Electoral College kaŵirikaŵiri imawonekera kukhala yocholoŵana ya zaka 18 za ndale zopanga malingana, komabe ntchito zake zimalamulidwa mwamphamvu ndi malamulo a Konsichushoni ya U.S., malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti voti yotchuka imasankha wopambana m'maiko ambiri, woyang'anira wasankhidwa ndi 538 wosankhidwa ndi osankhidwa. Kumvetsetsa maziko alamulo a dongosolo lino — kuchokera ku chiyambi chake cha malamulo a khoti lamakono lapamwamba — nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene demokrase ya ku America imagwira ntchito ndi chifukwa chake zoyesayesa zazikulu za kukonzanso zinthu zimayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu.

Magwero a Malamulo a Koleji ya Electoral

Kulinganiza kwa Opanga: Nkhani II, Chigawo 1

Malo oyambirira a Electoral College amapezeka m'Chigawo II, chigawo 1 cha Malamulo a U.S. , , , , . . chigawochi chimaika mphamvu yapamwamba mu Pulezidenti ndi kulongosola njira yosankha. Mmalo mwa chivoti chotchuka kapena kusankhidwa ndi Congress, AFramers anapanga bungwe la osandutsa. Nyumba iliyonse ya boma inapatsidwa ulamuliro wa kugawa osanthula "In Manner monga Manislature ya Magislature," mawu aakulu amene akusonyeza kuti ayang'aniro apadera.

Chiŵerengero cha osankha paboma lililonse chinaikidwa kulingana ndi chiwonkhetso cha Senators ndi Oimira onse a boma lomwe liri ndi Congress. Kakonzedwe kameneka kanali chotulukapo cha kulolera kwa Connecticut, kuphatikiza kulingana kwa boma mu Khoti ndi kuimira anthu m’Nyumba. Dongosolo loyamba linasankha ofunsira aŵiri obatizidwa; wosankha wosankhayo anakhala Pulezidenti, ndipo wothamangayo anakhala Pulezidenti. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anali okonzeka kusankha anthu oyenerera kwambiri popanda kudalira pa chiweruzo cha onse, chisonyezero cha kukayikira koyera mtima kwa oimira demokrase.

Ana Atatu Ololera Kulakwa ndi Mphamvu ya Electoral

Mbali yaikulu ya malamulo a Electoral College ndi kudutsana kwake ndi Atatu-Finths Ololera. Pansi pa Mfundo I, Chigawo 2, kuimira m'Nyumba — ndipo chifukwa chake chiŵerengero cha mavoti osankhidwa — chinagamulidwa mwa kuŵerengera anthu onse aufulu ndi "Opatutatu a anthu ena onse," kutanthauza anthu ogwidwa ukapolo. Malamulo ameneŵa anawonjezera kwambiri mphamvu yosanthula ya akapolo ku madera a ku South, kuwapatsa mavoti a osankhidwa ambiri kuposa amene akanachokera ku mtundu wa anthu waufulu. Makonzedwe alamulo ameneŵa anasintha mwachindunji zotsatira za masankhoti oyambirira a dziko la dziko lapansi ndipo amakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya malamulo a dongosolo la malamulo a dziko.

Kukonzanso Dongosolo: Kusintha kwa Lamulo la 12

Kukula kwa zipani za ndale zadziko mu 1790 kuvumbula kuphophonya kwakukulu m'dongosolo loyambirira. M'chosankha cha 1800, Thomas Jefferson ndi mnzake wothamanga Aaron Burr analandira chiŵerengero chimodzimodzi cha mavoti a osankhidwa, kuponya chisankho m'Nyumba ya Oimira. Vutoli linatsogolera ku Kusintha kwa 12, kovomerezedwa mu 1804. Kusinthako kunasintha kwenikweni njirayo mwa kufuna osankha kukhazikitsa mavoti a Pulezidenti ndi Pulezidenti. Zimenezi zinalekanitsa mao aŵiri ndi kuletsa sitepi ya logistical ya 1800 kuchokera ku kubwerezabwerezanso. Kusintha kwa khumi ndi kutha kwa mapepala alamulo kwachiŵiri kwa malamulo olamulira chivoti chamakono.

Chiyenga Chalamulo Chosankha

Ulamuliro wa Boma Pansi pa Mfundo Yachiŵiri

Mawu akuti "Boma lililonse lidzasankha, monga Manislature yake ingalunjike" ali nthumwi zalamulo zofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo la osankhidwa. Kuchiyambiyambi, maboma anayesa njira zosiyanasiyana: makhomagedo ena anasankha mwachindunji, pamene ena akukhala ndi mavoti otchuka a m'boma. Pofika m'ma 1830, gulu la democracy "geralation" lotchuka kwambiri " tikiti ya pulogalamu ya — kupambana - zonse — anakhala mwambo, monga momwe linawonjezerera chisonkhezero cha boma m'chosankha. Njira zimene zimalamulira ntchito yalamuloyi zimasiyanabe kwambiri lerolino. M’mayiko ambiri, magulu andale akugwira ntchito yokhudza anthu kapena osankhidwa. Olandirawo pulogalamu ya osankhidwawo. Olandirawo salandira.

War - Torako Zonse

Lerolino, maboma 48 ndi District ya Columbia amagwiritsira ntchito njira yopambana. Maine ndi Nebraska ali okhoza kupambana, kugwiritsira ntchito njira ya chigawo cha mamembala. M'mayiko ameneŵa, osankha aŵiri amapatsidwa kwa wopambana wotchuka, ndipo wosankhidwa mmodzi amapatsidwa mwayi wopambana chigawo chilichonse. Kusintha kumeneku kwalamulo kumasonyeza kusinthasintha kosungidwa ndi maboma pansi pa malamulo a malamulo. Malamulo a boma ogawa mavoti a osankhidwa amaonedwa kukhala ovomerezeka, malinga ngati saswa chitetezo cha Clausleas kapena zifuno zina. Malamulo a boma amalamulira malire a kukhazikitsa chivoti chotchuka, osankha osankhidwa, ndi kutumiza zotulukapo ku madeti a National Archivers. Malamulo oyenerera ameneŵa akutanthauza kusankhidwa kwalamulo.

Opereka Chidziŵitso Opanda Chikhulupiriro ndi Amilandu a Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu

Vuto la Asayansi Opanda Chikhulupiriro M’mbiri Yake

Pamene osankha amayembekezeredwa kuvota kwa wosankhidwa amene anapambana m'boma lawo, Malamulo sanenapo kanthu kuti kaya angakakamizidwe mwalamulo kutero. Zimenezi zachititsa vuto la "osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro" — anthu amene anavotera munthu wina wosakhala wogwirizana nawo. Pambali ya mbiri ya America, osankhi opanda chikhulupiriro sanasinthepo zotsatira za chisankho cha pulezidenti, koma kuthekera kwawo kuchita zimenezo kwadzutsa mafunso apadera alamulo. Chisankho cha 2016 chinaona kuwonjezereka kwa osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro monga mbali ya gulu la "Hamilton Elector", limene linafuna kukhutiritsa Republican ovota kuti avote za njira ina. Pomalizira pake, osankhidwa asanu ndi aŵiri anaswa zikalata zawo. Boma la Boma la Washington liwongo labwino la osankhidwa atatu.

Chiafalo Washington (2020)

Malo olakwika opanga oweruza opanda chikhulupiriro anathetsedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu 2020 mlandu Chiafalo v. Washington . Khoti limodzimodzi linavomereza kuti lamulo lalamulo lili ndi ulamuliro wofuna osankhidwa kuti avomere ofunsira amene akutsimikiziridwa ndi kukakamiza kuti apereke chilango kapena kuchotsa. Woweruza Elena Kagan anagogomezera kuti osankha agwire ntchito monga atumiki a boma, osati opanga zikalata za ufulu wa boma. Chigamuchi chimapangitsa kuti lamulo la chigamulo, chimapangitsa kuvomerezana motsimikizirika kuti kaya osankhidwawonetsetseka lamulo.

[[MFUNDO: 0] Kugwirizanitsa 1:[[FLT :1] [[FLT :2] Kuŵerenga Chiafalo . Washington [[FLT: 3].

Mavuto Aakulu a Malamulo ndi Milandu Yochitika M’mbiri

McPherson v. Blacker (1892)

Mlandu umenewu unatsutsa njira ya chigawo ya ku Voti ya Michigan yosankha. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti makhomagedo ali ndi mphamvu zosankha osankhidwa a osankhidwa, ongoikidwa pa malamulo alamulo. Mcherson v. Blacker amatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga mafotokozedwe otsimikizirika a ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa Mfundo II. Ilo linakhazikitsa kuti njira yosankhira osankhidwa ndi ntchito ya boma imene ingathe kulamulira popanda kuvomerezedwa mwachindunji. Nkhani imeneyi imapereka chilungamo chalamulo cha boma pa mavoti.

Gore (2000)

Mwinamwake mlandu wotchuka kwambiri wa Electoral College, Bhash v. Gore . . Khoti Lapamwamba linaimitsa chigamulo cha boma mu Florida, kutchula kulephera kwa Elcial Protection Claus chifukwa cha kulephera kuŵerengera. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti linagogomezera kuti lamulo lake linali "kuimira mikhalidwe yamakono," mlandu wogogomezera kudutsa kwa lamulo la chisankhoti, malamulo alamulo a boma, ndi malamulo alamulo alamulo alamulo, ndi chigamulo cha nthaŵi yochulukitsitsa a Elleal College. Chigamulo chidakali chotsutsana ndipo ndi mawu ofunika pomvetsetsa kuŵerengedwa kwa masankhoti a lamulo. Nkhaniyo iyang'anizana mwachindunji ndi "do yotetezeka" yofotokozedwa m'lamulo, ikulongosola mmene malamulo ovomerezera malamulo.

[[MLT: 0] Kugwirizanitsa 2: Kuŵerenga Chidutswa cha Oyez . Gore [1].

Malamulo Asintha Zinthu

Kusintha kwa Lamulo pansi pa Mfundo Yachisanu

Njira yolunjika kwambiri yochotsera kapena kukonzanso kwambiri Electoral College ndi kukonzanso kovomerezeka kwa malamulo pansi pa Mfundo V. Izi zimafunikira anthu atatu pa nyumba ndi nyumba ya malamulo, kutsatiridwa ndi makwalala atatu a nyumba zoyamwitsira boma. Kuperekedwa kwa mabwalo andale ndi phindu la mabungwe a boma limene limapatsa dziko ndi magulu ena, kukwaniritsa chitseko chimenechi chachikulu kwambiri chakhala choletsa chosagonjetseka. Malamulo 700 asintha kapena kuchotsa Elctoral Collegement ku College. Kukambirana kwamakono kotchuka kwambiri ndi "Zonse Zotiaunika," kumene kungasankhiritse Pulezidenti ndi voti yotchuka. Komabe, chikalata chapamwambachi chikhozanso kuchirikiza mfundo ya V chikalata chotchuka.

Chigwirizano cha Boma Lotchuka la Vote Interstate (NPVIC)

Popanda kukonzanso kovomerezeka kwa lamulo la boma, okonzanso asintha kukhala ngati bungwe la boma logwirizana ndi boma. National Popular Vote Interstate Community (NPVIC) ndi pangano pakati pa mayiko amene akugawana nawo pa mavoti awo onse osankhidwa ndi boma. Mapanganowo amasintha kokha ngati alamulira mavoti ambiri a osankhidwa, kuphatikiza 270. Otsutsa NPVIC amatsutsa malamulo apamwamba. Amatsutsa kuti amatsutsa pangano la Clauslaus wa Mfundo I, zimene zimafuna chilolezo cha malamulo a boma omwe amasintha ulamuliro wandale. Ena amatsutsa ufulu wa boma pansi pa mfundo za malamulo. Ochirikiza mfundo za ufulu wa ufulu wa kusankha ufulu wawo m’njira iliyonse yoyenerera kukwaniritsa, kuphatikizapo pangano la lamulo la NPic, ndi lopandabe kuganiza mlandu.

[[MLT: 0] Kugwirizanitsa 3:[[FLT :1] Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za National Popular Vote Intertate Compact .

Ntchito Zosintha Malamulo za Masiku Ano

Malo Otetezereka a pa Doko la December

Malamulo a Federal, oikidwa mu Mfundo 3 ya Malamulo a U.S., amakhazikitsa deti la "doko lotetezereka" la maboma kutsimikizira zotsatira za masankho awo ndi kugawa osankhidwa. Ngati boma lithetsa mikangano yonse ya masankho ndi kuika osankhidwa pa deti lino — kaŵirikaŵiri masiku asanu ndi limodzi asanafike Elctoral College Akumana — Nyumba za Malamulo ziyenera kulandira malo a bomawo monga "osalekanidwa. Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga chitsenderezo chachikulu cha kulongosola ndi kutsendereza mavuto alamulo mwamsanga, chowonekera bwino lomwe likuoneka mu [[FL:0]. Gore . Makonzedwe otetezeka a boma ayenera kutsimikizira kuti osankhidwa ndi osasakanitsika, komanso angadulenso mikangano yalamulo yachidule.

Act ya 2022 (Electoral Count Reform (ECRA)

Electoral Count Act ya 1887 inalinganizidwa kulamulira mmene Nyumba ya Malamulo imachitira ndi mavoti a osankhidwa. Komabe, chinenero chake chosadziŵika chinasokoneza, makamaka pa 2020 chivoti cha pambuyo pa chisankho. Poyankha, Nyumba ya Malamulo inapatula Electoral Country Reformation Act ya 2022 (ECRA), kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo a bungwe la Electoral Colleges m’zaka zoposa zana limodzi. ECRA inamasulira ntchito ya Pulezidenti monga yotumikira, inakweza khomo la kuletsa mavoti a gulu la osankhidwa m'chipinda chimodzi, ndipo inatsimikiziranso kuti akazeze kuti akaze akuluakulu a boma ali ndi udindo wopanga opanga oonda. Masinthidwewa anasintha kwambiri popanda lamulo, popanda kutchula za malamulo a boma, ogwirizana ndi kusankhidwa kwa anthu 2020.

[[FTL:0] Kugwirizanitsa 4: Kuŵerenga malemba a Electoral Count Reform Act ya 2022.

Kulingalira Kwalamulo Kokhalitsa ndi Kufunitsitsa Kusintha

Zofunika pa Ntchito ya Masiku Ano

Ochirikiza malamulo amakono amanena kuti imapereka bata, imalimbikitsa kumanga mogwirizana, ndi kuletsa kutsutsana kwa maiko ndi mikangano ya boma. Federalist No. 68, yolembedwa ndi Alexander Hamilton, inatsutsa kuti dongosololi likatsimikizira "kupangidwa ndi anthu okhoza kupenda mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi malowo. Ankhondo alamulo okonzekera kukachita mpikisano m’madera osiyanasiyana mmalo mwa kungosumika pa malo apamwamba a mizinda, motsimikizirika akuchirikiza lamulo la dziko lonse.

Kusuliza ndi Kufuna Kusintha

Otsutsa amanena kuti maziko alamulo a Electoral College amaswa lamulo la "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" mwa kupereka kulemera kopambanitsa kwa ovota m'maiko aang'ono. Dongosolo lopambana limaletsa mokhutiritsa mamiliyoni a ovota m'maiko otetezereka. Kuphatikizanso, dongosololi limayambitsa kuthekera kwakuti wosankha amene apambana pa chivoti chotchuka m'dziko lonselo angataye Electoral College, monga momwe zinachitika mu 2000 ndi 2016. Makitope ameneŵa amapanga ndalama zothandizira anthu kukonzanso malamulo ndi magulu andale olinganizidwa kuchokera ku NPVIC kuti akonzere malamulo.

Maziko alamulo a Electoral College ali ndi maziko olimba ndi ocholoŵana omangidwa kuchokera ku Article II, Firmendition ya 12 , malamulo a boma, ndi zitsanzo za khoti Lapamwamba monga Chifalo v. Washington [1] ndi ndi [[FLT] MCherson . Black . Dongosolo lasonyeza kulimba kwalamulo kwapadera, makambitsirano amakono ozungulira NPVIC ndi ECRA amasonyeza kuti lamulo silikusintha. Ngati kupyolera kumbuyo, lakulumikizidwa, kapena kupendanso kochitidwa kwalamulo kwa Elector Collegement kupitirizabe.