Table of Contents
Kuzindikira Kukambitsirana Monga Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni
Kukhazikitsa malamulo kwakula kuchokera ku njira yopangira mfundo zotsutsana kukhala magwero aakulu a malamulo a boma. Mmalo mwa kukakamiza anthu kutsekereza khoti, kulengeza kumapereka njira yolinganizidwa koma yosinthika kumene opanga makampani opanda tsankho amathandiza anthu ndi mabungwe kupanga njira zawo. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimathandiza anthu kuti ayambe kudzilamulira okha pamene akuchepetsa katundu wawo pa madoko odzaza kale. Chilolezo chachikulu cha kukhazikitsa malamulo chimakhala posintha mikangano, kusintha adani kukhala okambirana.
M'mayiko ambiri, kuvomerezana sikumangolimbikitsidwa / kufunikira kuti mlandu uikidwe. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti angapo a boma la United States amalamula kuti apereke chilolezo pankhani zina za boma, ndipo mayiko onga Australia ndi United Kingdom agwirizanitsa kuloŵerera m’malamulo awo a boma. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza kuzindikira kowonjezereka kumene kuli kofunikira pa mikangano ina, kumalephera, kumawononga maganizo, ndi kuletsa zinthu.
Mmene Nkhani Zimasiyanirana ndi Kufalitsa
Kuti timvetsetse ntchito ya uchenjezo, choyamba tiyenera kuzindikira mbali zake zosiyanitsa. Litigation ndi masewera a zero-sum: mmodzi akupambana, wina akulephera. Mediation, posiyana ndi, cholinga chake n’chopindulitsana. Mkhalapakati sagamula; mmalo mwake, amatsogolera anthu pa mfundo zimene aliyense amavomereza. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku kumasintha mbali iliyonse ya kachitidweko, kuchokera ku mtengo ndi nthaŵi imene angapezerepo kusungidwa ndi kusokonezedwa kwa malingaliro.
| Factor | Litigation | Mediation |
|---|---|---|
| Decision maker | Judge or jury | Parties themselves |
| Formality | High (rules of evidence, procedure) | Low (informal, adaptable) |
| Confidentiality | Public record (with exceptions) | Private and privileged |
| Time to resolution | Months to years | Days to weeks |
| Cost | Very high (attorney fees, experts) | Moderate to low |
| Control over outcome | Imposed by court | Negotiated by parties |
Chiphunzitso cha Malamulo cha Lamulo la Chilamulo
Mediation imagwira ntchito m'malamulo amene amasiyana ndi ulamuliro koma amagaŵana mapulinsipulo ambiri. Ku United States, form Mediation Act (UMA) imapereka chitsanzo cha kudalirana ndi kuimira, kutengedwa kwathunthu kapena kumbali ndi maboma ambiri. Malamulo a European Union Mediation Directive (2008/52/EC) [1] Akhazikitsa miyezo yochepera ya kutsegulira malire a dziko ndi a malonda, kuphatikizapo kusungidwa kwa malamulo ogwirizana. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti mapangano omvera amakhala ndi kulemera kwalamulo pamene akuteteza umphumphu wa ntchito.
Maiko a boma monga Germany, France, ndi Japan alinso ndi njira zogwirizanitsa zolankhulira. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a Chifrenchi a Procedia amalola oweruza kuvomereza kuvomerezana kwa masamu panthaŵi iriyonse, ndipo Jeremani Mediation Act (202) imakhazikitsa ziyeneretso kaamba ka chikalata cha umboni. Kuzembera kwalamulo kumeneku kumapatsa anthu chidaliro chakuti kutumiza si kupatsana chapansi kwapambuyo koma njira ina yodziŵika yokhala ndi zotulukapo zomamatira.
Ziŵalo Zofunika Kwambiri Zifutukulidwa
Kutenga Nawo Mbali Mwaufulu
Chikalata chovomerezeka ndi kampani ya boma. Ngakhale kuti makhoti ena angalamulire anthu kuti akapezeke pa msonkhano woyamba, mamembala sakakamiza kuti agwirizane. Iwo angachoke pamalo alionse ndi kutsata mawu achipongwe. Kutereku kumachepetsa kukana ndi kulimbikitsa kugula zinthu zenizeni. Komabe, kumatanthauzanso kuti kukambirana kungalephere ngati munthu wina sakufuna kukambirana pa chikhulupiriro chabwino.
Kubisika ndi Mwayi Wapadera
Chinsinsi ndicho maziko a kukhazikitsa malamulo. Zimene zikunenedwa pa nthaŵi ya kutsegulidwa kapena magawo a m’chigwirizano sizingagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga umboni m'kuzenga mlandu. Chitetezero chimenechi chimalimbikitsa makambitsirano otseguka, osabisala popanda kuopa zotsatirapo za mayeso. M'mayiko ambiri, aunimitala amaletsedwa kupereka umboni wa zimene zaphatikizidwa m'zochitika zaunyinji. Makhoti ambiri amachirikiza mwaŵi umenewu, ngakhale kuti pali ziwopsezo za chiwawa kapena zochita zaupandu zimene zikupitirizabe.
Diso lozikidwa pa chikondwerero v. Ufulu
Kutsutsa kwamwambo kuli kozikidwa pa ufulu: zipani zonena kuti zilolezo zalamulo pansi pa malamulo kapena mapangano. Kusintha kwa njira yachisangalalo n’kosiyana. N’kozikidwa pa chikondwerero, kutanthauza kuti kumafufuza zofunika zazikulu, zikhumbo, ndi nkhaŵa za mbali zonse. Mwachitsanzo, m'pangano la bizinesi, gulu lingafune ndalama zowonongedwa (kumanja), koma chikondwerero chawo chenicheni chingakhale unansi wopitirizabe kapena ndandanda yatsopano. Mediation imatsegulira zifunozo, kutsegula khomo la zothetsera zinthu zimene zingayendere bwino kuposa zimene khoti lingalamulire.
Phindu la Kuulutsa Nkhani Mozama Kwambiri
Zotayika ndi Zachilengedwe
Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri. Malipiro a ndalama zoyendera ndalama, umboni wa ndalama zofufuzira zinthu, ndi ndalama zolipirira khoti zingawonjezere mwamsanga. Kubwezera kumachepetsa kwambiri zinthu zimenezi. Bungwe la American Bar Association likusimba kuti milandu ya nkhoswe imathetsa pa avareji ya 50 /60% yotsika kuposa milandu yofanana. Mabizinesi aang'ono ndi anthu, kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama zimenezi kungapange kusiyana pakati pa kuyenda kuchoka pa zimene anena kuti n’zomveka ndi kupeza chigamulo choyenera. Ndiponso, kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma pa ntchito zapamwamba, kupindulitsa chilungamo chonse.
Kuthamanga ndi Kugwira Bwino Ntchito
Makhoti amagonjetsedwa. M'mayiko ambiri, kuzenga mlandu kwa boma kungatenge miyezi 18-36 kuti kukhale ndi chigamulo. Kumasulirako kungandandalitsidwe pa milungu ingapo. Nthanozozozozozozo. Kuyambira potsegulira mpaka kusainidwa zija zimatenga tsiku limodzi kapena magawo a tsiku limodzi. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kuchepa kwa mtima ndi ndalama pa maphwando ndipo zimawalola kuyambanso moyo wachibadwa ndi kugwira ntchito popanda mchira wautali wa lisigno.
Kulamulira Gulu ndi Kupeza Zotulukapo
M'kutumiza ma media, mameseji amathandiza kulinganiza zigamulo zimene zimayendera limodzi. Kumanga nyumba kumene kumasamalira nkhani zambiri panthaŵi imodzi, khalidwe la mtsogolo, makonzedwe achinsinsi, kupepesa, kapena makonzedwe a malonda ogwirizana. Woweruza ali ndi malire a kulipira ndalama kapena chithandizo cha ndalama; oimira amathandiza mapangano amene amalinganiza zinthu mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yawo yapadera. Kudzilamulira kumeneku kumawonjezera chikhutiro. Maphunziro a Komiti ya Negotiation Project [ akusonyeza kuti mapangano a a a anthaunitala apeza milingo yoposa kugonjera kwa mabwalo chifukwa chakuti magulu alingalira kukhala opangana m’mawu.
Kusunga Maunansi
Kulankhulana kumawononga. Malamulo amawononga kudalirana, kuwonjezera nkhondo, ndi kuyanjana. Kulimbana, kugogomezera kulankhulana ndi kulemekezana. M'malamulo abanja . Monga chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kapena chisamaliro cha mkulu . Kutumiza mametape kumathandiza kusunga unansi pakati pa makolo kapena ziŵalo za banja. M'makonzedwe a malonda, kungabwezeretse mayanjano a malonda, maunansi a ogulitsa, ndi kugwirizana kwa ntchito zimene zingawonongedwe ndi mlandu wa anthu.
Mmene Anadzayankhira: Kuyenda Molongosoka
Kukonzekera
Kugwirizana kogwira mtima kunayamba kalekale mamembala asanakhale pamodzi. Mbali iliyonse iyenera kusonkhanitsa mapepala oyenerera (makalata, maimelo, zolembedwa za ndalama) ndi kutchula njira yawo yabwino kwambiri yotsatizana ndi pangano (BATNA). Kudziŵa BatNA kumapereka zothandizira ndi zomveka. A Attorney kaŵirikaŵiri amathandiza ogula kukonzekera chidule cholembedwa cha mkanganowo ndi mpambo wa mayankho othekera. Mkhalapakati angapemphenso ndemanga za pasadakhale yodziŵikitsa nkhani zazikulu. Alangizi ena ali ndi misonkhano yachidule ya foni kuti akhazikitse malamulo anthauzira ndi kumasulira mawu.
Mawu Otsegulira ndi Kukonza Mlandu
Mkhalapakati amayamba mwa kufotokoza ntchitoyo, kugogomezera chinsinsi, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a maziko (opanda zododometsa, kulemekeza mawu onse). Ndiyeno aliyense akupereka ndemanga yotsegulira . kaŵirikaŵiri 5-10 mphindi . Imeneyi siikufotokoza za lamulo koma nkhani ya mkanganowo malinga ndi lingaliro lawo. Nkhoswe imamvetsera mokangalika, imatchula mfundo zazikulu, ndi kutsimikizira malingaliro popanda kutenga mbali.
Kukambitsirana Kogwirizana ndi Kufufuza Zokondweretsa
Pambuyo pa mawu otsegulira, nkhosweyo amathandiza kukambirana. Angafunse mafunso omveka bwino: “Kodi zotsatira zake zabwino zingaoneke zotani kwa inu?” kapena “Kodi n’chiyani chimene chili chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri? Kukambiranaku kumathandiza kuchotsa malo (“Ndikufuna $10,000”) kuwonjezera zinthu zimene zikusoweka ndi kutsimikizira kuti zimenezi sizichitikanso”. Mkhalapakati angafotokozenso mawu otsutsa, kutulutsa, ndi kulimbikitsa kulankhulana mwachindunji pakati pa magulu.
Maluŵa Obisika
Mwinamwake chiŵiya chofunika koposa m'kukambitsirana ndi kampasi yaumwini. Mkhalapakati amakumana mosiyana ndi chipani chilichonse (ndi loya wawo) kufufuza nkhani zamphamvu, mayeso, ndi njira zina zoyendera. Mu caucus, mamembala angalankhule momasuka za zofooka m’nkhani yawo, kachitidwe ka malingaliro, kapena kufunitsitsa kulolera. Zoyendera za univezi zimasintha kufikira pamene chigwirizano chothekera (ZoPA) chikatulukira. Kaucres ndi chinsinsi kwenikweni; mkhalapakati savumbula chidziŵitso chogaŵikana popanda chilolezo.
Kuthetsa Mavuto
Pamene zikondwerero zazindikiro zazindikiridwa, nkhoswe amathandiza zigaŵenga kukulitsa ndi kupenda zosankha. Mbali imeneyi ndi yothandiza: malingaliro amapangidwa, kutsutsidwa, ndi kuyengedwa. Mkhalapakati amasumika makambitsirano pa zothetsera zothandiza osati pa zodandaula zakale. Angathe kugwiritsira ntchito njira zofotokozera, zoyerekezera, kapena mfundo zotsimikizirika (mtengo, miyezo ya maindasitale) kupititsa patsogolo. Kuleza mtima ndi kulimbikira nkofunika; kulephera kugamula ndi kulingalira kwachibadwa.
Kuthetsa Mapanganowo
Pamene ogwirizanawo agwirizana, nkhoswe (kapena maloya awo) apanga pangano la malo. Chikalata chimenechi chiyenera kukhala chomvekera bwino, cholunjika, ndi kuphatikizapo mawu onse a zinthu zakuthupi: ndalama, madeti, machitidwe apatsogolo, makonzedwe achinsinsi, ndi zigamulo za chigamulo za nkhondo zamtsogolo. Chipanganocho chimasainidwa ndi magulu onse aŵiri ndipo chimasungidwa mwalamulo. M'malamulo ambiri, chimasungidwa m’khoti mofanana ndi pangano lina lililonse.
Mavuto Amene Ndimakumana Nawo Polankhulana ndi Ena
Mphamvu Zimalinganiza ndi Kudera Nkhaŵa m’Banja
Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya kumagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ngati zigaŵenga zili ndi mphamvu zolingana. Ngati mbali imodzi ili ndi chuma chochuluka, kuchuluka kwa malamulo, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito maganizo, njirazo zingawonetsedwe. M’zochitika zina zokhudza chiwawa cha m’banja, kusagwirizana kwa mphamvu, kapena kulephera kwa maganizo, maprogramu ambiri otetezera nkhani zimenezi ndi kufuna chitetezo monga zipinda zosiyana, ochirikiza, kapena kuletsa kuwongolera zinthu ngati kusagwirizana kwa malamulo a m’banja kuli kosakonzeka.
Kusoŵa Kotulukira ndi Kuyamba Kwalamulo
M'kutsutsana, mamembala angakakamizana kupanga zikalata ndi mayankhidwe. Kufufuza sikukupezeka . Pamene kuli kwakuti mamembala angakane tsatanetsatane wofunika, chipani chingasiye mfundo zofunika. Izi zingatsogolere ku mapangano ozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chosakwanira. Komabe, alangizi aluso amalimbikitsa kuonekera kwa, ndipo anthu amene pambuyo pake amatulukira zinthu zina zimene sanachitepo kanthu angatsutse chipanganocho pa zifukwa zachinyengo kapena zolakwika. Kuwonjezera apo, kuulutsa sikunga mwambo walamulo; mlandu uliwonse umathetsedwa, umene ungakhale wochititsa khungu kwa awo ofuna kupanga lamulo lalamulo.
Sizingayenerere Mikangano Iliyonse
Misangano ina imafunikira ulamuliro wa khoti, zigamulo zoluluza, mafunso alamulo, kapena milandu imene imafunikira chithandizo cha mwamsanga. Chigamulonso chilephera pamene chigamulo chimodzi chikhala chosafuna kukambitsirana m’chikhulupiriro chabwino kapena kugwiritsira ntchito njirayo kuchedwa. Nkhani zalamulo zapamwamba kapena milandu yokhudza chilango cha lamulo ingakhalenso yabwinopo popereka chilango. Komabe, makhoti ambiri tsopano amapereka nyumba za khoti za nyumba zambiri zimene zili ndi malo oyamba kuima, ndi kutumiza mauthenga monga chothandizira.
Ziyeneretso za Nkhoswe ndi Miyezo Yake
Luso la nkhoswe limayambukira kwambiri zotsatirapo. Ngakhale kuti ziyeneretso zaukatswiri zimasiyana, otsogolera ambiri aluso amamaliza maprogramu ophunzitsa (m’chitsanzo, 40 wa maola a maphunziro aakulu a zofalitsa) ndi kumamatira ku malamulo a makhalidwe monga Miyezo ya Kusamala kwa Alamulire (ovomerezedwa ndi Aba, AA, ndi ACR). Miyezo imeneyi imabisa uchetechete, kusunga chinsinsi, kuvomereza kozindikira, ndi kusakondera. Mayiko ambiri amafuna kuti aimiri ayang'anire a bwalo lamilandu. Pangano ayenera kuyang'anira nkhani zaluso (g., banja, ntchito, ntchito) ndi kalembedwe kamodzi.
Njira Zina Zosagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pogawa Chigamulo
Mediction imayerekezeredwa ndi njira ina yotchuka ya ADR. M'zochitika, woimira boma amamva umboni ndi kupanga chosankha choyenera. Mediation siimamatiza pokhapokha ngati pangano lafikiridwa. Kusintha ndi kuwonjezera, kufanana ndi kuyesa kwa munthu. Njira zina zimaphatikizapo malamulo othandiza (mabungwe ndi maloya amadzipereka kukhazikika popanda kugawidwa), kuyang'anira kwa uchete, ndi kuyang'anira gulu laling'ono. Mediation imasunga gulu lapadera popereka kusinthika ndi kusunga chinsinsi.
| Method | Type | Outcome | Control |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mediation | Facilitative | Negotiated agreement | High (parties) |
| Arbitration | Adjudicative | Binding award | Low (arbitrator) |
| Collaborative law | Interest-based | Settlement contract | High (parties with counsel) |
| Litigation | Adversarial | Court judgment | None (judge/jury) |
Malangizo Othandiza Posankha Nkhani
- Konzekerani bwino. Chindikirani zimene mumakonda, BATNA yanu, ndi mfundo za nkhaniyo. Agaŵaniponi zikalata zofunika pasadakhale.
- Sankhani nkhoswe yoyenera. funafunani munthu wina wokhala ndi luso la mutu ndi sitayelo yogwirizana ndi zosoŵa zanu (mavs. a spritified).
- Bwera ndi maganizo otseguka. Kumasulira kuli ndi vuto, osati kupambana. Khalani wofunitsitsa kumvetsera ndi kufufuza njira zopangira zinthu.
- Opanga chosankha choloŵetsedwamo. tsimikizira kuti munthu wokhala ndi ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa alipo kapena akupezeka pa telefoni.
- Kusintha maganizo. [[FLT: 1] Kulankhula kungakhale kokhudza mtima. Vomerezani malingaliro koma sumika maganizo pa kuyang’ana kutsogolo.
- Muipeze m'kalata. Tsimikizira kuti pangano lililonse latsatiridwa kukhala chikalata chosainidwa, chovomerezeka musanachoke.
Tsogolo la Kuloŵerera m’Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni
Chikhoterero cha kuulutsa chikupitiriza. Mabungwe otsutsana achititsa kuti mapulatifomu athe kukhazikitsa njira zothandizira anthu amtengo waung'ono ndi kutsutsana kwa mzera wotsika. Luntha lopanga tsopano limathandiza oimira mwa kupenda njira zokambirana ndi kupereka mawu othekera. Masukulu ambiri tsopano akupereka zipatala zothandizira kukhazikitsa, ndi chiŵerengero chomalamulira chimene chikukula cha maulamuliro ofuna kuphunzitsidwa kwa maloya atsopano. Pamene makhoti ayamba kukhala ochirikiza chuma chochuluka ndi zipani zofuna chilungamo mofulumira, chilungamo chotsika, chidzakhala maziko okulira ku malamulo a anthu padziko lonse. [[FLT:] Mitundu ina ya United Nations yazindikira kufunika kwa ADR pofikira kufika pa kuima kotsatira yogwirizana yogwirizana yogwirizana yogwirizana ndi Decrolansikirapo yogwirizana.
Kumaliza
Mediation ili ndi malo ofunika kwambiri m'malamulo a boma, kupereka njira imene siilimbana kwambiri, yothandiza kwambiri, ndipo yothandiza kwambiri kuposa kutchuka. Mwa kuyang'ana kwambiri pa zofuna zawo mmalo mwa ufulu, kusunga maunansi, ndi kupatsa mphamvu zopangira mayanjano, kukambirana zochititsa nkhondo mmalo mwa kungolanga mbali imodzi. Ngakhale kuti siiyenera njira iliyonse, mapindu ake a ndalama, liŵiro, kusunga, ndi kulamulira, imapanga chida chofunika kwambiri kwa anthu, makampani, ndi madongosolo a zamalamulo. Pamene ntchito yalamulo ikupitirizabe kukonza, mbali ya kutumiza idzakhala yaikulu, ikupitirizabe, kupitiriza chilungamo chimene chimathetsa chigamulo mwa mphamvu ya chiweruzo koma mwa mphamvu ya kukambitsirana.