Table of Contents

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States likuimira kukhala lopambana pa dongosolo lachiweruzo la ku America, logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zapadera kuumba malamulo a dziko, kutetezera ufulu walamulo, ndi kusonkhezera njira ya chitaganya. Linaikidwa kukhala lapadera ku Gawo III, Gawo 1 la Malamulo mu 1789, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lamilandu lachiŵiri limene likutumikira monga oweruza omalizira a milandu a kutsogolo kwambiri a kuweruza. Kumvetsetsa mmene chigwirizanochi chimagwirira ntchito, mmene chilungamo chimapangira zigamulo zawo, ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu cha malamulo apadera chigamulo cha ku America ndi kulamulira kwa demokrase.

Kodi Khoti Lalikulu ndi Malamulo Ake N’chiyani?

Khoti Lapamwamba limaimira nthambi yachiweruzo ya boma la United States, yotumikira monga khoti lapamwamba koposa m'boma la boma. Lili ndi ulamuliro woyamba pa milandu yaing'ono, monga sudusi pakati pa maboma aŵiri kapena kuposapo, ndi aja ophatikizapo akazembe, ndipo lilinso ndi mphamvu yotheratu pa khoti lonse la boma ndi milandu ya khoti imene imaphatikizapo lamulo lalamulo kapena lamulo la boma. Ulamuliro wa malamulo aŵiriwu umalola Khoti kuweruza milandu ina mwachindunji pamene likutumikiranso monga bwalo lomalizira la apilo la milandu imene yagwira ntchito yawo ku makhoti a pansi pa khoti laling’ono.

Pakali pano, pali zigamulo zisanu ndi zinayi pa Khotilo, ndipo asanaike udindo, chiweruzo chilichonse chiyenera kuikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi oweruza okhala ndi udindo panthaŵi yabwino, makamaka kwa moyo wonse. Kuikidwa kumeneku kwa moyo wonse kunapangidwa kuti kutetezere ziweruzo ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndi kuwalola kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa malamulo alamulo mmalo mwa kupenda mayeso a mayeso asanu ndi atatu okha kuposa khumi pa zaka, mpaka Chipangano cha Judic cha zaka 1869.

Ulamuliro wa Khoti umawonjezera kupyola pa kuweruza milandu ya munthu mmodzi. Khoti lili ndi mphamvu ya kupenda mlandu, kukhoza kuswa lamulo loswa makonzedwe a Malamulo kapena ntchito yaulamuliro yosakhala yololeka, ngakhale kuti lingachite kokha mogwirizana ndi nkhani ya mlandu m’mbali ya lamulo imene limadalira. Mphamvu imeneyi ya kupenda chiweruzo, ngakhale kuti siinatchulidwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo, inakhazikitsidwa mwachitsanzo chapadera ndipo imakhalabe imodzi ya ntchito zazikulu za Khotilo.

Madison: Marbury ndi

Limodzi la malingaliro ozikidwa kwambiri m'lamulo lalamulo la America ndilo kupenda kwachiweruzo [1] ulamuliro wa Khoti Lalikulu kugamula ngati malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kapena zochita zotengedwa ndi nthambi yaikulu zimagwirizana ndi Malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi sinaperekedwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo koma inakhazikitsidwa kupyolera mwa imodzi ya milandu yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yalamulo ya ku America.

Ndi chigamulo cha Marbury ndi Madison, khotilo linagamula kuti Congress alibe mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo amene amanyalanyaza malamulo, kupatsa nthambi mphamvu yoweruza ngati zochita za Congress zinali zalamulo kapena ayi, ndi mphamvu zambiri za khotilo zochokera ku chigamulo chimenechi ndi mphamvu ya kugamula mlandu. Lingaliro la Woweruza John Marshall mu mlandu umenewu linasintha kwambiri ntchito ya Khoti Lapamwamba, likukhazikitsa kuti ndi nthambi ya boma yaudindo limodzi lokhala ndi ulamuliro woyang'anira maulamuliro onse aŵiri a Mabungwe ndi Pulezidenti.

Madison adakali mbali yaikulu ya ntchito ya Khoti lerolino. Nthaŵi iliyonse Khoti Lalikulu likagamula lamulo kuti ndi lopanda lamulo kapena kuti lidali ndi lamulo lotsutsa, limapereka mphamvu ya kupenda milandu yokhazikitsidwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri zapitazo.

Mmene Milandu Imafikira Khoti Lalikulu

Mlandu wa Bwalo Lapamwambali sumva mlandu uliwonse umene anthu akufuna kuupereka, kwenikweni, mapempho ochuluka a khoti Lapamwamba amakanidwa.

Kupempha Certiorari

Palibe kuyenera kotheratu kwa kuchititsa Khoti kuvomereza chigamulo, ndipo munthu amene akufuna kudandaula ku khotilo ayenera kukonza chilolezo cha certiorari. Liwu lakuti "Certiori" limachokera ku Chilatini, kutanthauza "kudziŵitsidwa," ndi kuimira pempho kaamba ka Khoti Lapamwamba kupenda chigamulo cha khoti laling'ono.

Khotili limalandira pafupifupi 7,000 8,000 za mapempho a certiorari modzifunira, koma khoti limapatsa ndi kumva nkhani pafupifupi 80. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mapempho osachepera 1 peresenti amavomerezedwa kuti apendedwe mokwanira. Oweruza amasankha milandu imene amasankha kuimva, kuyang'ana awo amene ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la lamulo kapena amene amathetsa mikangano pakati pa makhoti ang’onoang’ono.

Ulamuliro wa Anthu Anayi

Chigamulo cha kupereka chigamulo chokulira cha certiorari sichimafuna unyinji wa anthu [1] kokha anayi a oweruza asanu ndi anayiwo ayenera kuvomereza kupatsa chigamulo cha certiorari . "Chigamulo cha Anayi" chitsimikizira kuti oweruza ochepa angabweretse milandu yofunika ku Bwalo lamilandu lonse kuti aipende, ngakhale ngati ambiri angakayikire poyamba.

Khotilo lingapereke chilolezo chochuluka cha mlandu wa certiorari ngati makhoti aang’ono afika pa zigamulo zotsutsana pa nkhaniyo, kapena ngati zili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu m’dziko lonse.

Milandu Yosiyanasiyana Izengedwa ndi Khotilo

Pamene kuli kwakuti milandu yambiri ya Khoti Lalikulu ikufika kupyolera m'dongosolo la certiorari, Bwalo lamilandu lilinso ndi mphamvu yoyambirira pa mitundu ina ya mikangano. Milandu imene imagwera pansi pa ulamuliro woyamba wa khoti imapita ku khoti, popanda kuzengedwa mlandu kapena kuperekedwa m’bwalo laling’ono, ndipo mwamwambo imeneyi imaphatikizapo zinthu zonga mikangano pakati pa maboma aŵiri kapena oposapo pa nkhani zonga malire kapena kuyenera kwa madzi, kapena pakati pa maboma ndi boma.

Chigamulo cha Bwalo lamilandulo chinapangidwa posachedwapa. Pasanathe 1925, magulu ambiri a milandu anali ndi ufulu wochita apilo ku Khoti Lapamwamba, kutanthauza kuti oweruzawo sanagamule milandu imene anamva, koma zinasintha ndi Woweruza Wamkulu William Howard Taft, amene zoyesayesa zake zinatsogolera ku kudutsa kwa Chikalata cha Jadicary cha 1925, chomwe chinalimbitsa njira ya apilo monga njira yaikulu ya khoti lalikulu. Kusintha kumeneku kunalola Khotilo kusumika maganizo pa nthaŵi yake yochepa ndi chuma pa mafunso ofunika koposa alamulo oyang'anizana ndi mtunduwo.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu

Pamene Khoti Lalikulu livomereza kuweruza mlandu, limatsatira njira yolinganizidwa bwino imene imaphatikizapo kulembedwa kwachidule, zigomeko za pakamwa, misonkhano yaumwini, ndi kulembedwa kwa malingaliro. Kumvetsetsa mbali iriyonse ya kachitidwe kameneka kumavumbula mmene anthu asanu ndi anayi okhala ndi nthanthi zachiweruzo zosiyana amagwirira ntchito pamodzi kuthetsa mafunso ena otokosa a lamulo a mtunduwo.

Zolembedwa Mwachidule Ndiponso Mikangano ya Malamulo

Ngati oweruza asankha kulandira mlandu, mlandu umaikidwa padoko, ndipo mogwirizana ndi malamulo a Khoti Lapamwamba, wopemphayo ali ndi nthaŵi yakutiyakuti yolemba, osati kupitirira masamba 50, kutchula mlandu wake wokhudza nkhani imene khoti linavomereza, ndipo pambuyo pake woyankhayo amapatsidwa nthaŵi yakutiyakuti yolemba mapepala ovomerezeka, komanso osapitirira masamba 50.

Zidutswa zimenezi zimaimira mfundo zalamulo zimene mbali iliyonse imapereka ku Khoti. Zimatchula zitsanzo zogwirizana ndi zimenezo, makonzedwe alamulo, chinenero cha malamulo, ndi malingaliro amene amagwirizana ndi kaimidwe kawo.

Anthu kapena mabungwe amene sali mbali m'nkhaniyi angaperekenso tichidule, otchedwa amicuscuriae chidule, kapena amicus chidule chachidule, ndi "amicuscuriae" kutanthauza "bwenzi la khoti" m'Chilatini, ndipo ngakhale m’nthanthi, cholinga cha machidule ameneŵa ndicho kuthandiza khotilo pogamula mlandu, ndi milandu yaikulu kwambiri nthaŵi zina yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anicus trims , mwachitsanzo, panali machidule oposa 140. Mabwenzi-ainsinsi a mapangano a marensi a marekodi, akatswiri a zamalamulo, mabungwe a boma, ndi magulu a anthu ogwirizana ndi malingaliro awo pa malamulo a khotilo.

Milandu Yamwambo M’khoti

Bwalo lamilandu litakhala pansi, magawo apoyera amayamba nthaŵi yomweyo 10 a.m., ndi oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri akumva mikangano iŵiri yapakamwa m’mawa, ndi magawo a masana olinganizidwa monga momwe kuliri kofunika, ndipo magawo apoyera amachitidwa pa Lolemba, Lachiŵiri, ndi Lachitatu.

Oweruzawo kenaka amaŵerenga mawu achidule a mlanduwo, ndipo Khoti Lalikulu limapereka zifukwa, pamene maloya mbali iliyonse anena mlandu wawo ndipo oweruza afunsa mafunso, ndi zigomeko zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatha pa maola aŵiri. Mkati mwa zigomeko, oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amasokoneza maloya ndi mafunso omveka bwino, zoyerekezera, ndi zotsutsa. Kukambitsirana kumeneku kumapereka chidziŵitso m’kalinga ka oweruza ndi kuwalola kuyesa mphamvu ya mfundo za mbali iliyonse.

Zigomeko za m’kamwa zimapereka zifuno zambiri. Zigamulo zimalola mfundo zimene zingakhale zosadziŵika bwino m’zinsinsi zolembedwa, kufufuza tanthauzo logwira ntchito la malamulo osiyanasiyana, ndi chizindikiro kwa anzawo kuti ndi mbali ziti za mlanduwo zimene apeza kukhala zofunika kwambiri. Kwa maloya, mawu otsutsa a pakamwa amaimira mpata wofunika kwambiri wokopa khotilo, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri zotsatirapo zimasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi kaundula wolembedwa ndi zolembedwa ndi zoweruza zimene anafufuza asanachite.

Msonkhano wa Oweruza

Pamene zigamulo za pakamwa zigamulidwa, oweruza ayenera kugamula mlanduwo pa zimene zimadziŵika monga Msonkhano wa Zoweruza, ndi pamene khoti likhala m'khoti, pali misonkhano iŵiri yolinganizidwa mlungu uliwonse [1] umodzi pa Lachitatu masana ndi tsiku limodzi madzulo Lachisanu. Misonkhano imeneyi ili pakati pa mbali zachinsinsi kwambiri za ntchito za Khoti Lapamwamba.

Malinga ndi malamulo a Supreme Court, ndi oweruza okha amene amaloledwa m’chipinda cha Msonkhano panthaŵi ino / palibe apolisi, alembi, alembi, ndi zina zotero. (_kapena Woweruza Wamkulu amaitana programuyo kuti ikhazikike ndipo, monga chizindikiro cha mgwirizano wa bungwelo, oweruza onse amamenyana. Mwambo umenewu wa kukupatirana manja msonkhano usanachitike umagogomezera kuti mosasamala kanthu za kusagwirizana kwawo pankhani za lamulo, oweruzawo amapitiriza kulemekezana monga antchito anzawo.

Mogwirizana ndi chigwirizano cha Supreme Court, oweruza onse ali ndi mwaŵi wa kulongosola malingaliro awo pa mlanduwo ndi kudzutsa mafunso alionse kapena nkhaŵa zimene angakhale nazo, ndi chiweruzo chirichonse chikumalankhula popanda kudodometsedwa ndi ena, monga momwe Chilungamo chachikulu chikuperekera ndemanga yoyamba, kenaka chiweruzo chirichonse chimalankhula motsatira dongosolo lakutsika lakulamulira, kumapeto kwa chiweruzo chapamwamba koposa. Kukambitsirana kumeneku kwadongosolo kumatsimikizira kuti liwu lachiweruzo chirichonse cha chiweruzo chimamvedwa ndi kuti chiweruzo chachikulu sichilamulira kukambitsiranako.

Pamene ndemangazo zatha, Woweruza Wamkuluyo asankha choyamba, ndipo Oweruza Anzakewo amavota m’kutsika kwa lamulo la akulu, ndi mavoti ataŵerengedwa, ndiyeno chiweruzo chosankhidwa kulemba lingaliro la Khoti. Chiweruzo chirichonse chiri ndi chivoti chimodzi m’kugamula mlanduwo pamaso pa bwalo lamilandu, ndipo pamene mwa unyinji, woweruza wamkulu amasankha amene amalemba lingaliro la bwalolo; apo ayi, chiweruzo chachikulu koposa m’chosankha cha ambiri chimagamulira ntchitoyo.

Kulemba ndi Kuyambitsa Malingaliro

Anthu ambiri atakonzeka kukonza zinthu, woweruza wa khotilo angaipitire ku khoti lonse, ndipo pa nthawi imeneyi, chiweruzo china chilichonse chingasankhe kuti chikhale "join" maganizo, chingapemphe kusintha maganizo a munthu asanagwirizane ndi maganizo ake, kapena chingasankhe kulemba maganizo osiyana. Kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kungapangitse kuti kaganizidwe kake kakhale kothandiza kuti kayendetsedwe ka mfundo zosiyanasiyana.

Ambiri akangosintha maganizo awo, kutsutsana kulikonse kumafalikira, ndipo nthaŵi zina wotsutsa chiweruzo amayembekezera kuŵerenga lingaliro la anthu ambiri asanalembe, koma nthaŵi zina iye angakonzeke kulembedwa ntchitoyo mwamsanga pamene malingaliro a anthu ambiri asintha m’ziyembekezo za kukopa oweruza ena kusintha maganizo awo. Nthaŵi zina, kutsutsa kokakamiza kungasinthe zimene zakhala zikusintha poyambirira pa lingaliro la ambiri.

Nthaŵi zina, oweruza amene amayang’aniridwa kwambiri angalembe malingaliro osiyana ndi ambiri, kulongosola chifukwa chimene amatsutsirana ndi ambiri ndi chifukwa chake angagamule mlanduwo mosiyana, ndipo mmodzi kapena ambiri angalembe lingaliro logwira mtima. Nthaŵi zambiri amavomerezana ndi ambiri ponena za amene ayenera kupambana mlanduwo, koma kupereka malingaliro ena owonjezereka ponena za mmene angalingalirire nkhani ya malamulo pankhaniyi. Malingaliro osiyana ameneŵa angakhale ndi mphamvu pokonza zochitika za m’tsogolo za lamulo, monga momwe lerolino angakhalire maganizo a anthu ambiri maŵa.

Kodi Nchiyani Chimapanga Chosankha Chotchedwa “Chopereka ”?

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu si zonse zimene zili ndi phindu lofanana. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti limagamula milandu yambirimbiri, ndi ochepa okha amene amakumbukiridwa kukhaladi osintha. Zigamulo za m’dziko la America ndizo zimene zimakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano a malamulo a m'malamulo, kuteteza ufulu wofunika, kapena kugwetsa zinthu zakale.

Zigamulo za m’khoti zapansi zimasintha kamvedwe ka lamulo la panthaŵiyo ku United States, ndipo chigamulo choterocho chingakhazikitse lamulolo m’njira zingapo, kuphatikizapo kusiyanitsa lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino latsopano limene limawongolera lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lomwe lilipo, mwakutero kusiya kuchitapo kanthu popanda kuswa lamulo la kuyang’ana, kapena kukhazikitsa mayeso kapena muyezo wokhoza kutsutsidwa ndi makhoti m’magamulo amtsogolo.

Nkhaniyi ikhoza kuchititsa kuti pakhale mfundo zosiyanasiyana zimene zingathandize kuti anthu adziwe kuti mlanduwu ndi wofunika kwambiri.

Milandu ya m'bwalo lalikulu lamilandu yasintha mbiri ya anthu ndipo imakhudza kwambiri anthu ophwanya malamulo masiku ano. Zigamulo zimenezi zimakhudzanso anthu kupyola pa khoti, kusonkhezera magulu a anthu, mikangano ya ndale, ndi moyo wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America. Kumvetsa milandu yosinthasintha imeneyi kumathandiza kumvetsa mmene dziko la America lasinthira ndiponso mmene malamulo a malamulo amagwirira ntchito pa mavuto a masiku ano.

Zosankha Zapadera pa Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kulingana

Zigamulo zina za Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu zakhudza nkhani za ufulu wa anthu, kulingana kwa mafuko, ndi tsankho. Milandu imeneyi yathandiza kulongosola tanthauzo la kufanana pansi pa Malamulo ndipo yasonkhezera kusintha kwakukulu kwa kakhalidwe.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ndi umodzi wa milandu yotchuka ndi yosonkhezera kwambiri m’mbiri ya Amereka, monga m’chigamulo chimodzi, Bwalo lamilandu linalengeza kuti malamulo a boma okhazikitsa sukulu za boma zachisawawa kaamba ka ophunzira Akuda ndi achizungu anali osagwirizana ndi malamulo. Chigamulo chimenechi chinaimira nthaŵi yotha kutha kwa ufulu wa anthu m’mbiri ya Amereka.

Chigamulo cha Brown chikulengezedwa kukhala chigamulo chosintha m'mbiri ya Khoti Lalikulu, kugwetsa Plesty v. Ferguson (1896) chimene chinapanga chiphunzitso "chosiyana koma chofanana". Mu Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza mwa kuchirikiza chiphunzitso cha "Bonse koma cholingana," koma National Association for the Adrigived People adatsutsa chigamuchi, kutsutsa lamulo la kuturation mu Topeka, Kansas, dongosolo la sukulu, ndi mu 1954, khoti linasintha chigamu chake cha Plesy, likulengeza kuti "sukulu zopatuka ziri zosalongosoka.

Chigamulo cha Brown sichinathetse mwamsanga tsankho la sukulu . Chigonjetso chinayang’anizana ndi chitsutso chachikulu m’mbali zambiri za dzikolo. Komabe, chinakhazikitsa lamulo lalamulo lakuti kusiyanitsa fuko kwa boma kovomerezedwa kunaswa Kutetezera kwa Experial Claus kwa 144 Demendment, kukhazikitsa maziko alamulo kaamba ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wachibadwidwe ka 1950 ndi 1960.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Mlandu wina wosintha ufulu wa anthu unatchula malamulo oletsa kukwatirana kwa mafuko. Mu Loving black Virginia, Khoti Lapamwamba linagwirizana kuletsa Virginia kuletsa ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana, likumati malamulo otero anaswa zonse ziŵiri Kutetezera kwa Claus ndi Acts Procesme of the Irenath Amend Amendment. Chigamulocho chinathetsa malamulo ofananawo m’zigawo 16 ndipo chinatsimikizira kuti ufulu wa kukwatira ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri umene sungakhazikitsidwe pa fuko.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu 2015, Khoti Lalikulu linawonjezera kulingana kwa mabanja a amuna ndi akazi ku Obergefell v. Hodges. Khotilo linanena kuti Lamulo la 14 la Lamulo limafuna kuti anthu awiri a ziwalo zofanana avomereze ukwati wawo komanso kuti avomereze kuti maukwati otero achitika m’mayiko ena. Chigamulochi chinaimira kutha kwa zaka makumi ambiri a kuphwanya malamulo a LGBTQ + kusintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha malamulo pankhani ya ukwati ku America.

Zigamulo za Chiweruzo cha Apandu ndi Ufulu Woyenera wa Woimbidwa Mlandu

Khoti Lalikulu lapereka zigamulo zambiri zonena za ufulu wa anthu amene aimbidwa mlandu wa milandu, ndipo lakhazikitsa malamulo oteteza malamulo kuti malamulo aziyenderana ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966)

Mu Miranda, Arizona ndi Arizona mu 1966, bwalo lamilandu Lapamwamba linalingalira milandu inayi yosiyana kumene oimbidwa mlandu anaulula ku maupandu pambuyo pa kugwidwa ndi kufunsidwa ndi apolisi popanda kuuzidwa za kuyenera kwawo kwa kukhala ndi loya, ndi m’liwulo wotchedwa Ernesto Miranda, amene anamangidwa ndi polisi ya Phoenix ndipo anaimbidwa mlandu wa kuba ndi kugwirira chigololo, ndipo Miranda sanadziŵitsidwe za kuyenera kwake kwa uphungu, ndipo atafunsidwa kwa maola aŵiri, anasaina chivomerezo ku mlanduwo.

Pachigamulo chimene chinagamulidwa ndi 5-4, Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren anavomereza kuti kufunsako kunaswa chitetezo cha Demendment yachisanu ndi . Khotilo linapeza kuti Malamulo a Nambala 5 ndi Sikisi amafuna kuti apolisi adziwitse anthu amene ali m’ndende kuti ali ndi ufulu wokhala chete ndi kuthandizidwa ndi loya.

Chigamulo cha Miranda chinatsogolera ku chenjezo la tsopano la "Muranda" limene apolisi ayenera kupereka asanaimbidwe mlandu wachiweruzo: "Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete. Chilichonse chimene munena chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku bwalo lamilandu. Muli ndi ufulu kwa loya. Ngati simungathe kupereka loya, wina adzakupatsani. Machenjezo ameneŵa akhazikika kwambiri m'malamulo a ku America ndipo amaimira chitetezo chachikulu kwa anthu okakamiza kuulula machimo awo.

Gideon ndi Wainwright (1963)

Khotilo linafotokoza ngati lamulolo limafuna kuti munthu aliyense woimbidwa mlandu wa milandu, koma wosakhoza kulipirira loya, atsimikizire kuti adzapereka thandizo laulere la lamulo, ndipo malinga ndi khoti Lapamwamba logwirizana, yankho linali inde, monga momwe khotilo linanenera kuti Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi la kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu limagwira ntchito ku milandu ya boma ndi kuti “oweruza m’khoti ndi ofunikira, osati apamwamba kwambiri. ”

Kuphatikiza pa kuyenera kwa kuthandiza oimbidwa mlandu a boma, chigamulo cha Gideoni chinakhala ndi chiyambukiro cha kufutukula madongosolo a otetezera a anthu m’dziko lonselo. chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikizira kuti umphaŵi sudzaletsa oimbidwa mlandu kulandira chisonyezero chokwanira cha lamulo, kwenikweni kutembenuza dongosolo la chiweruzo cha apandu ndi kutetezera zoyenera za oimbidwa mlandu otsutsa.

Map v. Ohio (1961)

Mu Mapu v. Ohio, Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa lamulo la "kuletsa kuphwanya malamulo," posunga umboni wopezeka mwa kufufuza koletsedwa ndi kugwidwa ndi njiru za boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chinawonjezera kutetezeredwa kwa Lachinayi kuti asafufuze ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinji m’makhoti, kuyambitsa chiletso champhamvu choletsa khalidwe loipa la apolisi ndi kuteteza ufulu wachinsinsi.

Zosankha Zachizindikiro pa Zolankhula Zaufulu ndi Zolinganiza Zoyamba

Chitetezero cha First Amendment cha ufulu wa kulankhula, wa kusindikiza, wa chipembedzo, ndi wa kusonkhana chakhala nkhani ya zigamulo zambiri za m’Nkhongo Yapamwamba zimene zafotokoza ukulu ndi malire a ufulu wofunika umenewu.

Des Moines (1969)

Kutsutsa Nkhondo ya Vietnam, Mary Beth Tinker ndi mchimwene wake anavala mikono yakuda kusukulu, ndipo anaopa kusokonezeka, boma loletsa kuvala mikono yotero, koma Tunkker anachotsedwa kusukulu pamene analephera kutero, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti zochita zawo zinatetezeredwa ndi Lamulo Loyamba. Chilengezo chotchuka cha Khotilo chinanena kuti ophunzira sakufuna kuti ufulu wawo walamulo ukhalepo kapena anenere pa chipata cha sukulu.

Johnson (1989)

Pofuna kutsutsa malamulo a boma la Reagan, Gregory Lee Johnson anatentha mbendera ya ku America kunja kwa mzinda wa Dallas City Hall, ndipo anagwidwa chifukwa cha kachitidwe kameneka, koma anatsutsa kuti kanali kalankhulidwe kophiphiritsira, ndipo Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza, kugamula kuti kulankhula kophiphiritsira nkotetezeredwa mwalamulo ngakhale pamene kuli konyansa.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Khotilo linafotokoza ngati nkhani zina, kuphatikizapo kutumiza mapepala oletsa nkhondo kwa amuna, olembedwa panthaŵi ya nkhondo ndi olingaliridwa kukhala oswa lamulo la Espionage Act, anatetezedwa ndi Lamulo Loyamba la Kukonzanso, kukana, ndipo ngakhale kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo akanakhoza kulongosola malingaliro ake panthaŵi wamba, Bwalo Lamilandulo linanena kuti m’mikhalidwe ina, mofanana ndi dzikolo lili pankhondo, linalungamitsa malire amenewo pa Lamulo Loyamba Lowonjezera, ndi chigamulo cha Schenck chodziŵika bwino koposa kaamba ka kupanga "Light ndi kuwopsa kwa nthaŵiyo" kuyesa kuti mawu angaletsedwe ngati apereka ngozi yowonekera bwino ndi imene ilipo.

Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyesa kwa "cred ndi kwamakono" kwasinthidwa chiyambire pamenepo ndi zosankha zotsatira, Schenc anakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti chitetezo cha First Amendment sichili chotheratu ndikuti kulankhula kungakhale koletsedwa m’mikhalidwe ina yochepa pamene kumapereka ngozi yeniyeni ku chisungiko cha anthu kapena chisungiko cha dziko.

Zosankha Zachizindikiro pa Mphamvu ya Maboma ndi Malonda

Khoti Lalikulu lachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pofotokoza mmene mphamvu za maboma a boma ndi maboma zimayendera, makamaka ponena za mphamvu ya Nyumba za Malamulo zolamulira malonda a mayiko.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Khotilo linagamula kuti United States ikhale ndi malamulo a boma ndipo chifukwa chake, boma silingakhoze kukhoma banki ya dziko, ndipo chigamulo cha McCulloch chinakhazikitsa malamulo aŵiri ofunika kaamba ka lamulo lalamulo lomwe likupitirizabe lerolino: lotanthauza maulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Chigamulo choyambirira chimenechi chinakhazikitsa kuti bomalo liri ndi mphamvu zoposa zimene zandandalikidwa mwachindunji m'Bungwe ndi lamulo la bomalo liyenera kukhala patsogolo pa malamulo otsutsana.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Khotilo linavomereza kuti ndi ntchito ya boma kulamulira malonda ndi kuti maboma a boma sangapange malamulo awoawo a zamalonda, ndipo khoti linapanga mafotokozedwe ambiri a "bungwe," polingalira kuti liwulo linaphatikizapo zambiri kuposa kungogulitsa ndi kugula, limodzi ndi mphamvu ya Gibbon yomwe ikumvekabe lerolino pamene likupatsa boma la boma maziko a zachuma. Kumasulira kwakukulu kwa Commercial Clause kwapereka maziko a malamulo ambiri a boma amakono.

Zosankha Zofunika pa Ufulu Wobalanso

Mbali zochepa za lamulo lalamulo zabutsa mkangano waukulu ndi mkangano wapoyera wonga kuyenera kwa kubala, ndi zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu m’dera limeneli zikuyambukira kwambiri mamiliyoni a Aamereka.

Kuyenda m’mahema

Khotilo linagamula kuti malamulo oletsa kuchotsa mimba amaswa kuyenera kwa Malamulo kwa kubisa, ndipo linanena kuti, pansi pa 14th Amendment Access Claus, malamulo angachepetse kuchotsa mimba kumapeto kwa mimba, kuti ateteze moyo wa mkazi kapena mwana wosabadwa. Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu, Roe v. Wade anakhazikitsa ufulu walamulo wa kuchotsa mimba ndi kupanga malamulo oyenera a akazi oyenera achinsinsi ndi zikondwerero za boma kutetezera moyo wawo.

Dobs . Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Nkhaniyo inayamba pamene wopereka mimba mmodzi yekha wa Mississippi anatsutsa lamulo la boma la 2018 loletsa pafupifupi kuchotsa mimba kulikonse pambuyo pa milungu 15 ya kukhala ndi pakati, ndi makhoti aang'ono ndikiliniki, akumapeza kuti lamulo lotsutsana ndi Supreme Court linakhazikitsidwa ku Roe ndi Planned Parenthood v. Casey , koma mu Dobs . Jackson Women’s Health Organization, Supreme Court anasankha kugwetsa zigamuzo zapadera zimenezo.

Khotilo linavomereza kuti Konsichushoni silimatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba, popeza kuti kuyenera kumeneku sikunatchulidwe m’mawuwo, ndipo silili "lozika moyenerera kwambiri m'mbiri ndi mwambo wa Dziko" kulingaliridwa kukhala kuyenera kwa mu Curreate Process Claus. Chigamulo chimenechi chinaimira chimodzi cha zosintha zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya Supreme Court, kubwezera lamulo la kuchotsa mimba ku maboma osiyanasiyana ndi kupanga mpambo wa malamulo osiyanasiyana ochotsa mimba m'dzikolo.

Zosankha Zapadera Zokhudza Kupereka Ufulu Woyenerera ndi Kutenga Nawo Mbali m’Zandale

Khoti Lalikulu lapereka zigamulo zambiri zokhudza ufulu wosankha, ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, ndi ndale, zimene zachititsa kuti dziko la America likhale ndi demokalase.

Buckley v. Valeo (1997)

M’chigamulo chokhudza kwambiri dongosolo la ndawala la zachuma, Bwalo Lamilandu linaletsa malamulo a ndalama zowonongedwa pa ndawala, ndi lingaliro lake lokhazikika pa maziko ofunika: Ndalama zowonongedwa m’dongosolo la ndale zadziko ziri mtundu wa kulankhula, ndipo potero, linalamula kuti kuletsa zowonongedwa zokhala ndi malire a kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko, ndi chigamulocho kuchepetsa ndawala yauchikwanekwane yowonongedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali kwambiri kwakuti sikunali chivomerezo chokakamiza boma kulungamitsa chiletso.

Komabe, khotilo linachirikiza malire pa zopereka za ndale zadziko, likumapereka chigamulo chakuti zinali zofunika kutsutsa " chenicheni kapena kuwonekera kwa chisonkhezero choipa" chimene opereka okhoza kukhala nacho pa oyembekezera. kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa zopereka ndi ndalama zowonongedwa kwapanga lamulo la ndawala kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kulola okonzekera kugula ndi magulu odziimira paokha kusungitsa ziletso zina pa zopereka zachindunji ku ndawala.

Zosankha Zapadera pa Ufulu wa Zifuko

Chigawo cha Columbia ndi Heller (2008)

Mu 2008, Khoti Lalikulu linapereka chigamulo chachiŵiri cha ku District of Columbia ndi Heller, ndi chigamulo chophera malamulo angapo a Washington D.C., omwe anali ndi lamulo loletsa anthu wamba kukhala ndi mfuti, monga ku Heller, khoti linagamula kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kuti malamulo a boma ateteze ufulu wa nzika za America wokhala ndi mfuti m’nyumba mwawo kuti adzitetezere okha ndi kudziteteza.

Asanafike ku Heller, akatswiri ambiri a zamalamulo anavomereza mfundo yochepa yomasulira mfundo yachiŵiri ya Mpambo wa Malamulo, yomwe inatsindika za ufulu wolinganiza asilikali m’malo moteteza nyumba ya munthu ndi katundu wake. Chigamulo cha Heller chinasintha kwambiri chigamulo chachiŵiri cha Amendment Reference mwa kukhazikitsa ufulu wonyamula zida zosiyana ndi za asilikali.

Komabe, lamulolo silimaletsa malamulo onse oletsa mfuti, popeza kuti limafuna kokha luso lowonjezereka kwa opanga malamulo, ndipo ngakhale kuti ziletso za mfuti zapamanja sizikulingaliridwanso kukhala zalamulo, malamulo ena a kukhala ndi mfuti zachifwamba angaperekedwebe, ndipo mmalo mwa kuletsa kukhala ndi mfuti zachiphamaso, mizinda yapereka zofunika zotsimikizirika zopimidwa kapena nyengo zofunikira kuyembekezera, opanga malamulo akumapanga maluso owonjezereka, akumachitira ku Khoti mwa kupanga malamulo ena othetsera kukambitsirana za upandu wachiwawa ndi chiwawa cha mfuti.

Ntchito ya Kuphana ndi Kunyenga kwa Nyenyezi

Imodzi ya malamulo aakulu otsogolera kupanga chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba ndiyo kuyang'ana, mawu achilatini otanthauza "kuima mogwirizana ndi zinthu zimene zagamulidwa. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimanena kuti makhoti ayenera kutsatira chitsanzo chokhazikitsidwa m'milandu idakalipo, kukhazikitsa ndi kuneneratu za dongosolo la malamulo.

Komabe, Khoti Lalikulu silinagwirizanitsidwe ndi zigamulo zake zoyambirira. Pa 2020, khotilo linaweruza milandu yake yoyerekezera 232 kuyambira 1810. Khotilo lingasinthe chitsanzo chake pamene ligamula kuti chigamulo choyambirira chinalakwika, chakhala chosagwira ntchito, kapena chotsutsana ndi zochitika zalamulo zotsatirapo.

Kutsutsana pakati pa kulemekeza zimene zinacitika kale ndi kukonza zolakwika, kumacititsa kuti pakhale mikangano pakati pa khoti. Malamulo ena amagogomezela kufunika kwa kukhazikika ndi kuloselatu zinthu, ndipo amakamba kuti cocitika capambuyo pake ciyenela kugwetsedwa pa zocitika zapadela.

Chiyambukiro cha Zosankha Zachizindikiro pa Anthu a ku America

Zigamulo za m’bwalo lalikulu lamilandu zimakhazikitsa malamulo amene amapanga malamulo ndi kuwatsatira. Ziyambukiro za zigamulo zimenezi zimaposa pa anthu oloŵetsedwamo mwachindunji m’milanduyo, kusonkhezera malamulo, zochita za mabwana, zigamulo zotsika za khoti, ndi miyoyo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya anthu mamiliyoni a ku Amereka.

Malamulo angafunikire kusintha malamulo awo kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo atsopano. Makhoti apamwamba ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano yothetsera milandu.

Zigamulo zina zapadera zimayang’anizana ndi kutsutsa kwakukulu ndipo zimatenga zaka kapena makumi ambiri kuti zigwiritsiridwe ntchito kotheratu. Mwachitsanzo, Board of Education, inalengeza kuti kuchotsa pasukulu kunalibe lamulo lalamulo mu 1954, koma sukulu zambiri zinakhala zopatulidwa kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, zikumafuna malamulo owonjezereka a bwalo lamilandu, malamulo a boma, ndi kachitidwe kosungitsa kugwirizanitsa kopindulitsa.

Zosankha zina zimayambitsa kugonjera mwamsanga koma zimayambitsa mikangano ya ndale zadziko ndi ya mayanjano. Obergefell anagamulapo kuvomereza ukwati wa kugonana kofananako m’dziko lonselo mwamsanga unayamba kugwira ntchito, koma mikangano yokhudza ufulu wachipembedzo, ufulu wolera ana, ndi nkhani zina zokhudza LGBTQ + ulingana.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika: Kuchepetsa Mphamvu ya Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu

Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu limapereka mphamvu zazikulu mwa kupendanso mlandu ndi ntchito yake monga womasulira womalizira wa Malamulo, Bwalo Lamilandu limagwira ntchito m’dongosolo la mayeso ndi kulinganiza zimene zimaletsa ulamuliro wake.

Nyumba ya malamulo ingawonjezere chiŵerengero cha oweruza, kupatsa pulezidenti mphamvu yokhudza zosankha za mtsogolo mwa kuikidwa, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke lamulo limene limaletsa ulamuliro wa Khoti Lapamwamba ndi makhoti ena a boma pa nkhani zina, monga momwe chilankhulo cha Gawo 2 la Mfundo Yachitatu, kumene lamulo la malamulo a malamulo operekedwa "Ndizo Zopatulidwa, ndi pansi pa malamulo monga momwe Congress adzapangira".

Kuphatikizanso apo, malamulo asintha zigamulo za khoti Lapamwamba. Khoti likamasulira malamulo m’njira imene Congress ndi maboma sakugwirizana nayo, iwo angasinthe malamulo a malamulowo kuti akhazikitse lamulo lina. Zimenezi zachitika kangapo m’mbiri ya America, monga pamene Kukonzanso kwa Nambala 14 kunagwetsa chigamulo cha Dred Scott chakuti anthu a ku Africa sangakhale nzika.

Khotilo limadaliranso pa nthambi ya akuluakulu kuti agwiritse ntchito zigamulo zake. Monga momwe Alexander Hamilton ananenera mu Federalist No. 78, khoti la ajuli siliyenera kukhudza lupanga kapena chikwama ndipo liyenera kudalira pa nthambi yaikulu kuti ligwiritse ntchito zigamulo zake. Kudalira kwake kumayambitsanso kuyang’anira kwa juli.

Lamulo la Khoti Lalikulu ndi Ndandanda ya Khoti Lalikulu

Liwu lililonse limakhala ndi nyengo zosinthasintha za pafupifupi milungu iŵiri yodziŵika monga "Akukhala" ndi "ambuye," ndi oweruza milandu ndi kupereka zigamulo panthaŵi yakukhala, pamene akukambitsirana milandu ndi kulemba malingaliro panthaŵi ya maphwando. Ndandandanda imeneyi imathandiza kulinganiza zofunika za kumva zonena za pakamwa ndi ntchito yaikulu yofufuza, kulemba, ndi kukonza malingaliro awo.

Zigomeko za m’kamwa zimatha mu April ndi m’liwu lotsala la Bwalo lamilandulo likutulutsa malamulo ndi malingaliro, ndi Bwalo Lamilandu likuthetsa kaŵirikaŵiri kumapeto kwa June, koma ntchito ya ziweruzo njosatha, monga mmene mkati mwa chilimwe amapitirizira kupenda mapemphero atsopano kaamba ka kupenda, kulingalira za kupenda ndi kufunsira, ndipo ayenera kupanga makonzedwe a milandu yolinganizidwa kaamba ka mkangano wokambidwa.

Mayendedwe apachaka a Khotilo amapanga njira zodziŵikitsidwa pamene zigamulo zazikulu zilengezedwa. Milandu yosatsutsika ndi yoyang’aniridwa mosamalitsa kaŵirikaŵiri imagamulidwa mu June, pamene oweruza akugwira ntchito kumaliza malingaliro awo nyengo ya chilimwe isanafike. Kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti zigamulo zapadera zimafika m'mabudula ambiri pamapeto pa liwulo, kuyambitsa kuulutsidwa kwakukulu kwa ofalitsa nkhani ndi kuwonedwa ndi anthu onse.

Mbali ya Alangizi a Malamulo m’Khoti Lapamwamba Logamulapo

Chiweruzo chilichonse cha Khoti Lalikulu chimagwira ntchito akalaliki angapo aposachedwapa a za malamulo omaliza maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri. Akalaliki ameneŵa amachita mbali zofunika kwambiri m'ntchito ya Khoti, ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa chisonkhezero chawo kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa oweruza.

Asanapite ku Msonkhanowo, oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amakambitsirana nkhani zoyenerera ndi akalaliki awo, kufunafuna malingaliro osiyana pa mlanduwo, ndipo kumapeto kwa magawo ameneŵa, nthaŵi zina oweruza amakhala ndi lingaliro labwino la mmene angasankhire mlanduwo; nthaŵi zina, iwo sakhala olephera. Olemba malamulo amafufuza nkhani zalamulo, kupenda mapempho a beretiorari, pepala lolunjikitsa nkhani zolembedwa pa bearranda asananene mawu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakonza zolembera za malingaliro.

Chilungamo chilichonse chimasankha mmene iye adzavotera kulandira kapena kukana pempho lililonse la certiorari, kaŵirikaŵiri akumaitana kaamba ka kupenda pempho la kalaliki walamulo, ndi machiweruzo asanu ndi atatu akugwiritsira ntchito "padzi la step" . M'dziŵe la beret, alembi a zipinda zachiweruzo amagwira ntchito pamodzi kupenda mapempho ndi kukonzekera ntchito imene amagawana pakati pa oweruza otengamo mbali, kulola kuchitidwa kwaluso kwa zikwi zambiri za mapemphowo kuikidwa pamodzi.

Kulamulira kwa Anthu ndi Kuphwanya Malamulo kwa Khoti Lalikulu

Mphamvu ya Khoti Lalikulu kwenikweni imadalira pa kuvomereza kwa anthu kuyenera kwake ndi kufunitsitsa kuvomereza zigamulo zake. Mosiyana ndi nthambi zosankhidwa za boma, Khotilo silingapereke chilamuliro cha demokalase mwachindunji, kusonyeza chidaliro kwa anthu m’kupanda tsankho kwakeko makamaka.

Zaka zaposachedwapa zakhala zikufufuza kwambiri ntchito ya Khoti ndi kuyenerera. FiveThirtyeight anapeza kuti zigamulo zogwirizana zapansi pa avareji ya zaka 20 za 50% mpaka pafupifupi 30% mu 2021 pamene zigamulo za zipani zinawonjezeka kuchokera pa 60 wa zaka pa avareji kufika pa 21%, Ryan Williams akuloza ku mavoti a gululo kuti atsimikizire kuti chiweruzo n’chofunika kwambiri kwa a bungwelo.

2024 AP-NORC inasonyeza 7 mwa 10 ofunsidwa amakhulupirira kuti khoti ligamula mlandu wofuna "kusintha malingaliro awo" potsutsana ndi "kufufuza modziimira pa nthambi zina za boma mwa kukhala wokondera ndi wopanda tsankho". Malingaliro ameneŵa akudzutsa mafunso ofunika onena za mmene khotilo lingasungire chidaliro chake choyenera ndi cha anthu m’nyengo ya kugaŵana kwakukulu kwa ndale.

Tsogolo la Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Maluso a zopangapanga opanga zinthu akudzutsa mafunso atsopano onena za kukhala paokha, kulankhula kwaufulu, ndi kuyang’anira boma.

Zosankha za m’tsogolo zingathetse nkhani monga nzeru zongopeka ndi kusintha kwa malamulo a mmene zinthu zilili, kusintha kwa nyengo ndi malamulo a malo okhala, mphamvu ya kulamulira m’nthaŵi yadzidzidzi, ufulu wovota ndi wosankha, ufulu wachipembedzo m’chitaganya chosiyanasiyana, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo amakhalidwe abwino pa maprogramu a kukambitsirana ndi manyuzikupeto.

Pamene nkhani zimenezi zifika ku Bwalo Lapamwamba, oweruza adzapitiriza mwambo wautali wa bungwelo wa kumasulira malamulo amakhalidwe abwino okhalitsa a Konsichushoni mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yamakono. Zosankha zimene amapanga zidzakhala mbali ya kukambitsirana kopitirizabe kwa tanthauzo la Malamulo ndi mmene chitetezo chake chigwiritsirira ntchito ku mavuto atsopano osayembekezereka a Opatulidwa.

Kumvetsetsa Mbali ya Khoti Lalikulu la Amereka mu Democracy

Bwalo Lapamwamba lili ndi malo apadera m’boma la America monga bungwe lopanda lamulo lokhala ndi mphamvu ya kuchotsapo zochita zosankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. Mbali yotsutsa imeneyi imayambitsa mikangano yachibadwa komanso imagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri potetezera ufulu walamulo ndi kusunga lamulo.

Mwa kutumikira monga womasulira womalizira wa Lamulo, Bwalo lamilandu limatetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa pa nkhanza zambiri, limatsimikizira kuti zochita za boma zikugwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo, limathetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma osiyanasiyana ndi nthambi zosiyanasiyana, ndipo limakhazikitsa ndi kuneneratu za kukhazikika mwa kupangidwa kwa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino osasintha.

Kuzindikira mmene Khoti Lalikulu limapangira zigamulo zapadera . Kuchokera ku pempho loyamba la chikalata cha certiorari kupyolera m’mikangano yapakamwa, misonkhano yaumwini, kukonza malingaliro, ndi chofalitsa chomalizira chimasonyeza njira yachindunji ya kugamulako yopanga lamulo ndi chitaganya cha America. Pamene kuli kwakuti zosankha za munthu aliyense zingatsutse ndi zigamulo zingatsutse mokulira ponena za kumasulira lamulo, bungwelo limakhalabe maziko a demokrase ya democracy ya Amereka.

Kwa nzika zofuna kumvetsetsa boma ndi lamulo la America, kudziŵa ntchito ya Khoti Lalikulu ndi zigamulo zapadera nkofunika. Zigamulo zimenezi zimakhudza ufulu waukulu, kukhazikitsa malamulo a anthu, ndi kusonyeza mikangano yosatha yokhudza malamulo alamulo. Mwa kuphunzira milandu yosinthasintha zinthu ndi kumvetsa njira ya Khoti lopanga zosankha, anthu a ku America angatenge nawo mbali bwinopo m’nkhani ya demokalase yonena za tanthauzo la malamulo ndi kuchita nawo nkhani za malamulo zimene zimakhudza miyoyo yawo.

Zigamulo za Supreme Court zimaimira zoposa malamulo alamulo chabe . Zimagwirizanitsa kumvetsetsa kwa dziko kwa malamulo alamulo, kuonetsa kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu, ndi kusonyeza mmene chikalata cholembedwa zaka mazana aŵiri zapitazo chikupitirizira kutsogolera demokrase ya Amereka. Pamene mavuto atsopano akuwonekera ndi chitaganya chikupitirizabe kusandulika, Khoti mosakaikira lidzapereka zigamulo zatsopano zapadera zimene mibadwo yamtsogolo idzaphunzira monga nyengo zapadera m'mbiri yalamulo ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu a ku America.

Kwa awo ofuna kuphunzira zambiri ponena za njira za Khoti Lapamwamba ndi milandu yosonyeza zinthu, chuma chamtengo wapatali chimaphatikizapo webusaiti ya Khoti Lalikulu , [[FLT:] U.S. ziŵiya zophunzitsa pa zikalata za Supreme Court [, [[FLT]], [[FLT]SCOM kaamba ka nkhani ndi kupenda kwa pepala lapa Khoti lapampala lapamwamba, Constitution Center ya dziko [[FLT:] ya maphunziro a lamulo, ndi [FLT:] Project [F:] Projectum [F:9]