Chiyambi cha Malamulo a United States si chiyambi cha mwambo. Chilengezo cha cholinga chimodzi, chilengezo cha cholinga chimodzi, ndi mfundo za filosofi zimene analamulira ku America. Zolinga zake zisanu ndi chimodzi zotchulidwa . Zolinga zake, chilungamo, bata, chitetezo, ubwino, ndi ufulu, sizimangofunika chabe zimene boma likuyembekezera kuchita komanso zimene anthu ayenera kuchirikiza. Kumvetsa mfundoyi n’kofunika kuti amvetsetse bwino ufulu wa boma pakati pa ufulu ndi udindo wa anthu.

Mawu Oyambirira Osonyeza Moyo wa Chibadwidwe

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1787 ndi kugwira ntchito mu 1789, Konsichushoni inaloŵa mmalo ndi Zigawo zochepa za Confederation . AFramers anamvetsetsa kuti mpambo wa maulamuliro a boma sungasonkhezere umodzi kapena kukhulupirirana. Iwo anafunikira mawu a makhalidwe amodzi. Pregegedge, yolembedwa ndi Gouverneur Morris, ikuyamba ndi mawu amphamvu kwambiri " Ife Anthu mawu amene mwadala ananenetsata kuti ulamuliro wa boma latsopanolo unachokera kwa nzika, osati ku maufumu kapena ku monarch.

Mwa kuika anthu pa malo apakati, Preget imakhazikitsa pangano la kakhalidwe: nzika zimavomereza kuvomerezedwa ndi boma, ndipo pambuyo pake, boma limalamulidwa kulondola ubwino wa onse. pangano limeneli limachirikiza kuyenera kulikonse kotchulidwa m'buku la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ntchito iliyonse yofotokozedwa m’nkhani zapambuyo pake za Malamulo. Pregedgeyo siimapereka ufulu, koma imaperekanso njira ya makhalidwe yabwino yomasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu umenewo.

Cholinga cha Oyambitsa: Ife Anthu Monga Mfumu

Mawu oyamba anasankhidwa mosamalitsa. Pa Convention ya Constitution, mapulani oyambirira anayamba ndi maina a boma. Matembenuzidwe omalizira, " Ife Anthu a United States," anazindikiritsa kuti malamulo anali gulu la mtundu wonse, osati pangano pakati pa maiko olamulira. Zimenezi zinali ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu kaamba ka unzika: anthu anali nzika za gulu limodzi la dziko, ndipo anali odzipereka ku Unity yeniyeniyo.

James Madison, polemba mu [Federal:0] Wolemba Na. 46, adazindikira kuti boma la boma lidzagwira ntchito mwachindunji kwa nzika, osati kupyolera mwa maboma. Motero Pregedge imaimira boma limene limafikira anthu [1] komanso limene limafuna kuti azichitapo kanthu. Limeneli ndi udindo woyamba wa boma: kuzindikira kuti ulamuliro uli mwa anthu, ndipo bomalo liyenera kuŵerengeredwa mlandu.

Zonulirapo Zisanu ndi Chimodzi: Ufulu Wolimbana ndi Udindo

Pa zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zimene zatchulidwa m’mawu oyambawo, pamakhala ntchito yofanana ndi imeneyi kwa nzika.

Goal Government Obligation Citizen Responsibility
Form a more perfect union Strengthen national cohesion, resolve conflicts peacefully Participate in civic dialogue, respect diverse perspectives, reject factionalism
Establish justice Enforce laws fairly, maintain independent courts Obey laws, serve on juries, support equitable legal reform
Insure domestic tranquility Prevent internal disorder, maintain peace in communities Follow civil norms, report crime, resolve disputes without violence
Provide for the common defense Maintain armed forces, protect borders Pay taxes for defense, consider military or civilian service, support veterans
Promote the general welfare Create conditions for economic and social well-being Pay taxes, contribute to community, advocate for public goods
Secure the blessings of liberty Protect constitutional freedoms against infringement Exercise rights responsibly, defend the rights of others, oppose tyranny

Kudalirana kumeneku ndiko maziko a chizindikiritso cha nzika za America. Ufulu wa kuyenera sunaperekedwe ndi boma; umasungidwa ndi anthu ofunitsitsa kusenza mathayo.

Mbiri Yakale: Chisonkhezero cha M’maseŵera cha Zoyenera ndi Zofunika

Chiyambi chatchulidwa m'milandu yapadera ya Bwalo Lapamwamba, ngakhale kuti sikwanthaŵi zonse monga magwero achindunji a ufulu. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anawona mu Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) kuti zifuno za Konsichurako (monga momwe zatchulidwa m'mawu oyamba) ziyenera kudziŵitsa Nyumba za malamulo zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Mfundo imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti kutsegulira kwa maulamuliro a boma.

Pa nthawi ya chiyanjo, chilankhulo cha Pregedge cha chilungamo ndi ufulu chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oletsa boma ndipo kenako ndi ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe. Chitsimikiziro cha 144th Amendment cha kutetezeredwa mofanana chingawonedwe monga kuwonjezera kwa kudzipereka kwa Pregedge ku chilungamo kwa onse. Mofananamo, New Deal Âge inaona "ubwino wa chitaganya" wogwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa maprogramu a zachitetezo zachisungiko, kuchokera ku Social Security mpaka ku Medicare.

Kuchokera pa Lemba Kupita Patsogolo: Mmene Mawu Oyambirirawo Amakhudzira Udindo Wamakono

Factide sindiyo nthano ya malamulo ndi bungwe lalikulu la Malamulo. Komabe malamulo ake amatsogolera khalidwe la nzika ndi akuluakulu a boma. Mwachitsanzo, " kukhazikitsa chilungamo" imatanthauza thayo lakupeŵa tsankho ndi kuchirikiza dongosolo lalamulo limene limachititsa munthu aliyense mofanana. " Kutsimikizira mtendere wa m’banja" kumalingalira kuti nzika ziyenera kuletsa zochita zimene zimayambitsa chipwirikiti ndi kugwira ntchito kulongosola mizu ya nkhondo, monga umphaŵi ndi kusalingana kwa anthu.

Magulu amakono a chilungamo chaufuko, kutetezera malo okhala, ndi ufulu wovota kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula mawu oyambawo kukhala maziko a makhalidwe abwino. Pamene ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu andale afuna kuti boma "lipereke ubwino wa onse," iwo akupempha kulakalaka kwa maziko a Malamulo. Pregedge imakhala chiŵiya chosungira boma likhale ndi mlandu ku lonjezo lake lokhazikitsidwa.

Kupinikiza Ufulu: Zimene Kusokoneza Kuku

Ngakhale kuti mawu oyamba sapereka ufulu, amapanga kumanga kumene ufulu ungakhale wochuluka. Ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, zosindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kupempha wa ufulu wa anthu odzizenga. Popanda kudzipereka ku ufulu, ufuluwo ukanakhala wopanda maziko.

"Madalitso a ufulu" amasuliridwa mokulira. Khoti Lalikulu, mu Kent v. Dulles (1958), adatchula mawu oyamba kuchirikiza ufulu wa kupita kunja monga mbali ya ufulu. Posachedwapa, kuyambitsa kwakhala kukutchulidwa m’mikangano ya ufulu wachinsinsi, ufulu wa masamu, ndi malire a boma. Kumvetsa Pregge imathandiza nzika kuzindikira kuti ufulu wawo si mbali ya ufulu wokha koma mbali ya ufulu wa anthu.

Ufulu Wochita Zinthu Zolimbitsa Thupi Umakhala ndi Malire: Udindo Wochita Masewera

Chiyambi chomwechi chimene chimateteza ufulu chimasonyezanso kuti ufulu sungakhale wokwanira. Woweruza Oliver Wendell Holmes analemba motchuka kuti First Amendment siitetezera munthu ku kufuula monama kuti "moto" m’bwalo la maseŵero. Cholinga cha Pregedge cha mtendere wa m'banja chikufuna kuti ufulu ulinganizirizidwe motsutsana ndi chisungiko cha anthu. Iyi ndi chiphunzitso chachikulu cha boma lokhala ndi malire: palibe ufulu wokwanira kotero kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kuwonongeretu mikhalidwe ya anthu aufulu.

Nzika zili ndi thayo la kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wawo m’njira zimene sizikuchepetsa ufulu wa ena kapena kukhazikika kwa chitaganya. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukana kulankhula kwa udani kumene kumasonkhezera chiwawa, kuchita zitsutso zamtendere, ndi kulemekeza lamulo ngakhale pamene malamulo sakondedwa. Masomphenya a Woyamba a "chigwirizano changwiro chowonjezereka" ali chiitano ku nzika zachangu .

Chiyambi cha Maphunziro a Chipatso ndi Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Chiyambi cha nkhani zapakamwa ndi chimodzi cha malemba otchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’masukulu a ku America. Chimawonekera m’madzoma achibadwa, m’khoma lamilandu, ndi m’nkhani za ndale zadziko. Komabe kaŵirikaŵiri kakugwira kwake ntchito kumakhala kosatheka. Kumvetsetsa kwake kwakukulu kwa zonulirapo zake zisanu ndi chimodzi kungasinthe maphunziro a boma kuchoka ku kuloŵeza pamtima kukhala chitsogozo cha zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuphunzitsa Mawu Apamwamba Monga Chikalata Chamoyo

Aphunzitsi akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mawu oyamba kuphunzitsa anthu kutsutsa ufulu ndi ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira angapende zochitika zamakono pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi a cholinga chilichonse: Kodi lamulo loikidwalo ndi "kukhazikitsa chilungamo"? Kodi chitsutso cha "kutsimikizira mtendere wa m'banja"? Kodi lamulo la msonkho "limathandiza bwanji kuti anthu onse azikhala bwino"? Mafunso amenewa akugwirizana ndi zimene ayamba pa nkhani za masiku ano.

Magulu onga National Archives amapereka ziŵiya zopitiramo ku kufufuza nkhani za mbiri yakale ya Pregnat . Mofananamo, ndi Komiti ya Ufulu wa Dziko Lonse [ imapereka ziŵiya zothandizira kufotokoza mmene mawuwo akugwirizanirana ndi nkhani zalamulo. Chuma chimenechi nchamtengo wapatali kwa aliyense wofuna kusamuka kupyola pa unzika waulesi.

Zochita za Civic Zouziridwa ndi Mawu Oyambirira

  • Kudziwitsa m'masankho alionse, a kumalo ndi a boma. Pempho la Pregegery ku "panga mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri" limafuna nzika kusankha atsogoleri amene adzapititsa patsogolo chilungamo ndi ubwino wa onse.
  • Khalanibe odziŵitsidwa za nkhani za anthu. Chosankha chodziŵika nchofunika "kuthandiza anthu onse kukhala bwino" ŵerengani nkhani zambiri, kutsimikizira mfundo, ndi kusiyanitsa malingaliro.
  • Partipate mu utumiki wa anthu. Kaya mwa kudzipereka ku banki ya chakudya, kutumikira pa bungwe lakwanuko, kapena kulangiza achinyamata, zochita zimenezi zimathandizira kukhala ndi mtendere m’banja ndi ubwino wa onse.
  • Tsatirani malamulo. Kumvera malamulo, kukhoma misonkho, ndi kutumikira pa majaji pamene aitanidwa. Zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi "chilungamo chokhazikitsidwa" ndi "kutsimikizira bata la m’banja" zonulirapo.
  • Yankhani zoyenera za ena. Anenereni poyera tsankhu ndi chisalungamo. Madalitso a ufulu" amakhala otetezereka kokha ngati nzika zonse zikukondwera nawo mofanana.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Kupereka Chiyambi

Palibe chikalata chimene chili changwiro, ndipo mawu otsegulira akhala oyenera kuikidwa. Mawu " Ife Anthu poyambirira tinachotsa akazi, Aafirika ogwidwa ukapolo, ndi Eni America, pakati pa ena. Kulolera kwa Malamulo ku ukapolo kumasiyana kwambiri ndi chinenero chapamwamba cha chilungamo ndi ufulu. Kulimbana kumeneku kwasonkhezera zaka mazana ambiri kulephera kuzindikira zolinga za Aamereka onse.

Komabe, kulakalaka kwa Preinging mwenikweni kumailola kukhala ngati chikalata chamoyo. Malamulo 15, 19, ndi 20th Amendment anawonjezera lamulo lachifatse kwa amene kale anali osaikidwa. Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 ndi Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act cha 1965 chinali kuyesa kupanga lonjezo la Pregagedge kukhala lenileni. Kumenyera ufulu wolingana pansi pa lamulo kukupitirizabe ntchito yopanga mgwirizano wangwiro.

Kutchula "Chitukuko Chonse" Clause

Mawu " athandiza kukhalira bwino kwa anthu onse" ayamba kutsutsana za ukulu ndi kukula kwa boma. Ena amatsutsa kuti ilo limalola ntchito yaikulu ya boma, kuphatikizapo maprogramu a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Ena amaumirira kuti uŵerengedwe mofupitsa, wolekezera ku maulamuliro oŵerengedwa. Kutsutsana kumeneku sikuli kokha maphunziro; kumapanga malamulo okhudza zaumoyo, maphunziro, maziko, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.

Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa mawu oyambitsidwawo zingaloŵetsepo bwinopo m’makangano ameneŵa: kodi programu yolingaliridwayo imachirikizadi ubwino wa onse, kapena kodi imapindulitsa gulu lina mwakuwononga ena?

Kugwirizanitsa Mawu Oyambirira ndi Magulu Amakono a Chipic

Mwachitsanzo, bungwe loona za nyengo loona za nyengo likunena kuti kuteteza chilengedwe n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu onse akhale ndi moyo wabwino ndiponso kuti mibadwo yam’tsogolo ikhale ndi madalitso a ufulu.

Mofananamo, ochirikiza kukonzanso chilungamo amasonkhezera kukhazikitsa chilungamo. Amagogomezera kusalingana kwa dongosolo m'ntchito zapolisi, kuweruza, ndi kumangidwa kumene kumafooketsa masomphenya a Preging.

Mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu, monga ngati Center ya Chilungamo , tchulani mawu oyamba kunena kuti demokrase iyenera kuchotsa zopinga ku bokosi losandutsa . Chosankhacho ndicho kukwaniritsa ntchito ya kudzigawa mlandu wodzilamulira okha, imene Pregedge imapereka pamene ikulengeza kuti ulamuliro uyenera kuyambitsa anthu.

Chisonkhezero cha Dziko Lonse cha Chiyambi Chake

Malo a Pregedge .A.) Mawu a zifuno otsatiridwa ndi mpambo wa zonulirapo . Mitundu kuchokera ku India mpaka ku Germany yatenga mawu oyamba osonyeza makhalidwe ofanana ndi zolinga za anthu awo. Kusintha kwa padziko lonse kumeneku kumagogomezera mphamvu yokhalitsa ya chinenero ndi malingaliro a Pregage.

Nzika za ku United States zinganyadidwe ndi choloŵa chimenechi, komanso kuzindikira kuti kuyambika kwa mawuwo si chinthu chongopeka. kuli kovuta kwa mbadwo uliwonse kumasulira malamulo ake m’chiyang’aniro cha zenizeni zamakono. Kumasuliranso kosalekeza kumeneku kuli thayo la boma.

Njira Zothandiza: Kumanga Malo Abwino a Moyo wa Chibadwidwe

Kugwirizanitsa zolinga za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku sikumafuna digiri yalamulo.

  • Kuŵerenga Phunzirani nthaŵi zonse. Kulitchulanso pamisonkhano yachitaganya, misonkhano ya sukulu, kapena ngakhale chakudya chamadzulo cha banja kungalimbikitse mapindu ake.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito mawu oyamba popanga zosankha. Pofufuza wofunsira kapena lamulo, funsani: Kodi zimenezi zimachirikiza chilungamo? Kodi kumawonjezera mtendere m'banja? Kodi kumasungitsa ufulu kwa onse?
  • Kulankhula m'nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni. Mawu a Pregge akupanga mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri amatanthauza kuti kusagwirizana kungakhale kopindulitsa. Mvetserani malingaliro otsutsana, kutsutsana ndi ulemu, ndi kufunafuna maziko ogwirizana.
  • Maphunziro a boma. Odzipereka kuphunzitsa masukulu, malaibulale, kapena malo a anthu. Magulu onga M'mawa wa CBICO Phunziro [1] [ amapereka maphunziro amene amapangitsa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino kukhala ofikirika kwa misinkhu yonse.
  • Likhala ndi mlandu wa boma. Sayansi si ya nzika zokha. Akuluakulu ndi atumiki a boma amamangidwanso ndi zolinga zake. Lembani kwa oimira, kupezekapo pa milandu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ziŵiya zalamulo zonga Free of Information Act kutsimikizira machitidwe a boma mogwirizana ndi malonjezo a Pregegedge.

Kumaliza: Mawu oyamba monga Chizindikiro Chopitirizabe cha Kuchitapo Kanthu

Kupereka mbali ya juli, kulipira misonkho, kulemekeza ufulu wa ena, ndi kuchita utumiki wa anthu si zinthu zina zongodzifunira, ndipo zimenezi ndizo njira imene masomphenya a kuyambitsa kwa chigawocho amakhaliradi okwaniritsidwa.

Pamene Aamereka azindikira kuti maziko a ufulu wa anthu ndi mathayo awo, iwo amakhala owonjezereka kuposa anthu ongochita ntchito za lamulo. Amapanga pamodzi mgwirizano wangwiro. Mawu a Predge a "" Ife People" [[FLT ] ] . . . . Ndi udindo kuyankha kuti chiitano cha nzika iliyonse imene imakonda ufulu ndi chilungamo kwa onse.