Chiyambi: Lonjezo Lokhalitsa la Chiweruzo Cholungama cha Panthaŵi Yake

Chikalata cha Sikisi Commission ku United States chimapereka chitsimikizo chakuti anthu amene anaimbidwa mlandu wa kulakwa mofulumira ndi mlandu wa anthu. Chigamulo chimodzi chimenechi ndi tanthauzo . Chimodzi mwa zitetezero zolemekezeka kwambiri za apandu ku America. Komabe ufulu wozengedwa mlandu wosaopsa sunayambike ku Filadelphia Convention. Malamulo a m'mbiri yakale afika pa miyambo ya Angelezi, kutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wachifumu, ndi maphunziro ovuta a kulanda ulamuliro wa dziko la America. Kumvetsa mzera umenewu nkofunika kwambiri pozindikira chifukwa chake Demendement perline yachisanu ndi chimodzi imakhalabe yotetezedwa kwambiri ndi boma lopanda chiweruzo ndi kulamulidwa ndi ufulu.

Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza mzera wobadwira wa mlandu wachilungamo ndi wachangu kuyambira pamene panapezeka anthu a ku Magna Carta kudzera m’kugwirizana kwake m’buku la Bill of Rights ndi chisinthiko chake m’nkhani zachiweruzo zamakono.

Maziko a Mbiri ya Malamulo ya ku Chingelezi

Kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kolungama kuli chimodzi cha zitetezero zakale kwambiri za mwambo walamulo wa Anglo - America. Maziko ake anakhazikitsidwa zaka mazana ambiri chisanafike Chipanduko cha America, m’mikangano pakati pa mafumu achingelezi ndi nzika zawo pa kumangidwa kopanda lamulo, milandu yachinsinsi, ndi kuchedwetsa chilungamo.

Magna Carta ndi Mbewu za Chilungamo Chachangu

Chiphunzitso cha maziko a lamulo la Chingelezi, Magna Carta (1215), sichinalonjeze mwachindunji kuti Mfumu John inali kuimbidwa mlandu kwanthaŵi yaitali. Koma mutu wake wotchuka 39 (woŵerengedwanso Mutu 29) unalengeza kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene angamangidwe kapena kuletsedwa "kusiyapo chiweruziro cha ausinkhu wake kapena lamulo la dzikolo. Mabaron amene anakakamiza Magna Carta ku mfumuyo sanali kuyerekezera njira yaupandu yamakono, koma anabzala mbewu imene boma liyenera kuilungamitsa ndi njira yalamulo. M'pambuyo pake, maloyalo ndi oweruza a Chingelezi anamasulira "lamulo la dziko" kuti aperekedwe popanda kuchedwa. Magna anali kuimbidwa ndi kusonkhezera kwa mfumu. [Magna: FG.]

Kusinthika kwa Chilamulo Chachisawawa ndi Habeas Corpus

Chiŵiya cha kulamula kupangidwa kwa mkaidi ndi kufunsa za lamulo la kumangidwa. Pofika zaka za zana la khumi ndi limodzi ndi khumi ndi limodzi, makhoti a ku England anagwiritsira ntchito korpus kukakamiza atsamunda ndi osunga kulongosola chifukwa chake munthu anali kusungidwa. Ngati chifukwa chinali chosakwanira kapena kuchedwa, khoti likalamula kuti mkaidi atulutsidwe kapena kukhazikitsa deti la mlandu. Lamulo lalikulu la ku England linagwiritsa ntchito Habeas corpus mu [FLB:] [FLT] [16]

Pangano la Habeas Corpus la 1679 linagwirizanitsanso chitetezo chimenechi, likufunikira kuti akaidi aikidwe ku mlandu m'malamulo aŵiri pambuyo pa pangano lawo. Monga momwe wolemba mbiri walamulo William Blackstone analembera m'kalata yake [[FLT: 0]] Zonena za Malamulo a England [ [1765], "Kufuna mlandu mofulumira" kunali "mlandu waukulu" umene Lamulolo linalinganiza kukonza. Malemba onse a Habeas Corpus Act amapezeka kudzera mu Avaton Law Project pa Yale Law School [FLD].

Buku lachingelezi la Mfundo Zoyenera 1689

Glorious Revolution ya 168-89 inatulutsa lamulo lachifatse lachingelezi la Bill of Rights, limene linathetsa mwachindunji vuto la kuzengereza kwa milandu. Mfundo 8 ya Bill inalengeza kuti "beiro la ndalama zosafunikira, kapena kulipiritsa ndalama zowonjezereka, kapena chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo choperekedwa. Chofunika kwambiri pa kuyesa koyenera kunali lamulo la lamulo la kusazengedwa kapena kuchedwedwa. Bill anabuka ndi milandu yotsutsana ndi Mfumu James II, amene analamulira makhoti ndi kutsendereza akaidi andale ku Pritado. Palamenti inatsimikizira kuti "Ufulu za Kale ndi ufulu wa anthu achingelezi" inali lamulo la ufulu wa "kuzengedwa kwaufulu" kuloŵerera m'kuloŵerera. Chinenero cha Amereka omwe anasonkhezera ufulu wa Angelezi wa kulengeza ufulu wawo wa ku dziko la Chingelezi. [F1] Malamulo a bungwe la Malamulo a [1]

Atsamunda a ku America

Mapolonenti a ku America anabweretsa miyambo yalamulo ya Angelezi kudutsa Atlantic, koma anasinthanso m’kulabadira mikhalidwe yapadera ya moyo wa malire ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ulamuliro wachifumu. Malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma oyambirira anasintha lamulo loyesa mofulumira kuyendera mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, akumapanga njira yotetezera yocheperapo imene inaimira Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi la Amereka.

Bungwe la Massachusetts of Libertes (1641)

Massachusetts Body of Liberates, yolembedwa ndi Reverend Nathaniel Ward ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu mu 1641, kaŵirikaŵiri imalingaliridwa kukhala lamulo loyamba lolembedwa la ufulu wofunika m'dziko la Chingelezi. Liberty 42 inalongosola kuti: "Palibe munthu amene adzakakamizidwa kuyesa aliyense, koma ndi lamulo lodziŵika la kon, ndi kulingana, ndi chiweruzo cha mwamsanga chidzaperekedwa kwa onse. Chitsimikiziro chimenechi cha "chilungamo cha " chinali kuswa nthaka. Bungwe la Liberation linaletsanso kuikidwa kaŵiri ndi kufuna kuti ziyeso ziyendetsedwe pamalo a anthu onse. [FLT: 0] Malemba onse a Massachusetts of Libertes amaperekedwa pa Intaneti kudzera pa Han College . Chikalatachitime . Chikalatachionetsero chachionetsero cha ufulu chachi. Chikalatacho chinaonetsa kuti chikufunika kuonekera bwino kwambiri kwa anthu ofufuza milandu, okhoza kuonekera bwino. [F.]

Matchati ndi Malamulo Ena a Atsamunda

Maboma ena anatsatira. Pennsylvania Frame of Government (1682), yolembedwa ndi William Penn, inatsimikizira kuti "mayeso onse adzakhala ndi amuna khumi ndi aŵiri, ndipo ayandikira, ausinkhu ndi olingana; ndi a m'dera limene achita zimenezo, ndi a m'dera limene munthu walakwa. Delaware Charter ya 1701 inatetezanso ufuluwo ku "kulimbana ndi mlandu wapoyera. Virginia Declaration of Rights (776), yolembedwa ndi George Mason, inalengeza kuti "mzinda wonse kapena upandu uli ndi ufulu wa kuweruza mofulumira" ndi kuyang'anizana ndi omimba mlandu wake. Zolemba za atsamundawo zinali zosagwirizana, koma zinali zogwirizana: chikhulupiriro chakuti boma siliyenera kulola anthu wamba.

Zikalata ndi Zikalata Zovomereza Chisinthiko

M’zaka zotsogolera ku Chipanduko cha ku America, chikalata cha Country cha bungwe la Council cha bungwe la Council chinakhazikitsa milandu ya ajuli. Stamp Act Congress ya 1765 inagamula kuti "kuweruza ndi khoti la juli ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu onse a ku Britain m'malo ameneŵa. Chikalata cha Committeentation’s Declaration of Rights of Rights (1774) chinadandaula kuti atsalira maufumuwo kuti "asungidwa ndi phindu la mlandu wa a khoti" ndi kuti kuweruza kwa chilungamo kunali "kuphunzitsidwa". Zimenezi zinapangitsa kuti ayambe kufunidwa ndi kuyesedwa mofulumira kwa mbadwo wa Reformationtion. Pamene Thomas Jefferson analemba chikalata cha ufulu, pakati pa milandu ya mfumu imene iye "ichititsa mlandu waukulu, ndi zotsatirapo za mlandu wa Jurports" kupitirira pa mlandu wa mlandu wa .

Kupereka Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi: Kusiya Kugwirizana Kufikira Kukusuntha

Nkhani za Confederation (1781) zinalibe lamulo la ufulu ndipo sizinapangitse makonzedwe a upandu. Maboma atsopanowo anadalira malamulo awo koma anazindikira kufunika kwa chitetezo champhamvu cha mtundu. Constitution ya mu 1787, yolamuliridwa ndi Federalist, inapanganso malamulo omwe analibenso lamulo la ufulu .

Msonkhano wa Malamulo ndi Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu

Pa msonkhano wa ku Philadelphia, kusoŵa kwa ufulu wa kuwonjezera kuyenera kwa zinenero kunapangitsa George Mason kunena kuti Malamulo "adzakhala chabe chingwe cha zikopa" popanda chilolezo. Ngakhale kuti msonkhanowo unakana lamulo lalamulo la ufulu, nthumwi zingapo zinaganiza kuti adzawonjezedwa pambuyo pake. Nkhondo ya ratizition inachititsa kuti zimenezi zikhale zosapeŵeka. Misonkhano ya boma, makamaka ku Massachusetts, Virginia, ndi New York, inachititsa kukonza mayeso kutsimikizira kuzengedwa kofulumira, kuzenga mlandu ndi oweruza milandu, ndi zoyenera zina zaupandu. James Madison, poyamba, wokayikira ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu.

Kutsutsana ndi Malingaliro a Boma

Virginia Raiving Convention inapereka chilengezo cha zoyenera zimene zinaphatikizapo: “M’milandu yonse yamalikulu ndi yaupandu, mwamuna ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira, kuyang’anizana ndi omimba mlandu wake ndi mboni, kupempha umboni m’chiyanjo chake, ndi kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli opanda tsankho a amuna khumi ndi aŵiri.. Pa June 8, 1789, Madison anakhazikitsanso malamulo a Nyumba za Oimira Audindo, kuphatikizapo chimene chikakhala kumbuyo kwa Asanu ndi Amodzi. Kuŵerengera kwa mlandu wake: "Ufulu, ufulu, kapena chuma koma ndi njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa anaumba mwachindunji ntchito ya Mahamoni. Pa June 8, 1789, anakhazikitsanso njira ya kugamuzenga kwa ola mlanduwo ndi kuperekedwa kwa chiwongoletso chapo, kuphatikizapo chiwongo chake cha Chilango. Kuŵerenga "Kulakwa kwa mlandu wonse, kapena kulakwa kwake kwa lamulo kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lachisalo, ndi loperekedwa kwa Mboni za anthu onse, ndipo lidzakhala m’ku

Lemba Lomaliza la Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi

Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo inatsutsana ndi tsatanetsatane wochuluka . "Malamulo onse, woimbidwa mlandu ayenera kufotokozedwa ndi boma kapena chigawo, kaya kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kunali koyenera, ndi kuphatikizapo mawu akuti "pedi ndi mlandu wa anthu. Matembenuzidwe omalizira, ovomerezedwa pa December 15, 1791, akunena kuti: "Mlanduwo waupandu, woimbidwa mlandu adzalandira ufulu wa kuzengedwa mlandu mofulumira ndi wapoyera, ndi a bungwe lopanda tsankho la Boma ndi chigawo kumene upanduwo udzakhala utachitidwa, ... kuuzidwa za chilengedwe ndi kuchititsa chinenezo; kuyang'anizana ndi mboni zake; kuti akhale ndi lamulo lokakamiza kaamba ka kupeza mboni m’chiyanjo wake, ndi kukhala ndi uphungu wa kuperekedwa kwa chilolezo chake cha defc. Mawuwo "ysed" adaikidwa, chizindikiro choyamba, kutsutsa kwake koyambirira. Koma chosiyana ndi kutsutsa ufulu wa mbiri yakale, komatu.

Kuzenga Mlandu Wamsanga m’Makhoti Oyambirira a ku America

Kwa zaka zambiri za m’ma 1800, khoti Lapamwamba silinkamasulira msanga mlandu wa Sixmendment chifukwa milandu yambiri inkachitika m’makhoti a boma. Kukonza mlandu kunkangokhudza nkhani za boma mpaka m’zaka za m’ma 1900. Komabe, milandu ya boma inayamba kukhazikitsa ufulu woweruza.

Kumasulira Koyambirira ndi Ma 1800

Mu Ex palme Milligan (166], Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu linatsutsa kuti ntchito zankhondo sizingayese anthu m’madera amene makhoti a boma anali kugwira ntchito, kugogomezera kufunika kwa njira yokhazikika, yachangu. Makhoti a boma nthaŵi zambiri anafuna kuti woimbidwa mlandu afune kuti afune kuti mlanduwo aperekedwe mwamsanga; koma, kuyenerako kunalingaliridwa kukhala koletsedwa. Beeching v. United States [FLT] (185)], khoti lochepetsedwa ndi cholinga cha mlanduwo chinali "kuletsa kutsendereza kwa nzika mwa kuimbidwa mlandu kwa upandu kwa nthaŵi zosatha. Nthaŵi yaitali, ndipo miyezo imeneyi inali yosagwirizana.

Chiphunzitso cha Kuzenga mlandu Chamakono: Barker v. Wingo

Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha kupenda kofulumira kwa mlandu Barker v. Wingo . (77). Khotilo linakana malire a nthaŵi yosasinthika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso oyenera olingalira zinthu zinayi: utali wa kuchedwa, chifukwa cha kuchedwa, kuimbidwa mlandu, ndi kunyansidwa kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Chigamulo cha Woweruza Powell [kuweruza] chinafotokoza kuti kulakwa kwa mwamsanga kunali "kusiyana kwambiri" ndi zitsimikizo zina za proces projective chifukwa chakuti sikuna kutetezera chabe zikondwerero za wonenezedwayo komanso zolinga zake za munthu woimbidwa mlanduyo. [FLT] [5] [FF]: FFFF]

Kulimbikitsa Mafano: Kuzenga Mlandu Mwamsanga

Congress inaloŵerera mu 1974 ndi Act ya Piney Trial, imene inakhazikitsa madeti enieni a milandu ya boma: mlandu uyenera kuikidwa m'masiku makumi atatu a kumangidwa, ndipo mlandu uyenera kuyamba mkati mwa masiku makumi asanu ndi aŵiri a kuweruza (ndi kuchotsa kwina). Chikalatacho chikusonyeza chiweruzo chalamulo chimene chinapanga mayeso olinganiza zinthu chinali chosakwanira kutsimikizira kuti mlanduwo utha. Maboma atsatira njira zofanana. Malemba onse a Priney Tract a m'TC. Chikalata cha Kkomiti ya Mland wa Mpambo wa Mpatuko cha Cornell chimapezeka kuchokera ku Cornell'S Legacy Information Institute .

Chiyeso Chabwino Chidzakwaniritsidwa: Si Chiyeso Chaching’ono

Chigawo cha Six Amendment cha "kuzenga mlandu" chimaphatikizapo ufulu wogwirizana ndi ena. Simbiyoyo yokha siikhala ndi tanthauzo ngati mlanduwo sunali wabwino. Ozengedwa mlanduwo anazindikira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo anafunikira zida zodzitetezera, popanda kuti mlanduwo uchitike mwamsanga motani.

Kupanda Tsankho, Kusankhana, ndi Kuzindikira

Kuyenera kwa ajuli a gulu la ajuli opatula "linatanthauza ajuli otengedwa ku boma ndi chigawo kumene upandu unachitidwa, wopanda tsankho kapena chisonkhezero cha kunja. Chilengezocho "kukhala ndi "kudziŵa za chilengedwe ndi chochititsa cha mlanduwo" "kutsimikizira kuti oimbidwa mlandu angakonze chodzitetezera. Malamulo apoyera analetsa kuzenga mlandu ndi kuchititsa khoti kukhala ndi mlandu kwa chitaganya. Mabungwe onsewa apanga njira yowonekera bwino, yophetsa, yophetsa kupondereza.

Kulimbana ndi Vutoli

Bhassion Claus anapatsa oimbidwa mlanduwo ufulu woyang'anizana ndi owaneneza awo ndi mboni za oimba mlandu. Comster Eccole Claus amalola mboni zapansi pa mapoti amodzi. Zoyenera zimenezi zazikidwa pa lamulo lofala la kufuna mboni kupereka umboni poyera ndi kukhala oyenera kulumbira ndi kupenda. Kuphatikizapo kuzenga mlandu kofulumira, amatsimikizira kuti boma silingasinthe nthaŵi kapena kubisa umboni kuti litsutse woimbidwayo.

Kuyenera kwa Uphungu

A Aluce of Counser Claus imapereka chitsimikizo chakuti oimbidwa mlandu angakhale ndi loya amene alipo mkati mwa mlandu wawo. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira kuyenera kumeneku kugwira ntchito ku magawo onse ovuta a mlandu, kuphatikizapo kuweruza ndi kuweruza. Ufulu wa kupereka uphungu unaikidwa motsutsana ndi maboma mu Gideon v. Wainwrright [1] (1963). Uphungu umatsimikizira kuti oimbidwa mlanduwo angakhoze kuwongolera njira zaupandu ndi kuchirikiza zoyenera zawo za kuweruza mofulumira.

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa ndi Tanthauzo Lake

Maziko a mbiri yakale a Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chisanu akupitirizabe kusonkhezera malamulo amakono oletsa milandu. Malamulo ozenga milandu amaperekedwa osati kokha kudzera m'Malamulo komanso mwa malamulo a boma, malamulo, ndi makhoti. Mliri wa Covid unayesa ufulu umenewu pamene makhoti anazengereza kuzenga milandu yoletsa kufalikira kwa kachilomboko, kudzutsa mafunso ovuta okhudza kulinganiza kwa thanzi la anthu ndi ufulu wa kuzenga mlandu. Makhoti ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti kuchedwa kwa miliri yachisanu ndi chimodzi sikunasokoneze kutha kwa Kusintha kwa zinthu malinga ngati kunali koyenera ndi kwa kanthaŵi.

Kusintha kwa luso la zasayansi kwakhudzanso kutsimikizira koyenera. Kuwonjezeka kwa umboni wa makompyuta, kumangidwa kwa milandu isanayambe kuzengedwa mlandu, ndi kuvuta kwa milandu ya boma kwawonjezera nthaŵi ya kuzengedwa mlandu. Makonzedwe a kuthamanga kwa mlanduwo atha kuikidwa . Chifukwa cha kupitiriza, kutsata mayeso, ndi kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito poyesa kuwonjezera kumangidwa. Otsutsa amanena kuti dongosolo lamakono limalolabe kuchedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali, makamaka kwa oimbidwa mlandu amene sangathe kulipira ndalama.

Komabe, mfundo yaikulu ya mfundoyi ikukhalabe: chitaganya chaufulu sichingalekerere kumangidwa kwachikhalire popanda kuzenga mlandu. Makhoti akumasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wakalewu pa nkhani zatsopano, mizu ya mbiri yakale ya chilungamo ndi kufulumira kwa kuyesa idzakhala magwero a chitsogozo ndi chisonkhezero.