, imachititsanso ngozi zazikulu. Makompyuta ayamba kukhala malo kumene nkhani zolakwika zimafalikira mofulumira kuposa ofufuza zinthu, opanga mafilimu achilendo amayesa kusokoneza makompyuta osandutsa zinthu, ndipo mavoti amaba kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida. Mapulatifomu omwe amathandiza ofuna kufika kwa mamiliyoni a ovota angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kusokoneza maganizo a anthu ndi kuchepetsa chidaliro chawo.

Kulephera Kudziŵa ndi Mkupiti Wolakwa wa Kuulutsa

Chidziŵitso chonyenga ponena za oyembekezera kusankhidwa, njira zovota, kapena masiku a masankho chingasokoneze ovota ndi kuletsa kutengamo mbali. Pa masankho ambiri aposachedwapa . Kuphatikizapo aja a ku United States, France, ndi Kenya . Makampani a anthu agwiritsiridwa ntchito kufutukula mabodza onena za chinyengo, kumanga majoko, ngakhale nthaŵi ndi malo opangira mavoti. Mavidiyo a juefake ndi mabodza a AII-gener amawonjezera kucholoŵana kwatsopano, kukupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa nzika wamba kusiyanitsa ndi bodza. Commission ya New Zealand [1] Yachita mpikisano waulimi wa kutsutsa zimenezi, koma chitokosokoso.

Kutetezeka Kukuwopsyeza Kusasinthika

Malo ovomerezeka a bungwe losankha, mavoti, ndi mavoti ndi zinthu zokopa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuukira kwa pa Intaneti. Maboma achilendo, a makampani, ndi magulu aupandu angayese kuswa madongosolo ameneŵa kuti abe makompyuta, kusokoneza ntchito, kapena kusintha zotsatirapo. Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2016 U. 2016 U.S. chinayesa kuloŵerera m'masankhoti a boma, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti dziko lonse liyambe kulimbikitsa kuti pakhale njira zabwino zopangira magetsi. Makina opanga mapepala atsutsira mapepala olephera kukhazikitsa mapepala, ndipo zimenezi zinavuta kubwezera zotsatira za chivoti cha chivomerezero cha chivomerezo.

Kubisa Zinthu Zachinsinsi ndi Kuwasonkhezera

Kupereka ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha munthu mwini ndi mavoti a ndawala zandale kumadzutsa nkhaŵa zazikulu zachinsinsi. Njira zachilolezo za tizilombo tosanjika . Nzotchuka kwambiri zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Cambridge Analytica . Makampani olola kutumiza mauthenga ogwirizana ndi munthu aliyense amene wasankha malinga ndi mmene akuganizira. Ngakhale kuti sikwachibadwa, machitachita otero angasinthe khalidwe m’njira zimene zinganyalanyaze kupanga zosankha. Oimba nyimbo satha ngakhale kuzindikira kuti akuwafunira kuchititsa mantha, mkwiyo, kapena kusokonezeka mmalo mouza anthu kuti asankhe zochita zawo.

Ntchito ya Oonerera Chisankho cha Padziko Lonse

Kupenda masankho apadziko lonse kuli njira yaikulu yochirikizira kukhulupirika kwa osankhidwa. Magulu onga ngati United Nations, Organization for Security and Co-ausion ku Ulaya (] OSCE / ODIHR [1], African Union, ndi Carter Center steaders a odirest of resocial ques kuwona ngati zigwirizano za maiko onse. Kukhalapo kwawo kungaletse chinyengo ndi kupereka kupenda kodalirika kwa njirayo. Ofufuza amapenda zonse kuchokera ku ku kulembetsa kovota ndi kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya kusanthula ndi kuŵerengera.

Zimene Openyerera Amayang’ana

  • [[MLT:0] Kugwirizana ndi lamulo la mitundu yonse – Kumamatira ku mapangano ndi misonkhano, monga ngati pangano la International Pangano pa Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Wandale.
  • Kakonzedwe ka malamulo ndi kayendetsedwe ka gulu – Kaya malamulo a chisankho ali abwino, oonekeratu, ndi osatsatirika.
  • Malo a Campaign – Ufulu wa kulankhula, msonkhano, ndi wailesi, ndi wailesi, kusaopsa kapena chiwawa.
  • Kubisa ndi chisungiko cha Ballot – miyeso kuchinjiriza kusokoneza ndi kutsimikizira mavoti kuŵerengedwa monga jusi.
  • Complant ndi kukangana chigamulo – kukhalapo kwa njira zopanda tsankho zopezera zifukwa.

Zimene Anthu Anachita Kuti Azisangalala

Pali zitsanzo zambiri zimene ofufuza apadziko lonse athandiza kuwongolera masankho. Ku Ghana, ntchito zoyendera nthaŵi yaitali zinathandiza kusintha kwa mtendere kwa ulamuliro. Ku Georgia, OSCE zikalata zinatsogolera ku kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo. Komabe, openyerera amayang'anizana ndi mavuto. Maboma angachepetse kupezeka kwawo, ndipo malipoti awo amanyalanyaza olamulira. Ndiponso, kupezeka kwa oonerera sikungaletse ogamula kuti achinyengo amene amagwira ntchito m’nyumba zotsekedwa.

Kukhulupirika kwa Pabanja ndi Ntchito Zokhudza Malamulo

Malamulo okhwima ngofunika kutetezera masankho. Mabungwe oyang'anira pulogalamu (EMBS), malamulo a ndawala omveka bwino, ndi njira zopangira zigamulo zothandiza kuwonjezera malo oseŵera. Komabe ngakhale malamulo oikidwa bwino sagwira ntchito ngati satsatiridwa. M'mayiko ambiri, malamulo osankhidwa ali ndi njira zotseguka zimene zimalola ziphuphu kapena kutsendereza. Mwachitsanzo, malongosoledwe osadziŵika bwino a "kuloŵerera kwa pulogalamu" angalole boma lokakamizidwa kukhala ziwalo zokopa popanda chifukwa chake. Kukhulupirika kwa masankhoti kumadalira kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha lamulo monga pa kalata ya lamulo.

Mbali Zothandiza Kupanga Malamulo

  • Commission yodziimira yosankhira ] – yopanda chisonkhezero cha akuluakulu, yokhala ndi ndalama zotetezereka ndi njira zoonekera.
  • Ndalama za ndawala zooneka kuti – Dissour ya zopereka, kugwiritsa ntchito malire, ndi kuletsa zopereka za kumaiko akunja.
  • Malamulo ofikira pa zoulutsira mawu – Malamulo kutsimikizira onse ofuna kubatizidwa kulandira mawonedwe abwino, kuphatikizapo oulutsa mawu a anthu.
  • Kulembetsa kwa Vota kumateteza – ndandanda yolondola, yokonzedwa mokhazikika ndi njira zowongolera.
  • [[NT.0] Uyang'aniro wa JW – Makhoti amene angathetse zidzudzulo za voti mofulumira ndi mosakondera.

Kuphunzira Zovuta ndi Maphunziro a M’deralo

Madera osiyanasiyana amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zapadera za ofufuza, koma nkhani zambiri nzapadziko lonse. M'mademokrase okhazikitsidwa, mphwayi ya wovota ndi chisonkhezero cha ndalama m'ndale zikuwonjezereka nkhaŵa. M'mademokrase osinthasintha "monga ngati aja a m'magawo a pambuyo pa [1] kusadalirana kungafooketse ngakhale madongosolo oikidwa bwino. Maboma a Augracracy amachirikiza mowonjezereka "umboni" zimene zilibe ufulu kapena zopanda chilungamo, kugwiritsa ntchito monga chida chothandizira kukhazikitsa mphamvu mmalo mwa kuimira nzika. Kupenda nkhani zosiyanasiyana zimenezi kungatheke kuti chitaganya chapadziko lonse chizindikire ntchito ndi chimene sichili .

Zimene Tikuphunzira ku Africa: Ntchito ya Mitembo ya M’madera Ena

Africa yaona zipambano ndi zopinga. African Union ndi ECOWAS achita mbali zogwira ntchito polengeza mikangano ndi kukana kutsimikizira masankho olakwika. Komabe, zochitika zonga kusankhidwa kwa Kenyan kochitidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu . Zotsatira za chisankho chimene chinatha kuchotsedwa [1] zimasonyeza mmene kupita patsogolo kungakhalire kosalimba. Kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya banja ndi makampani osankhira zikali zofunika kwambiri.

Zimene Tikuphunzira Kum’mawa kwa Ulaya: Kulimbana ndi Mavuto a Hydrie

Kuchokera mu 2014, mayiko a kum’mawa kwa Ulaya, makamaka a m’mayiko a m’mphepete mwa dziko la Russia, akumana ndi mavuto a nkhondo zachipanichi omwe amaphatikizapo kuukira masankho pa Intaneti ndiponso kuchotsa zinthu zina zoyendetsera masankho.

Zimene Tikuphunzira ku America: Kulimbana ndi Kutsenderezedwa

Ku United States ndi ku Latin America, kutsendereza ovota kudakali nkhani yogaŵanitsa kwambiri. Nkhondo za khoti pa malamulo a ovota, kugwiritsa ntchito mavoti, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kugamulako n’zofala. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Brazil makina ovotera ndi zikalata zotsimikizira kuti ndi zoona kwakhala kuyamikira chifukwa cha kuchepetsa chinyengo pamene akuyambitsa mikangano yokhudza chitetezo. Deralo limagogomezera kufunika kwa kuchepetsa chisungiko ndi kupezeka.

Malamulo a Mtsogolo a Chisankho Chabwino

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, palibe njira imodzi yokha yotsimikizira umphumphu wa osankhidwa. Mmalomwake, njira yotsimikizirika yambiri ikufunikira [1] Imene imaphatikiza kusintha kwa lamulo, njira zatsopano za luso la zopangapanga, maphunziro a anthu onse, ndi kugwirizana kwa mitundu yonse. Cholinga ndicho kupanga masankho ooneka bwino kwambiri ndi otsimikizira kuti kunama kuli kosatheka kubisa.

Kufufuza

  • Njira zapepala zotsimikizirika – ngakhale ndi kuvota kwa pakompyuta, pepala lokhala ndi mapepala limalola kujambula ndi kupenda kwapambuyo pake.
  • Kuŵerengera kwa malire – kupima kwa Statistic kumene kumatsimikizira zotulukapo za masankho popanda kusimba kokwanira, kupereka chidaliro popanda mtengo wopambanitsa.
  • Maprogramu a maphunziro a vidiyo – Mikupiti ya kuwerenga ndi kulemba ya ku CD yomwe imaphunzitsa ovota mmene angaonere nkhani zolakwika, kumvetsetsa njira zovota, ndi kutsimikizira kulembetsa kwawo.
  • Mowonekera bwino kampani ya zamalonda yosimba za ndalama – Real metage time of remidial zopereka kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha ndalama zakuda.
  • [[MLT:0] Miyezo ya kutsimikizira [[FT:1] – zitsimikizo za chitetezo cha Manda za njira zovotera ndi kutulukira kwa ndandanda.
  • Chikole cha mphamvu za chitaganya – kuchirikiza magulu odziyang'anira a m'nyumba ndi magulu a kuyang'anira.

Ntchito Yogwirizana Padziko Lonse N’njofunika

Palibe dziko limene lingathetse mavuto ameneŵa lokha. Kugwirizana kwa padziko lonse pa nkhani ya kugaŵana chidziŵitso pa Intaneti, kuyang'anira makhodi, ndi chithandizo cha mapulojekiti osankhira zinthu n’kovuta. Magulu onga International IDEA amagwira ntchito yosonkhanitsa njira zabwino kwambiri ndi kupereka chithandizo chaluso kuti atulukire mademokrase. Bungwe la United Nations’s Sustatable Development Servement 16 limafuna kuti chigamulo choimira

Kumaliza

Kupanga masankho abwino kudakali nkhondo yosatha ndiponso yovuta. Pamene nzika zandale, kutsendereza ovota, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kuli zopinga zazikulu zimene zimafuna kusamala. Komabe mbiri imasonyeza kuti kuyesayesa kwa boma nkotheka. Pamene maboma adziika pambali ya kuonekera kwa ena, anthu akukhala ndi mlandu, ndipo anzawo apadziko lonse akupereka chithandizo, kukhulupirika kwa njira zosankhidwiratu kungawongokera. Pamene nzika, aphunzitsi, ndi atsogoleri, tonsefe tili ndi mbali m’kulamula kuti nkhani zonse zosankha ndipo zikuŵerengedwa molondola.