Lingaliro la chochititsa chothekera limaimika monga chimodzi cha zitetezero zowopsa koposa m'dongosolo laupandu la America, kulamulira mwachindunji pamene lamulo losungitsa lingaloŵetsemo pa malo a munthu mwachinsinsi mwa kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Popanda kumvetsetsa bwino lomwe kwa chochititsa chothekera, kulinganiza kochepa pakati pa kuyenera kwa ntchito ndi malamulo kumakhala kosakhazikika. Nkhani ino ikufufuza mmene kuyenera kuchititsa ntchito mwachindunji m'nkhani ya kuvomereza zifuno zofunikira, kupenda mafotokozedwe ake alamulo, njira yoikhazikitsa pamaso pa woweruza, ndi kulephera kochepetsera kumene kumalola kufunafuna popanda chilo. Pomaliza pake, oŵerenga adzakhala ndi kumvetsetsa bwino kwa kutetezera nzika za boma ku ntchito zosayenera kwa boma pamene akulolabe lamulo kuchita ntchito zawo.

Kumvetsa Zochititsa Zoyenera

Kufotokoza ndi Muyezo wa Malamulo

Chifukwa chotsimikizirika ndicho chikhulupiriro choyenera, chozikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni ndi mikhalidwe, kuti upandu wachitidwa kapena kuti umboni wa upandu ulipo kumalo ena. Ndi muyezo umene umakhalapo pakati pa kukayikira ndi umboni wosatsutsika. Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. lafotokoza mothekera kukhala chifukwa chomveka, chosagwirizana ndi mfundo imene imafuna kupenda kwathunthu kwa mikhalidwe. Siifuna kutsimikizira kwenikweni; m’malo mwake, limafuna kuti munthu wolingalira bwino, malinga ndi chidziŵitso chimene chilipo, anganene kuti kufunafuna kapena kumangidwa kuli koyenera.

Magwero a Mbiri Yakale m’Kusintha kwa Kane

Chisinthiko Chachinayi cha Lamulo la U.S., chovomerezedwa mu 1791, chimapereka maziko alamulo: "Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, molimbana ndi kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa, sikudzaswedwa, ndipo palibe Warrants, koma pa chifukwa chenicheni, koma mochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malowo kuti afufuzidwe, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zimene ayenera kugwidwa. Chinenerochi chinali yankho lachindunji kwa atsatsa ndi zikalata ndi maalamu ndi chithandizo, zimene zinalola maulamuliro a Britain kufufuza nyumba popanda chifukwa chenicheni. Ofera afuna kuteteza boma lopanda lamulo. Kufufuza zinthu zambiri, onani [FLC] Lamulo: Cne Lawnerstment Institutestment pa Trective [Gene]

Lamulo Loti Anthu Azimenya Nkhondo Ndiponso Lamulo lachinayi Lokonzedwanso

Zimene Kukonzanso kwachinayi Kumafunikira

Chikalata cha Olamulira chachinayi sichimafuna chilolezo cha kufunafuna kulikonse kapena kulanda, koma chimatsimikizira kuti malamulo ndiwo njira yokha yotsimikizira kuyenera. Pamene lamulo lifuna kufufuza nyumba, galimoto, kapena munthu, iwo ayenera kufunafuna chikalata kwa majaji wosaloŵerera. Kuti apeze chilolezo chimenecho, apolisi ayenera kupereka chikalata chimene chingakhale chochititsa kuonekera. Lamulolo liyenera kufotokoza malowo ndi zinthu kapena anthu omwe ayenera kutengedwa. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimaletsa kuyang'anira ndi kutsimikizira kuti kufufuzako kwakhala koyenerera ku umboni wofuna umboni.

Kupenda ndi Kuweruza

Ofesala a boma amayamba akonza zolumbira kuti apereke umboni wotsimikizira kuti zimene akuperekazo n’zogwirizana ndi mfundo. Woweruza angapereke ndemanga zochokera kwa ofisala, zonena za anthu ovutika kapena mboni, umboni weniweni, kapena nkhani zochokera kwa oweruza odalirika. Ndiyeno akupereka kwa woweruza woweruza kapena woweruza, amene akufufuza kuti apeze mfundozo kuti akhutire. Woweruzayo afunika kuonetsetsa ngati mfundozo zikutsogolera munthu woyenerera kuti akhulupirire kuti umboni wa upezeka pamalo oyenera. Ngati woweruzayo apeza chifukwa chake, amapereka chilolezo.

Mmene Chochititsa Chabwino Chimadziŵikira

Umboni Wachindunji ndi Zimene Mkulu wa Asilikali Anaona

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika chingatsimikizidwe mwa umboni wachindunji, wonga ngati wapolisi akuchitira umboni za upandu wopita patsogolo kapena kutulukira kuunyolo m’chiwonetsero chachiphamaso. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mkulu wa ofesala awona kugulitsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa kuchitika pangondya ya khwalala, zimenezo zokha zimapereka chifukwa chothekera kumanga otengamo ndi kufunafuna iwo kaamba ka umboni wowonjezereka. Mofananamo, ngati apolisi afwema cha mbanje kuchokera ku galimoto mkati mwa kuima kwa galimoto, fungolo, kuphatikizapo malingaliro ena, zingapangitse kuti apeze chifukwa chothekera kufunafuna galimoto. Makhoti akudziŵa kwanthaŵi yaitali kuti apolisi osungitsa lamulo ophunzitsidwa angadalire pa zimvero zawo ndi chidziŵitso chawo kuti apange chochititsa.

Malangizo a Informant

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika chingaperekedwenso kuchokera ku chidziŵitso choperekedwa ndi odziŵitsa, koma makhoti amasanthula mosamalitsa mfundo zoterozo. Pansi pa kuchuluka kwa mikhalidwe yokhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT:] ], Mzembe ayenera kulingalira mfundo zonse ndi mikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo chikalata, chodalirika, ndi maziko a chidziŵitso, kuzindikira ngati pali chochititsa chothekera. Wosadziŵika, ali woima yekha, samakhoza kuyambitsa kuthekerako pokhapokhapokha ngati akugwira ntchito. Ngati munthu wosadziŵikayonetseka, amene akufotokoza bwino zinthuzo, amene angaone ngati ali wodalirika, ndi wodziŵa bwino.

Kuchuluka kwa Mayesero a Mikhalidwe

Asana Asuti . , makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri anagwiritsira ntchito mayeso okhwima aŵiri kuchokera ku Auguilar v. Texas (1964]) ndi [FLT] Spinellib v. United States [FLT:]] [5] [699]) imene inafuna kuonetsedwa kwa maziko a chidziŵitso ndi kulondola. Khoti Lapamwamba linaloŵa m’malo ndi kuchuluka kwa mikhalidwe yosinthasintha, imene imalola oweruza kugwiritsira ntchito nzeru ndi kulingalira kopindulitsa. Pansi pa kuyesa kumeneku, kupereŵeruka (mo ngati kuwonekera) kungapinzeke chifukwa china champhamvu (chosonyeza chidziŵitso chomveka).

Ntchito ya Kupanga Zochita Zabwino m’Kulamulira

Kufunika Kodziimira pa Zinthu Zina

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika sichili m'zinthu zopanda umboni; chiyenera kugwirizana ndi malo enieni ndi zinthu zina. Lamulo Lachinayi limafuna kuti kulongosola bwino malo ofunidwa ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunikira kugwidwa. Zimenezi zimagwira ntchito ziŵiri: kumaletsa kufunafuna ndi kuletsa zilolezo zachisawawa zimene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, chilolezo chimene chimavomereza kufunafuna "malowo" pa keyala yosadziŵika bwino. M’malo mwake, chilolezocho chiyenera kutchula malo enieni, monga "123 Main Street, Kupatula 4B" ndi kufotokoza zinthuzo, monga "akuda Samsum, nambala ya XYZ, ndi zikalata zilizonse zogwirizana ndi zija zachinyengo.

Kupenda ndi Katswiri wa Zauchigaŵenga Wosaloŵerera m’Zaka za Dziko

Chimodzi cha zitetezero zofunika kwambiri m'cholembedwacho ndicho kuonetsetsa kuti woweruza wosaloŵerera ndi wosasankha, osati wapolisi wofufuza, atsimikizire. Woweruzayo ayenera kuchita monga kuyang'anira apolisi. Ngati woweruzayo apeza kuti woweruzayo sapeza chifukwa chomveka, chikalatacho chiyenera kukanidwa. Woyang'anira waboma ameneyu amaonetsetsa kuti safufuza motsatira chiwembu, tsankho, kapena zolinga zosayenera. Pochita zimenezi, mafomu ambiri ofunsira mfundo avomerezedwa, koma njirayo imaperekabe choletsa choletsa. Oteteza amene amakhulupirira chikalatacho angaperekedwe popanda chifukwa chomveka kuti atsutse, akutsutsa kuti kufufuzako sikuchitidwa motsutsana ndi malamulo a Khiriti.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Pamene kuli kwakuti chochititsa chingakhale chachikulu pa njira yopereka chilolezo, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lazindikira kusiyana koŵerengeka kumene kufufuza kungachitidwe popanda chilolezo.

Kufufuza Kovomerezeka

Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufunafuna, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Chivomerezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu ndi osati mokakamiza. Chivomerezo chikhoza kufotokozedwa kapena kusonyezedwa, ndipo chingachotsedwe panthaŵi ina iliyonse. Apolisi safunikira kudziŵitsa munthuyo kuti ali ndi ufulu wa kukana, ngakhale kuti maboma ena ali ndi malamulo ofuna chidziŵitso chotero. Kufufuzako kuli kokwanira pamlingo wa chilolezo choperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza kusanthula galimoto sikuphatikizapo kufunsira chikwama chotsekedwa chotsekedwa chopezedwa mu pepala.

Muzifunafuna Nthawi Yogwira

Pamene lamulo lichita kumangidwa mwalamulo, iwo angafufuze munthu wa m’ndendeyo ndi malo amene ali pakati pa ulamuliro wawo mwamsanga popanda chilolezo. Kusiyana kumeneku kumalungamitsidwa ndi kufunika kwa kutetezera ofisala (mwa kuchotsa zida) ndi kusunga umboni (mwa kuletsa chiwonongeko). Kufufuzako kuyenera kukhala ndi nthaŵi imodzi ndi kumangofikira ku malo kumene wogwidwayo angafikire. Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kwa malire a kulekanaku, onani kalongosoledwe ka boma ka chochitika cha kufunafuna kuti agwire.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Mwachitsanzo, ngati apolisi amva kulira m’nyumba, angaloŵe m'nyumba kapena malo ena otetezeredwa popanda chilolezo pamene pali kufunika kwa mwamsanga kwa kuchinjiriza kuvulala kwa thupi, kuthaŵa, kapena kuwonongedwa kwa umboni. Apolisi akamva kulira m’nyumba, angaloŵe kuti apereke thandizo. Mofananamo, ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokwanira chokhulupirira kuti umboni uli pafupi kugwetsedwa m’chimbudzi, angaloŵe mwamsanga. Kusinthako kuyenera kukhala kowona mtima ndipo sikungapangidwe ndi kuchedwa kwa apolisi.

Lingaliro Lomveka

Ngati wapolisi alipo mwalamulo pamalopo ndi kuona ngati sakuloledwa kapena umboni m’chiwonedwe chowonekera bwino, iwo angaugwire popanda chilolezo. Chiphunzitsocho chikufuna kuti ofesala akhale ndi kuyenera kwalamulo kwa kulowa m’chochitikacho ndi kuti mkhalidwe wogamulapo wa chinthucho uonekere mwamsanga. Chiwonetso chowonedwacho chokha sichimapanga chochititsa chothekera kaamba ka kufunafuna kowonjezereka; chimangotsimikizira kulanda chinthucho m’chiyang'aniro.

Kuchoka pagalimoto

Chifukwa chakuti galimoto n’zoyenda ndipo zingapangitsidwe mwamsanga, Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti ngati apolisi ali ndi chifukwa chomveka chokhulupirira kuti galimoto ili ndi umboni wa upandu, iwo angafufuze galimoto lonse, kuphatikizapo zotengera zotsekedwa mkati mwake, popanda chilolezo. Kusiyana kumeneku kwazikidwa pa kuyembekezera kochepa kwa umbuli m’galimoto ndi mavuto othandiza a kupeza chilolezo cha galimoto yoyenda. Onani kuti kudalira galimotoko kumagwira ntchito kokha, osati ku zotsatira za mwiniwake zimene zingachotsedwe m’galimoto.

Mabuku Othandiza Okhudza Kukakamiza ndi Kulimbikitsa Nzika

Kuzindikira chochititsa chothekera sikuli kokha kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro; kuli ndi zotulukapo zenizeni za dziko tsiku lililonse. Kwa akuluakulu a lamulo, maphunziro oyenera a kukhazikitsa chochititsa chothekera nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri zikhoza kupulumuka ndi kuti umboni ngwosagwiritsidwa ntchito m'khoti. Oyang'anira ayenera kulemba mosamalitsa malingaliro awo, otsimikizira, ndi kulongosola maziko enieni a zikhulupiriro zawo m'mafilimu. Kulephera kuchita zimenezo kungachotse umboni ndi kutha kwa milandu.

Kwa nzika, kudziŵa ntchito ya chochititsa chothekera kumawapatsa mphamvu kuchirikiza ufulu wawo. Ngati ofesala afuna kufufuza nyumba kapena galimoto popanda chilolezo kapena chilolezo, nzika ingafunse ngati bwanayo ali ndi chifukwa chothekera. M’mikhalidwe yambiri, yankho lidzakhala ayi, ndipo nzikayo ikhoza kukana mwaulemu kufunafunako. Komabe, nkofunika kuzindikira kuti kukana kufunafuna chilolezo kwaperekedwa kapena pambuyo pa zifukwa zomveka kuti chilipo kungatsogolere ku milandu yowonjezereka. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kunena momvekera bwino, "Sindivomereza kufunafunaku," ndiyeno kuvomereza ndi malamulo ololedwa ndi kuyesa kutsutsa kufunafuna pambuyo pake m'khoti.

Makhoti akupitirizabe kukonza njira zothekera m'nyengo ya luso la zopangapanga, monga ngati kufufuza foni ya m'manja, GPS kujambula, ndi kuyang'anira. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Riley v. California . (Monga ngati, (2014,) adakhulupirira kuti apolisi amafunikira chilolezo chofufuzira foni ya m'manja yogwidwa kuti igwire, kuzindikira unyinji wa chidziŵitso chaumwini chopezeka m'zipangizo zamakono. Zochitika zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti muyezo mukhoza kukhalabe muyezo wamphamvu ndi wosinthika, wolinganizidwa kutetezera pamaso pa ziŵiya zatsopano za kafukufuku.

Kumaliza

Chochititsa choyenera ndicho maziko a chitetezo cha lamulo pa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Chimatsimikizira kuti ntchito zosungitsa lamulo zazikidwa pa chikhulupiriro choyenera, zochirikizidwa ndi mfundo zenizeni, ndi zoyang'anira zachiweruzo. Chiyeneretso, ndi kugogomezera kwake pa chochititsa chothekera, makamaka, ndi kusatenga mbali, zimaimira monga chitetezo chachikulu chopeŵera kuloŵerera kwa boma kosadzifunira. Pamene kuli kwakuti pali zofunikira zamwadzidzidzi, kuvomereza, ndi mikhalidwe ina, lamulo lachinsinsinsi chake limakhalabe: Boma lisanaloŵere pachinsinsi cha munthu aliyense, liyenera kukhala ndi maziko otsimikizirika otsimikizirika. Mwakumvetsetsa, lamulo ndi nzika zonse ziŵirizo zingagwire ntchito pakati pa malamulo alamulo omwe amafunikira chitetezo chapo ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri m'malamulo.