Mbali Yocholoŵana ya Boma m’Kuzenga ndi Kusunga Mbiri Yabwino

M'mbiri yonse yolembedwa, nkhani zakhala zothandizira kusintha kwa anthu, kusintha kwa ndale, ndi kusokonezeka kwa chikhalidwe. Komabe kumbuyo kwa ndemanga iliyonse imene inasintha mtundu wa anthu inali yoyang'aniridwa kaŵirikaŵiri: boma. Unansi pakati pa mabungwe olamulira ndi malankhuli amphamvu suli wopepuka kapena waumodzi. Maboma apereka malankhulidwe apoyera a anthu ndi olankhula m’ndende panthaŵi imodzi; atetezera mawu otsutsa ndi otsutsa boma. Kumvetsa ntchito imeneyi kumavumbula zambiri ponena za mmene magulu a anthu alinganizidwira, chisungiko, ndi kuyenera kwa kufotokoza mwaufulu. Nkhaniyi imasintha ndi kuwongolera nkhani zimene za mbiri yakale, kufufuza malamulo, zochitika za mbiri yakale, ndi kutsutsa kumene kukupitirizabe kulongosola kuzungulira kwa makwawa koipaku.

Zitsanzo Zakale za Boma Zigwirizana ndi Mawu Osintha

Mbali Zotetezera: Pamene Maboma Achinjiriza Mawu Okangana

Chimodzi cha zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za kutetezeredwa kwa boma kwa nkhani za mbiri yakale kunachitika m'nthaŵi ya American Civil Rights Movement. Pamene Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. adapereka mawu ake "Ndine Dyera" pamasitepe a Lincoln Cikumbutso mu 1963, iye sanalankhule mobisa koma mothandizidwa ndi boma la American Rights Rights. Ma March pa Washington adavomerezedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Interior, ndi National Park Service anapereka zilolezo ndi chisungiko. Zimenezi sizinali ngozi: kuyendetsa kwa Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy anazindikira ulendowo monga msonkhano wamtendere wotetezeredwa ndi boma Loyamba, ngakhale monga momwe ofufuza za ku Southern Convition anafuna kuletsa.

Mofananamo, mu 1965, Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson anagwiritsira ntchito mawu ake ku Congress kuchirikiza Chikalata cha Zoyenera za Anthu, akumati "tidzagonjetsa" – kuvomereza mwachindunji nyimbo ya gulu. Pano, ofesi yapamwamba koposa m'dziko mmalo mwa kuletsa mawu amene akanasintha malo alamulo a dzikolo. Mbali ya boma sinali chilolezo wamba koma kuvomereza kwachangu, kugwiritsira ntchito kagulu ka ozunza kupititsa patsogolo malamulo a ufulu wa anthu.

Mbali Zopondereza: Pamene Maboma Asiya Kulankhula

Maboma agwiritsiranso ntchito ulamuliro wawo kuletsa kulankhulana. Mu 1918, mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Dziko I, boma la United States linaweruza mtsogoleri wa social Eugene V. Debs pansi pa Espionage Act chifukwa cha mawu amene anatsutsapo kuyesayesa kwa nkhondo. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kutsimikiza kwake [[FLD: 0]] Debs v. United States , likutsutsana kuti mawu ake anadzutsa "kuwonekera ndi kubweretsa ngozi," Debs analandira chigamulo cha ndende ya zaka khumi, ngakhale kuti kulankhula kwake sikunayambitse chiwawa. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene maboma angaperekere chitetezo cha dziko kuti apereke mawu awo owopsa, ngakhale pamene uthenga wa wolankhulayo watetezedwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yofala.

Maboma audindo amapereka zitsanzo zowopsa. Mu 1989, boma la China linaletsa kulankhula kwa ozembera boma ku Tiananmen Square ndi asilikali. Ku Russia, malamulo otsutsa "ukapolo" agwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsekera m'ndende anthu otsutsa monga Alexei Navanny, amene maadiresi ake avumbula chiphuphu cha boma. Zochita zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti maboma akhoza kuchita monga chopinga chachikulu cha nkhani za m'mbiri, nthaŵi zina kuwapangitsa kukhala oletsedwa ndi chikumbukiro cha anthu onse.

Dera la Operewera: Chichirikizo Choyenera ndi Chosankha

Siboma lililonse limene limaletsa kuloŵererako kuletsa kapena kuletsa kwenikweni. Mkati mwa nyengo ya kuletsa ku United States, boma linasunga kaimidwe kotsutsana pa nkhani zoletsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti Konsichushoni inateteza ufulu wa kulankhula, maboma a Kum’mwera anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugaŵiridwa kwa zinthu zotetezera ukapolo. Boma la boma kaŵirikaŵiri linkayang'ana njira ina, ndipo lamulo la "gag" mu Congress (1856-1844) linasunga mwadala mapempho ake onse okhudza ukapolo popanda kutsutsana. Chitetezero chimenechi chinatanthauza kuti mawu oyenera kusintha mbiri mpaka monga Frederick Douglas "Chiyake Nja Kapolo Wachisanu wa July? – likakhoza kuperekedwa m’dziko laufulu, ndipo ngakhale pansi pa chiwopsezo cha chiwawa chimene boma linaletsapo.

Mbiri yakale imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti kuloŵerera m’boma sikumafuna kutengera mbali imodzi. Malamulo a malamulo omwe anatetezera Dr. King analola kuti Debs apereke mlandu. Kusiyanako kaŵirikaŵiri kunadalira pa nkhani zandale, mlingo wooneka ngati upandu, ndi kufunitsitsa kwa boma kuima kumbali ya malamulo ake.

Zitetezero za Malamulo Zotetezera Kulankhula: Maziko a Udindo wa Boma

Kuletsa Koyamba mu United States

Malo alamulo otetezera boma ku United States ndi Option Yoyamba, imene imaletsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kupanga malamulo "oletsa ufulu wa kulankhula . Pazaka mazana aŵiri a chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu lawongolera mfundo imeneyi. Zigamulo zazikulu zonga Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]) imakhazikitsa kuti mawu ochirikiza kachitidwe kosakhala ka lamulo amatetezedwa pokhapo ngati "apatsidwa mphamvu kapena kupanga kachitidwe koswa malamulo koyandikira ndipo angasonkhetse kapena kupanga kachitidwe kotereka. Mtengo wapamwamba umenewu umatsimikizira kuti ngakhale nkhani zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa boma zimatetezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri.

Nkhani ina yosintha zinthu, Texas v. Johnson [1998], anatsimikizira kuti kutentha mbendera – mtundu wa mawu ophiphiritsira – kumatetezedwa mwalamulo. Khoti linagamula kuti boma silingaipitsidwe ndi mawu chifukwa chakuti linakwiyitsa anthu ambiri. Chigamulo chimenechi chinateteza mwachindunji malamulo otsutsa U.S., kusonyeza kuti malamulo angatsutse mawu otsutsa kubwezera kwa boma.

Komabe, chitetezo chimenechi sichotheratu. Khoti Lapamwamba lalola ziletso zochepetsedwa pa magulu a kulankhula monga kuipitsa, kunyoza, ndi "kulimbana ndi mawu. Boma limalamuliranso kulankhula m’nkhani zakutizakuti: antchito a boma ali ndi chitetezo chochepera polankhula pa ntchito, ndipo kulankhula kwa malonda kungakhale kogonjera nthaŵi, malo, ndi ziletso. Kulinganizika kochititsa mantha pakati pa kutetezera kulankhula kovulaza ndi dongosolo lofunikira kumakhalabe mkangano walamulo, monga momwe kwawonedwa m'nkhani zaposachedwapa ponena za malamulo a chidani ndi kusamala kwa manyuzipepala.

Malo Ochitira Malamulo Padziko Lonse: Kusiyana M’kutetezera

Kupyola United States, mademokrase ena apanga zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana. Chikalata cha United Kingdom’s Human Rights Act chimaphatikizapo Mfundo 10 ya European Convention on Human Rights, yomwe imateteza ufulu wolankhula koma imalola ziletso zimene zili "zofunika m'chitaganya cha demokalase" kaamba ka chitetezo cha dziko, kukhulupirika kwa malo, ndi kuletsa chipwirikiti. Zimenezi zalola UK kuletsa nkhani zina zandale, monga ngati zija zolemekeza uchigaŵenga pansi pa demokrasi Act 2006.

Law Yachinsinsi ya Germany imatsimikizira ufulu wa kulankhula koma imakana chinjirizo la kulankhula limene limaukira "dongosolo lademokrase la maziko a " izi zatheketsa boma kutsendereza kukana nyukiliya ya Nazi ndi kupha Anazi, kumene kukatetezeredwa mwalamulo ku United States. Tchata cha Canada cha ufulu ndi Freedoms chimalola "malamulo oyenera" pa kulankhula, kuphatikizapo malamulo a udani amene Khoti Lapamwamba la Canada linachirikiza mu [FLT: 0]. r. Keegstratra [1] (1990). Kusiyana kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti ntchito za boma zimapangidwa ndi malamulo ndi miyambo yalamulo ndi miyambo.

Ntchito ya Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse

Pa mlingo wa mitundu yonse, Mfundo 19 ya Universal Declaration of Human Rights imalengeza kuti "aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa kulingalira ndi kulongosola. . International Paramente on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), yovomerezedwa ndi maiko 173, ikulongosolanso kuti kuyenera kumeneku kumaphatikizapo "ufulu wa kufuna, kulandira ndi kupereka chidziŵitso ndi malingaliro a mitundu yonse. Komabe, bungwe la ICPR limalolanso malamulo omwe ali "ofunika" kaamba ka "kulemekeza ufulu kapena mbiri ya ena" ndi "chitetezo kapena kusungidwa kwa dziko lonse kapena dongosolo la anthu."

Zida zapadziko lonse zimenezi zimapanga chiyembekezo cholakwika chakuti maboma atetezere kuyankhula, komanso zimapereka malamulo kuti maboma alungamitse kusanthula. Vuto lilipo: maiko onga China ndi North Korea ali mbali ku bungwe la ICPR koma akutsendereza zolankhula za anthu otsutsa. Mpata pakati pa malamulo ndi zochita za anthu umakhala waukulu, kupanga ntchito ya boma ponse paŵiri nkhani ya lamulo ndi chifuniro chandale.

Mathayo a Boma m’Nthaŵi Yolankhula Mosangalatsa

Chitetezo Chachangu cha Olankhula ndi Omvetsera

Maboma ali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malo otetezereka kaamba ka nkhani yapoyera. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kupereka chitetezo cha apolisi pa misonkhano, kutsimikizira kuti malo akhalabe ofikirika, ndi kuweruza awo amene amayesa kusokoneza misonkhano yololedwa. Mkati mwa 1965 Selma ku Montgomery, magulu a boma ndi Alabama National Guard (wokhala otetezedwa ndi Pulezidenti Johnson) anatetezera ochirikiza amene nkhani zawo zinathandiza kudutsa Voting Rights Act . Pakadapanda kukhala ndi boma limeneli, oyendetsa ulendowo akanalephera kuchita chiwawa ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu.

M'nkhani zamakono, maboma amayembekezeredwa kuteteza atolankhani ndi olankhula pa Intaneti kuti asavutitsidwe ndi kuvutitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma silingaletse oseŵera onse achinsinsi kuopseza anthu, lingafufuze ndi kuweruza milandu yoipitsitsa, mwakutero kusonyeza kuti kuopseza olankhula sikudzaloledwa. Ntchito yoteteza imeneyi imayendera kutsimikizira kuti mawu otsutsana ndi mbiri yakale ali ndi mapulatifomu okhoza kulowa m'malo osakhala alamulo, koma njira zolimbikitsira mphamvu zimene zilipo zotsutsana ndi mphamvu za aymmetry.

Kusunga Mawu pa Chiŵerengero cha Olankhula

Maboma amachitanso mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kusunga ndi kusunga mbiri ya nkhani. Nyumba zamakono za ku United States zimasunga ma CD ndi mavidiyo a maadiresi a pulezidenti, mikangano ya msonkhano, ndi zigomeko za m'Nkhokwe Zapamwamba. Laibulale ya Congress imalemba mapepala a anthu ambiri otchuka, kutsimikizira kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo ingaphunzire mawu amene anaumba chitaganya chawo. Mabungwe a boma ogwirizana onga British Library yosungira mawu ndi National Film ndi Sound Archive amachita ntchito zofananazo.

Udindo waudindo umenewu si wamaphunziro chabe. Accounting ku textu yonse ya Dr. King’s "Letter ku Birmingham Jail" – yosungidwa m'zipatala za boma – imalola akatswiri kusanthula mfundo zovomerezeka ndi za makhalidwe zimene zinachirikiza Civil Rights Movement . Pamene maboma alephera kusunga zinthu zimenezi, kaya mwa kunyalanyaza kapena kuwononga dala, amachotsa tsatanetsatane wa mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, boma la China lachotsa kapena laletsa kupezeka kwa nkhani zonenedwa ndi Tianamen Square Teainters, zimene zimachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale kukonzanso zochitikazo molondola.

Kusamala Ubwino wa Ufulu

Udindo wovuta kwambiri wa boma ndiwo kulinganiza kuyenera kwa kumasuka ku zokonda zina zalamulo, monga ngati kutetezereka kwa anthu ndi chisungiko cha dziko. Kuyesa kwachikhalidwe kwa ku America, kotchulidwa mu Scheck v. United States (1919), kochitidwa kuti ngakhale mawu otetezeka kwambiri samapatsa munthu ufulu wa ku "moto' m'mabwalo odzaza anthu". Chithunzi chimenechi chasulizidwa kwambiri koma chikhalabe chosonkhezera: maboma ayenera kugamula pamene mawu otetezedwa aloŵa m’ngozi.

Zitokoso zamakono zimaphatikizapo mawu odana amene amasonkhezera chiwawa kwa magulu ochepa, kusagwirizana kumene kumafooketsa kusankhidwa, ndi mabodza a zigaŵenga amene amasonkhezera otsatira atsopano. Maboma amene amaloŵerera kwambiri pa zachitetezo angachedwe kuchititsa anthu onse otsutsa, pamene kuli kwakuti amene amayesayesa kwambiri kulola kulekerera zinthu kuvulaza kwenikweni. Njira yothetsera si imodzi yokha yopindulitsa koma njira yooneka bwino, yotsatizana ndi miyezo yogwirizana. Makhoti, mabungwe oyang’anira, ndi kuyang’anira anthu onse angathandize kuti maboma adziikire kaamba ka zosankha zawo zoyenerera.

Mavuto Amene Alipo Masiku Ano Ndiponso Nkhani Zomwe Zikubuka

Malo Ochitira Zinthu pa Intaneti: Boma Linakhazikitsanso Mfundo Yolankhula pa Intaneti

Intaneti yakulitsa kwambiri kumveka kwa zolankhula zimene zingasinthe mbiri. Kalankhulidwe kamodzi ka HIV kangakonzeketse mamiliyoni ambiri m'maola, monga momwe kwawonedwa m'mabungwe a Black Lives Confitter ndi Alab Spring . Komabe maboma akuyesayesa kusintha ntchito zawo zamwambo ndi malo a magetsi. Ngati boma lifuna masiteji a za makompyuta kuti achotse mawu osemphana ndi malamulo a dziko, ngakhale ngati mapulatifomu aikidwa kumaiko akunja? Yankho likusiyana kwambiri: European Union’s Digitagenial Sectict Act kukhazikitsa mathayo a kusamala zinthu, pamene chigawo cha U.S. chigawo cha 230 chimatetezera mapulatifomu kuti asakhale ndi mlandu wa kulankhula kwa anthu.

Maboma ayambanso kugwiritsira ntchito njira za magetsi kuyang'anira ndi kutsekereza anthu amene anganene kuti ndi otsutsa. Ku China, "Fireall" sitepu zachilendo zimene zimachita nkhani zamphamvu, ndipo mapulatifomu a panyumba afunikira kusanthula zophatikizidwa ndi madongosolo oyendera. M'mademokrase, mphamvu za boma kukakamiza mapulatifomu kuchotsa kulankhula – monga mu United Kingdom’s Online Safety Bill – imadzutsa nkhaŵa zazikulu ponena za kupotopetsa. Chitokosokoso n’chofunika kukulitsa maluso otetezera mawu aufulu pamene akulankhula mowona mtima monga mawu otsutsa ndi kutulutsa mawu.

Kuteteza Kukhumudwa

Imodzi ya mbali za mkangano wa kutetezera kwa boma ndiyo malire pakati pa mawu a chidani ndi nkhani zandale zovomerezeka. Ku United States, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu nthaŵi zonse lanena kuti mawu audani amatetezedwa pokhapokha ngati aloŵa m'ziwopsezo, kuvutitsidwa, kapena kusonkhezera. Mu Matal v. Tam [1] [2017], Khoti linagwetsa lamulo loletsa kulembetsa mawu onyoza, likutsimikizira kuti "umboni sungathe kuletsedwa pa maziko kuti udzudzudzutsa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mkulu wa boma sangaletse chilo cha kulankhula chifukwa chakuti mawu ake ndi onyansitsa fuko.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, maboma ambiri a ku Ulaya amatsutsa kudana, kuphatikizapo kukana zankhanza za m'mbiri. Chiletso cha Germany pa kukana Chipulumutso chakhala chofunikira kuletsa kuyambitsidwa kwa Nazi. Khoti Lapamwamba la Canada mu R. v. Keegstra [1] anachirikiza malamulo a udani ochirikiza kuchirikiza mwadala udani ndi magulu odziŵika. Mbali ya boma m'madongosolo ameneŵa ndiyo kutsendereza magulu ena a kulankhula, kunena kuti kuvulaza kwa magulu a olankhula kupambana ufulu wa wolankhula. Ndewu sizimathetsa mosavuta, koma zimakakamiza maboma kufotokoza bwino, mogwirizana ndi malamulo amakhalidwe chifukwa chakuti adzateteza kulankhula ndi pamene adzaloŵerera.

Kusadziŵitsidwa ndi Kuvuta kwa Kudalirana

Kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga – chimene ambiri amatcha "fake nkhani" – kumapereka chiyeso chatsopano cha kudziloŵetsa m'nkhani za boma. Ndemanga za kutsutsa chidziŵitso zingachotseretu chisankho, monga momwe zawonedwa ndi chigaŵenga cha Russia m'chosankha cha U.S. Maboma ena avomereza mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amaphwanya kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga, monga ngati Singapore's Protection of Online Fishholes and Manipect (POFMA). Otsutsa amanena kuti malamulo oterowo amapereka chiŵindo chotsendereza chitsutso chovomerezeka ndi kutsutsa koyenera mwa kutcha icho kukhala chonama.

Ntchito ya boma yolimbana ndi mawu osokoneza iyenera kukonzedwa bwino. Makampani a maphunziro a anthu onse, zofalitsa nkhani, ndi kuchirikiza manyuzipepala a kudziimira si zoletsa kwambiri kuposa kusanthula mawu amodzi. M'maboma a democracy, kutsutsana kwa mawu oipa n’kochuluka kwambiri – monga momwe Justice Louis Brandeis ananenera motchuka – koma zimenezi zimalingalira kuti mlingo woseŵera umene ungakhale ulipo m'nyengo ya kulembedwa kwa malamulo. Maboma ayenera kusankha kaya kuchita monga oloza, oseŵera, kapena openyerera zinthu zachilengedwe.

Kulankhula kwa Boma ndi Kukambitsirana kwa Anthu

Pomalizira, maboma iwo eni ali olankhula, ndipo kulankhulana kwawo kungayambitse mkangano wapoyera. Nkhani zalamulo zochokera kwa pulezidenti, nduna yaikulu, kapena mfumu zimachita kulemera kwakukulu. Maboma ali ndi thayo kutsimikizira kuti mawu awo ali olondoladi ndipo samagwiritsira ntchito papulatifomu yake kuletsa otsutsa. Lingaliro la "public forum" – malo onga mapaki ndi misewu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito mwamwambo kaamba ka ntchito yolongosola zinthu – amaikanso mathayo pa maboma: iwo sangachepetse kuloŵa kwawo kozikidwa pa malingaliro awo, ndipo ayenera kusunga malo ameneŵa monga otsegulidwa kwa olankhulira onse.

Zipwirikiti zaposachedwapa zolola otsutsa kufupi ndi misonkhano ya ndale kapena m'mabwalo a ndege zikugogomezera kusagwirizana kumeneku. Maboma amene amalamulira malo akunja ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo auchete, osati kuvomereza lingaliro limodzi la ndale zadziko kuposa lina. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky . (20.8) anaswa chiletso cha zovala zandale pamalo osonkhanitsira chifukwa chakuti chiletso chinali chosamveka bwino ndi chololedwa kutsatitsatitsatiridwa. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza kuti ntchito ya boma monga manijala wa katundu iyenera kusatsutsa zoyenera za olankhula.

Kumaliza: Mbali Yosafunika Komabe Yosatsutsika ya Boma

Mawu amene anasintha mbiri yakale , kuyambira pa maliro a Pericles's directs mpaka ku "Bood, Sweat, and Mill," kuchokera ku "Kusiya India" adilesi ya Gandhi ya Mala Yola Ussafzai ya UN – sanachitike popanda kanthu. Anachitika m'malo enieni andale ndi alamulo, ndipo maboma akuchotsa njira kapena kukhazikitsa malire. Ntchito yabwino si yauchete koma kuchirikiza, kutetezera kwalamulo kwa kulankhula kogwirizana ndi ziletso zotsekereza za anthu. Zimenezi zimafuna malamulo olemekezeka, odziimira paokha, ndi nzika zimene zimaimba mlandu atsogoleri ake.

Palibe boma limene lili langwiro pokwaniritsa mbali imeneyi. Ngakhale maiko a demokalase ambiri ali ndi zochitika zochititsa manyazi za kutsenderezedwa, ndipo ngakhale maboma a authoritarianism nthaŵi zina atetezera otsutsa pamene akwaniritsa zifuno zawo. Phunziro la anthu lerolino nlakuti unansi wa boma ndi nkhani zosinthasintha mbiri ya anthu uyenera kuchitidwa nthaŵi zonse. Malamulo ayenera kukonzedwanso kuti apeze njira zatsopano. Kumvetsetsa kwaponse malamulo aufulu a kulankhula kuyenera kuchirikizidwa. Ndipo anthu ayenera kukhalabe maso ku boma lililonse limene lingagulitse mawu awo kuti atetezedwe.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa maziko alamulo kunalongosoledwa: Mpumulo Woyamba pa National Archives[FLT :1], Utsogoleri wa Mawu Waulere [[FLT :3], ndi [[FLT :4] Paractive on Civil and Political Rights .