Maziko a Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse

Malamulo apadziko lonse akhala mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri pa bungwe la padziko lonse lofuna kuti anthu azikhala ofanana muukwati. Pamene kuli kwakuti ulamuliro wa dziko lonse ukukhalabe maziko a dongosolo lapadziko lonse, mapangano, misonkhano yachigawo, zigamulo za khoti, ndi ziŵiya zofeŵa zimene zimapanga malamulo a dziko lonse zimene zimalimbikitsa, ndipo nthaŵi zina zimakakamiza, mayiko kuzindikira ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu onse mosasamala kanthu za mmene amaonera kugonana kapena kudziŵika kwa mwamuna. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira zimene malamulo a mitundu yonse amathandizira kulingana kwa ukwati, mapangano aakulu ndi mabungwe oloŵetsedwamo, ziyambukiro pa malamulo a dziko, ndi mavuto amene adakalipo.

Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu amakono anayambika pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Dziko II ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) mu 1948. Ngakhale kuti UDHR si pangano logwirizana mwalamulo, yafikira malo a lamulo lamwambo wa dziko lonse ndipo imagwira ntchito monga maziko a zida zonse za ufulu wa anthu. Mfundo 1 imalengeza kuti anthu onse amabadwa mwaufulu ndi kulingana ndi ufulu ndi ufulu. Mfundo 2 imaletsa tsankho pa maziko alionse, kuphatikizapo fuko, mtundu, chinenero, chipembedzo, lingaliro landale, mtundu, chuma, kapena malo ena. Pamene kuli kwakuti kugonana ndi kudziŵika kwake kwa mwamuna sikutchulidwa bwino, mawu " malo ena" anatembenuzidwa ndi ufulu wa anthu ku mapangano ameneŵa.

Pangano la International Country on Civil and Political Rights (ICCR) ndi International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), onse aŵiriwo anatengedwa mu 1966, kusintha malamulo a UDHR kukhala mapangano ogwirizana. Onse pamodzi ndi UDHR, zida zitatu zimenezi zimadziŵika kuti ndi za International Bill of Human Rights. ICPR, makamaka, zakhala zapakati pa ukwati kulingana ndi ufulu wa kulinganiza ufulu wa anthu. Mfundo 17 imateteza kuyenera ya kusakhala kwa munthu. Mfundo 23 imavomereza kukwatira ndi kupeza banja, ngakhale kuti siifotokoza mwachindunji kuti ukwati uli pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Mfundo 26 imatsimikizira kulingana pamaso pa lamulo ndi chitetezo chofanana. Komiti ya Human Rights, imene imayang'anira ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu, imene imateteza mabanja omwewo.

Lamulo lakupanda kusagwirizana ndilo maziko a kulingana kwa ukwati. Pansi pa lamulo la mitundu yonse, pali thayo kutsimikizira kuti anthu onse akusangalala ndi ufulu wawo popanda kusiyana kwa mtundu uliwonse. Pamene boma likana kuyenera kwa amuna ndi akazi anzawo kukwatira, limapanga kusankhana kozikidwa pa lingaliro la kugonana. Mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe apeza kuti kulinganiza ufulu wa anthu koteroko kumafuna kulungamitsidwa kokakamiza. Maboma amene samapereka chilungamo chimenecho amapezedwa kukhala akuswa malamulo awo. Mfundo zalamulo zimenezi zagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nkhani zambiri pamaso pa khoti la ufulu wa anthu ndi mabungwe a pangano a United Nations, kupanga bungwe lomakulakula la bungwe la ufulu wa anthu limene limachirikiza kulingana kwa ukwati.

Zida za Malamulo za Padziko Lonse ndi Zopanga Mafaelo

Mabungwe angapo a boma padziko lonse akhala olimbikitsa kwambiri kulinganiza ukwati. Mapangano amenewa ndi malamulo ofeŵa amene amasintha zinthu za boma ndi kumasulira kwa milandu.

Pangano la Padziko Lonse la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Ndale (ICCPR)

ICCPR idakali pangano lovomerezedwa kwambiri la ufulu wa anthu m’dziko, ndi 173 maiko monga 2024. Makonzedwe ake a zachinsinsi, banja, ndi kufanana atembenuzidwa kutetezera ufulu wa kugonana. M'nkhani ya 1994 Toonen v. Australia , Komiti ya Zaufulu wa Anthu inapeza kuti malamulo ophwanya malamulo a kulowa m’banja, ndi kulingana kwa anthu akuswa ufulu wa munthu mmodzi pa mfundo 17. Chigamulochi chinakhazikitsa chitsanzo chofunika mwa kukhazikitsa kuti kuyang'anira kugonana kuli mkhalidwe wotetezeredwa pansi pa GAwo. [[FLT:] Kulankhula kwa munthu mmodzi [FLT:] M’malo mwa kuweruza zaupandu, kutsutsana kwa pambuyo pake kwa kutsutsana kwa maukwati.

Posachedwapa, Komiti ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe yalingalira milandu yokhudza kulingana kwa ukwati mwachindunji. Fedottova v. Russia [1] (2029) ndi milandu yofanana ndi imeneyi yotsatira, Komitiyo inapeza kuti kulephera kwa Russia kupereka chivomerezo chalamulo pa nkhani za kugonana kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi. Makhoti a dziko anena za nkhani 17 ndi 23 za ICPR. Zigamulo zimenezi, ngakhale kuti sizikufuna kuti maulamuliro atsegule a ukwati agwirizane ndi okwatirana, zakhazikitsa mfundo zimene ziyenera kupereka kuvomerezana kwalamulo ndi kutetezera kwa mayanjano a anthu. Makhoti ameneŵa anatchulidwa ndi makhoti a m'mayiko ambiri amene akulingalira kuti malamulo alingana.

Mfundo za m’Baibulo za Yogwatala

Yogarka Principles, yomwe inayambitsidwa mu 2007 pa yunivesite ya Gadjah Mada ku Indonesia, imaimira kufotokoza bwino mmene malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe padziko lonse amagwirira ntchito pankhani zokhudza kugonana ndi kudziwika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Ngakhale kuti si pangano logwirizana, mfundo za m'Baibulo zakhala zogwirizana kwambiri. Makhoti a United Nations, mabungwe a bungwe la anthu, ndi mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mfundo 24 ikufotokoza kuti mayiko ayenera kuchita zonse zimene afunikira kuti atsimikizire kuti anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wopeza banja, kaya akhale ndi ufulu wa kugonana kapena atakhala akazi, kuphatikizapo kulowa mu ukwati kapena malo alamulo.

Yogarka Principles zawonjezeredwa ndi Yogarka Principles Plus Plus Plus Ten , yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 2017, imene imalongosola nkhani zina monga ufulu wa anthu apakati pa kugonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a ufulu wa anthu mogwirizana ndi makompyuta a foni ndi magetsi. Malamulo ameneŵa akupereka mapu atsatanetsatane a njira ya mayiko ofunafuna kugwirizanitsa malamulo awo ndi miyezo ya ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse yokhudza mmene munthu amakhalira ndi mmene amakhalira ndi kugonana ndi mwamuna. Iwo agwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi ochirikiza malamulo kukhazikitsa mfundo za kulingana kwa chikhalidwe ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira ku Latin America mpaka ku Asia.

Njira Zolozera Ufulu wa Anthu m’Nthaŵi za M’deralo

Madongosolo a ufulu wachibadwidwe a m'zigawo kaŵirikaŵiri asintha mofulumira kuposa dongosolo la dziko lonse kupititsa patsogolo ukwati.

Khoti la ku Ulaya Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu

Khoti la European Court of Human Rights (ECTHR) lapereka zigamulo zingapo zosintha ubale wa anthu. Schalk ndi Kopf v. Austria [1] (2010), khoti linapeza kuti kuyenera kukwatira pansi pa Mfundo 12 ya European Convention on Human Rights sikufuna kuti anthu okwatirana agwirizane. Komabe, khotilo limavomerezanso kuti kugwirizana kwa anthu kumodzi kumaloŵa m’lingaliro la "banja" pansi pa Mfundo 8, tanthauzo lake liyenera kupereka mtundu wina wa kuvomereza mwalamulo. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsegulira khomo pa milandu yotsatira imene yawonjezera pang’onopang'ono ufulu wa mabanja a a azaka zofanana.

Mu ndi Anzake. Italy (2015), ECTHR inapeza kuti Italy adaswa Mfundo 8 mwa kulephera kupereka mapangano alionse a maukwati a kugonana. Khoti linagogomezera kuti pali thayo lotsimikizirika lotsimikizira ulemu waumwini ndi wa banja, umene umaphatikizapo kupereka kuvomereza kwalamulo kwa maunansi a anthu a mtundu umodzi. Pambuyo pa chigamulo chimenechi, Italy anakhazikitsa lamulo lachigwirizano cha anthu mu 2016. Bärblecucus. Romania v[FLT] [FLT] [20] [2] ndi [FL:] [FL:] . .V.[FLT]

Dongosolo Loloŵererana ndi America

Khoti la Inter-American Court of Human Rights lakhala ndi kaimidwe kopita patsogolo kwambiri. M'khoti la Advisory Inspion OC-24 / 17 (2017), khoti linavomereza kuti zipani za bungwe la American Convention on Human Rights ziyenera kuzindikira ndi kutsimikizira zoyenera za okwatirana auchimuna omwe ali ofanana. Lingaliro lolunjikitsidwa bwino lomwe lakuti maboma ayenera kupereka ufulu wonse walamulo, kuphatikizapo ukwati. Khotilo linagamula kuti kuyenera kuyang'anira kugonana ndi kudziŵika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi kumatetezedwa pansi pa Mfundo 1 ya Msonkhanowo, ndi kuti tsankho pa zifukwa zimenezi limaswa malamulo a ufulu a Costa Rica ku Ecuador, ndi mayiko ena a ku Latin America popanga zigamulo zofanana za lamulo la ukwati.

Dongosolo la mu Afirika

Dongosolo la ufulu wa anthu mu Africa lakhala losavomereza kwambiri kulingana kwa ukwati, kusonyeza chitsutso champhamvu cha chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo m'maiko ambiri a mu Afirika. Chikalata cha A African Charter pa Human and Peoples's Rights sichitchula mwachindunji za mkhalidwe wa kugonana kapena kuti ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi. Komabe, bungwe la African Commission on Human and People’s Rights lachitapo masitepe ena kuti liteteze LGBTQ+ zoyenera. M’chaka cha 2014 chigamulo cha ufulu wa LGBT anthu mu Africa, Commission of the State of the syndism and the cription (Ufulu wa anthu) ndi ufulu wa kugonana ndi wachimuna. Pamene chigamuchi chikusonyeza kuti anthu a Africa ali ndi udindo woteteza LGTQ+ anthu, chimene chikhoza kupanga maziko a kutsutsana kwa mayanjano a m’tsogolo [FF: 0] ndi ufulu wa anthu. [FFFF]

Kukhudzana ndi Chilamulo cha Padziko Lonse pa Malamulo a Ukwati Wadziko Lonse

Malamulo apadziko lonse amakhudza malamulo aufulu wa ukwati mwa njira zingapo: mapangano amene amafunikira kusintha kwa malamulo kapena konsichushoni, zigamulo zachiweruzo zimene zimatchula ziŵiya za ufulu wachibadwidwe za mitundu yonse ndi za m’madera ena, ndi mphamvu yofeŵa ya malamulo a maiko onse amene amaumba malingaliro a anthu ndi nkhani zandale.

Kuphunzira za Matenda: Netherlands ndi Belgium

Netherlands inakhala dziko loyamba kulembetsa ukwati wa kugonana kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi mu 2001, ndipo Belgium inatsatira . Pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ameneŵa sanachitepo kanthu makamaka chifukwa cha malamulo apadziko lonse, zosankha zawo zinasinthidwa ndi ufulu wa anthu. Netherlands adakhazikitsa kale malamulo a chigwirizano cha anthu mu 1998, ndipo kusamukira ku ukwati wokwanira kunasonkhezeredwa ndi kuzindikira kuti kuchitiridwa machitidwe osiyana koma osiyana kunali kosemphana ndi malamulo a Chidatchi ndi Msonkhano wa Ulaya wa za Ufulu wa Anthu. Netherlands ndi Belgium zatchulidwa monga zitsanzo za mmene malamulo a ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse angagwiritsidwire pamlingo wa dziko lonse, ndipo malamulo awo asonkhezera kusintha kwa malamulo m'mayiko ena.

Phunziro la Nkhani: Taiwan

Ulendo wa Taiwan wopita ku ukwati wolingana umasonyeza kuchuluka kwa malamulo a dziko lonse, ndale zapanyumba, ndi kuweruza. Mu 2017, Khoti la Malamulo la Taiwan linagamula kuti kulephera kwa lamulo la Chigamulo cha Chikwati kukhazikitsa ukwati wauchiŵalo chimodzi, kuswa zitsimikizo za lamulo za kulingana ndi ufulu wa ukwati. Khotilo linatchula mfundo za ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo ICICPR ndi Yokhardatage Malamulo, m’malingaliro ake. Chigamulocho chinapereka lamulo zaka ziŵiri kuti chipereke zigamuko, ndipo mu 2019, Taiwan anakhala dziko loyamba kukhazikitsa lamulo lovomerezeka. Khotilo lina linalo linadalira ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi popanga ufulu wa anthu ngakhale m’mayiko amene amatsutsa kulingana.

Phunziro la Nkhani: South Africa

South Africa ndi imodzi ya malamulo oyendera bwino kwambiri m’dziko, yoletsa poyera tsankho pamaziko a kugonana. Mu 2005, Khoti Lalamulo la South Africa linalamulira Minister of Home Affairs . Foine kuti mafotokozedwe a lamulo a ukwati monga mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi ali osagwirizana. Khotilo linadalira pa malamulo a anthu a ku South Africa, kuphatikizapo African Charter on Human and Peoples’s Rights and ICR, kuchirikiza malingaliro ake. Chigamulocho chinatsogolera ku kukhazikitsa kwa lamulo la Chilamulo cha Civinic Union mu 2006, chimene chimapereka maukwati onse aŵiriwo ndi a ku South Africa.

Kupenda Nkhani: United States

Pamene kuli kwakuti United States sanavomereze mapangano ambiri a ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse, lamulo lamitundu yonse lasonkhezerabe mkangano walamulo wa m'banja pa kulingana kwa ukwati. Mu [[FLT]bergefell v. Hodges (2015], Khoti Lapamwamba la United States linavomereza kuti ufulu wa kukwatira ndi ufulu waukulu pa malamulo a dziko lonse. Woweruza Anthony Kennedy anadalira kwambiri pa kumvetsetsa ukwati m'chitaganya cha mitundu yonse, osati kuti maiko khumi ndi aŵiri avomereza ukwati wofanana ndi nthaŵi imeneyo. Pamene kulibe kuti Khoti silinachirikitse chigamu chake mwachindunji pa lamulo lapadziko lonse, linatchula chikhoterero chake monga kutsimikizira kwake kwa kuyenerera kwa kumanga ukwati. [FFFFof]: [2], lasonyezedwa ndi makhoti ena owonjezereka m'malamulo. [FF]

Ntchito ya Uphunzitsi wa Padziko Lonse ndi Njoka

Mabungwe osakhala a boma (NGOS) ndi magulu audindo amachita mbali yaikulu m'kutembenuza malamulo a dziko lonse kuti asinthe masinthidwe a boma. Mabungwe monga Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, ndi International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual , Trans and Interssex Association (ILGA) imayang'anira boma mogwirizana ndi udindo wa mayiko onse wosamalira ufulu wa anthu, kuchita kafukufuku, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha kwa malamulo. Malipoti awo ndi zivomerezo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bungwe la UN, makhoti a ufulu wachibadwire, ndi mabungwe a boma kudziŵitsa za ufulu wa anthu.

Malo apadera athandiza kwambiri. NGOs monga International Rights Commission of Jurist, International Human Rights Clinic ku Harvard Law School, ndi mabungwe a zigawo monga European Rights Human Advocacy Center abweretsa milandu pamaso pa bungwe la mayiko ndi zigawo la ufulu wa anthu lotsutsa malamulo a anthu. Milandu imeneyi imakhazikitsa malamulo okakamiza kusintha kwa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, mlandu wa Thonayani [[FLT: 0] Komiti ya ufulu wa anthu isanachirikize mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe a anthu amene anapereka malamulo alamulo ndi chuma. Kupambana kwa mlandu wosonkhezera kusintha kwa dziko.

NGOS akugwiranso ntchito yomanga maluso, kuphunzitsa maloya ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu apadziko lonse. Yogartap adapangidwa mwa njira yogwirizana yophatikizapo akatswiri a ufulu wa anthu a padziko lonse, ndipo akupitirizabe kuchirikizidwa ndi gulu la mabungwe. United Nations Independent Exppert on Sexual and Gender Intecrectory , yokhazikitsidwa mu 2016, ikugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a anthu kuti alembe kuswa ufulu wa anthu ndi kupanga zikalata zovomereza kusintha. Malipoti a Independent Exppert akhala othandiza kukulitsa kufunika kwa ukwati ndi zitetezero zina zalamulo kwa mabanja a anthu ogwirizana [FLD:0] mu 2016, ikugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a Sexual Sexualticism ndi Gender . [FLD]

Mavuto ndi Kulimbana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti pali kupita patsogolo kwakukulu, mavuto aakulu adakalipo. Maiko ambiri akupitirizabe kukaniza chitsenderezo cha mitundu yonse cha kulingana kwa ukwati, kaŵirikaŵiri akutchula zifukwa za chikhalidwe kapena zachipembedzo. M’zochitika zina, kukana kumeneku kwachititsa kutsutsana ndi dongosolo lapadziko lonse la ufulu wa anthu, ndi maboma akuneneza mabungwe a maiko a maiko onse za kukhazikitsa makhalidwe abwino Akumadzulo pa madera osakhala a Masterster.

Kutsutsa Chikhalidwe ndi Chipembedzo

M’mbali zambiri za dziko, miyambo ya chikhalidwe ndi yachipembedzo imakhulupirira kuti ukwati ndi mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Magulu achipembedzo ogwirizana, kuphatikizapo Tchalitchi cha Katolika, zipembedzo zambiri zachiprotesitanti, ndi akuluakulu a Chisilamu, akhala otsutsa poyera kulingana kwa ukwati. Magulu ameneŵa amatsutsa kuti mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe padziko lonse akunyalanyaza ulamuliro wawo mwa kusokoneza ufulu wa dziko ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu wa anthu ndi chikhalidwe ndiko nkhani yaikulu m’malamulo a dziko lonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti ufulu wa anthu umakhala wogwirizana ndi mfundo zawo, nthaŵi zambiri zimafuna kusamala miyambo ndi miyambo ya dzikolo.

Maiko ena avomereza ku chitsenderezo cha maiko onse mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo kapena malamulo amene amamasulira bwino lomwe ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2008, ovota a California anakhazikitsa mapangano 8, amene anasintha malamulo a boma kuletsa ukwati wofanana, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake anagwetsedwa ndi makhoti a Uganda. Mu 2010, Nigeria adakhazikitsa Chilamulo cha Safanani ndi Sex (Chikalata) Chilamulo, chimene chimapangitsa upandu ubale wa unzake wofanana ndi wa unzake. Mu 2014, Uganda inakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kukwatirana kwa anthu kusudzulana, limene linakantha ndi Khoti Lamilandu la Uganda pa Proccodial, ngakhale kuti kuyambira pamene lakhala lokonzedwanso. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti lamulo lapadziko lonse silinale kupambana kwenikweni.

Ulamuliro ndi Miyambo ya Malamulo

Lamulo la ulamuliro wa boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko lonse. Maboma ali omasuka kukhazikitsa malamulo awoawo ndi malamulo, kuphatikizapo nkhani za ukwati. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapangano angafunikire maboma kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu, malamulo apadziko lonse ngochepa. Komiti ya Zaufulu wa anthu ingapeze zopezedwa ndi kuvomereza, koma siingakakamize maboma kutsatira malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga European Court of Human Rights, imakhala ndi njira zosungitsa zolimba kwambiri, koma ngakhale zigamulo zawo nthaŵi zina zimanyalanyazidwa kapena kuchitidwa mwapang'onong’ono.

Maiko ena amatsutsa kuti kulingana kwa ukwati ndi nkhani imene iyenera kugamulidwa ndi makhoti a boma kapena makhoti alamulo kupyolera mwa njira zawozawo za demokrase, osati zoyambitsidwa ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse. Chigomeko chimenechi chasintha kwambiri m'maiko amene akumana ndi utsamunda ndipo amakhudzidwa ndi kuloŵerera kwa kunja. Kwa maiko ameneŵa, kukakamiza kuti ukwati ufanane ndi mabungwe a mayiko a kumadzulo kapena a mayiko ena omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lakumadzulo kwa dzikolo kungaonedwe ngati mtundu wa Chiprostationism. Kusamalira zimenezi kumafuna kulinganiza kosamala pakati pa kuchirikiza zoyenera za anthu onse ndi kuloŵerera kwa dziko lonse ndi kuchirikiza malamulo oyenera.

Kubwereranso Msana

M'mayiko ena, anthu ayamba kuyendera limodzi pa nkhani ya ukwati. Mwachitsanzo, ku Brazil, ulamuliro wa 2013 wa bungwe loona za chilungamo la National Council of Justice unalola kuti mwamuna ndi mkazi akwatirane koma kusintha kwa ndale kwachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kuda nkhawa kuti ufulu wa anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana ukhale wokhazikika. Ku Poland ndi Hungary, maboma a a populist akhazikitsa malamulo ndi kusintha kogwirizana kumene kumaletsa LGBTQ+ kukhazikitsa ufulu, kuphatikizapo kufotokoza kuti ukwati ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Zochitika zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ufulu wa mayiko onse ukhoza kuchepa ndipo zimafunika kudikira ndi kusamala ndi kulephera kuteteza.

Malangizo ndi Mwayi wa M’tsogolo

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, lamulo lapadziko lonse lidzapitirizabe kuchita mbali yaikulu m’gulu la padziko lonse la anthu olingana m’maukwati.

Kusonyeza Kuyamikira Ena Osati Akwatiwe

Ngakhale kuti kulingana kwa ukwati sikungatheke pandale kapena pa chikhalidwe, malamulo apadziko lonse akupitirizabe kufunikila kuti mayiko apereke ufulu walamulo kwa anthu a zikwati zofanana. Kuzindikira kumeneku kukhoza kukhala mtundu wa mgwirizano wa boma, mgwirizano wabanja, kapena malo ena alamulo amene amapereka ufulu ndi chitetezo. Komiti ya ufulu wa anthu ndi European Court of Human Rights ikufuna kuti mayiko onse aŵiriwo akhale ndi udindo wovomereza kuti anthu amagwirizana m’njira inayake. Pamene lamulo limeneli likukula, mayiko ambiri angatengere njira zina zodzisungira, zimene zingatsogolere ku kulingana kwa ukwati.

Mbali ya Bungwe la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe la UN

Bungwe la United Nations Human Rights Council lakhala lothandiza kwambiri pa kufalikira kwa LGBTQ. Mu 2011, Bungwe linavomereza Chigamulo 17 /19, chomwe chinasonyeza kudera nkhaŵa kwambiri za chiwawa ndi tsankho lokhudza anthu ogwirizana ndi kugonana ndi amuna. Ichi chinali chigamulo choyamba cha UN chokhudza nkhani zimenezi. Zigamulo zotsatira zalimbikitsa pangano la Bungwe la kuteteza LGBTQ+ ku ufulu, kuphatikizapo mwa kukhazikitsa Independent Expert on Sexual Confection and Gender Intectity . Ngakhale kuti bungweli silinafotokoze mwachindunji za kulingana kwa ukwati, ntchito yake yachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wofanana wogwirizana pa mabanja audindo a ku Ex.

The Universal Pearcent Review (UPR), imene bungwe la Human Rights Council limapendanso mbiri za ufulu wa anthu a mamembala onse a UN, yagwiritsidwanso ntchito kudzutsa nkhaŵa za tsankho kwa okwatirana a kugonana. Maboma agwiritsira ntchito UPR kuvomerezana mwalamulo za maunansi a anthu amodzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti zikalata zimenezi sizikukhudza, zimayambitsa chitsenderezo cha mayiko amene angasonkhetse malamulo a dziko. Mayiko onga Netherlands, Canada, ndi Argentina akhala akugwiritsira ntchito UPR kuchirikiza kulingana kwa ukwati m'mayiko ena (Universal Digement Review).

Kusintha kwa Mikhalidwe m’Malamulo a Padziko Lonse

Zikhoterero zingapo zimene zikubuka m'malamulo apadziko lonse zikhoza kupititsa patsogolo ulingana kwa ukwati m'zaka zikubwera. Choyamba, makhoti akuzindikira mowonjezereka kuti kalingaliridwe ka kugonana ndi kudziŵika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi ndizo mikhalidwe yosasintha imene iyenera kupendedwa kwambiri pa makonzedwe alingana. Zimenezi zimachititsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuti maboma alungamitse malamulo a tsankho, kuphatikizapo awo amene amakana okwatirana a amuna kapena akazi anzawo a mtundu umodzi, ufulu wa kukwatira. Chachiŵiri, lingaliro la "banja" likukula m'malamulo apadziko lonse kuphatikizapo maunansi auchiŵandana. Izi n’zofunika chifukwa chakuti ziwirizo za ufulu wa anthu zimateteza kupeza banja, ndipo kuchotsa aŵiri azaka zofanana ndi za m’maukwati ameneŵa zimaonedwa mowonjezereka kukhala zosemphana ndi kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa ufulu wa anthu.

Chachitatu, kulinganiza ukwati ndi mbali zina za lamulo, monga ngati kopulumukira ndi lamulo la othaŵa kwawo, kusamuka, ndi chisungiko cha anthu, kukuyambitsa chitsenderezo chowonjezereka cha kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo. Pamene okwatirana a kugonana kwa ofananawo ayang'anizana ndi mavuto chifukwa chakuti maunansi awo sadziŵika m’dziko lina, lamulo lapadziko lonse lingafune kuti dzikolo lipereke ulemu. Khoti la Chilungamo la Ulaya, mwachitsanzo, linalamulira mu [[FLT: 0] Compent ndi Ena v. Inquerate ya Immoration for Immigtion (20.8) kuti chiŵalo cha EURO chinene kuti chizindikire kuti chigamu cha ufulu wa kuyendetsa, ngakhale ngati sapereka ukwati wa kulakwa kwachiphatio. Mpatuko wa mtundu umenewu umapangitsa kusintha kwa kutchuka.

Kumaliza

Malamulo apadziko lonse akhala ndipo apitirizabe kukhala chipangizo champhamvu m'gulu lapadziko lonse la kulingana kwa ukwati. Mwa mapangano ogwirizana monga ICCPR, ziŵiya za malamulo ofeŵa monga Yogarta Principles, ndi malamulo a makhoti a ufulu wachibadwidwe a m'madera ambiri, malamulo a mitundu yonse amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amalimbikitsa maboma kuzindikira ndi kuteteza ufulu wa okwatirana a mtundu umodzi. Chisonkhezero cha malamulo a mitundu yonse chikuonekera m'chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha maiko amene alola ukwati wauchiphamaso, kaŵirikaŵiri pambuyo pa makhoti kapena makhoti alamulo apereka malamulo a ufulu wa anthu m’mayiko onse polingalira.

Komabe, kugwirizana kwa lamulo la dziko lonse ndi ulamuliro wa dziko kukukhalabe kotsutsana. Chitsutso cha chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo, nkhaŵa za kuloŵerera kwa kunja, ndi kubwezerana kwa ndale zadziko kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu kupititsa patsogolo. Lamulo lamitundu yonse siliri chopereka chopereka, ndipo kugwira ntchito kwake kumadalira pa kupitiriza kwa lamulo lapadera, kulinganiza kwapadera, ndi pangano la ndale. Mtsogolo mwa kulingana kwa ukwati udzaumbidwa ndi ukulu umene chitaganya cha mitundu yonse chidzakhazikitsa kugwirizanitsidwa kwa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu onse pamene kuli kwakuti kudalira kusiyanasiyana kwa lamulo lalamulo la mtundu wonse. Ulendo wa ku kulingana kotheratu pansi pa anthu onse, mosasamala kanthu za kachitidwe kagonana kapena kugonana, chinsinsi chidzakhala chotheratu, koma maziko a lamulo la mitundu yonse akupereka chitukuko kaamba ka kupita patsogolo.