Maboma amatumikira monga otetezera zinthu zachilengedwe za dzikolo, akumapereka ulamuliro waukulu wokhazikitsa malamulo amene amayambukira mwachindunji mkhalidwe wa mpweya, kuyera kwa madzi, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe a boma onga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) amakhazikitsa malamulo a dziko, ndi maboma amene amagwirizanitsa malamulo ameneŵa ndi malo awo apadera, chuma, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kuyambira pa zolinga za nyengo zapadera za California mpaka pa kulinganiza kwa malo ochitirako upainiya, makompyuta a democracy ya democracy atulutsa mathekishoni otchuka a kukonzanso zachilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mbali yaikulu ya boma m'dziko potetezera malo okhalako, kufufuza maziko awo alamulo, malamulo awo, malamulo, zogwirizana, zoyesayesa zogwirizana, zitokosokosokosokoso, ndi malangizo a mtsogolo.

Maziko a Malamulo ndi Malamulo a Mchitidwe wa Boma wa Kusamalira Malo Okhala

Boma limapeza ulamuliro wawo wa malo okhala ponse paŵiri kuchokera ku malamulo a U.S. ndi malamulo awo a boma. Mgwirizano wa Tenth Amendment usungire ku maboma onse amene sapatsidwa mwachindunji ku boma, kuphatikizapo “mphamvu ya boma” kutetezera thanzi la anthu, chisungiko, ndi ubwino. Mphamvu za apolisi zimenezi zamasuliridwa mokulira kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma a kuipitsa, kuchotsa zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi kukula kwa dziko. Kuwonjezera apo, malamulo a boma ambiri amaphatikizapo ufulu kapena malangizo omveka bwino. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo la Pennsylvania limalengeza kuti “anthu ali ndi ufulu wa ku mpweya woyera, madzi oyera, ndi kusungidwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, mbiri yakale ndi kusungidwa kwa malo okhalako. Makonzedwe olimbitsa maziko alamulo a boma a mkhalidwe wa mkhalidwe.

Malamulo a chilengedwe kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa dongosolo la mgwirizano wa boma, kumene maboma amapatsidwa thayo loyamba la kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko. Ceaner Air Act, The Cleena Water Act, ndi Resource Conservation and Recovery Act zonse zimalola maboma kuvomereza “chilamulo” kulola, kuyang'anira, ndi kusungitsa, pogaŵira maprogramu awo kuti akumane kapena apitirire kuposa malamulo a boma. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amapanga kusinthika kotsimikizirika pamene akutsimikizira mlingo wa maziko wa chitetezo m'dziko lonselo. Komabe, akuti akufuna kutengera miyezo ina yowonjezereka yapamwamba [1] monga malamulo a California monga kutulutsa malamulo opimira ku EPA, njira imene yakhala yowonjezereka.

Malo Ofunika Kwambiri a Boma ndi Kachitidwe ka Boma

Maboma amathandiza kuti malo oteteza zachilengedwe azipezeka m’madera osiyanasiyana.

Kusamalira Mpweya Wabwino

Pansi pa Desease Air Act, maboma ali ndi thayo la kuwongolera Makonzedwe a Boma (SIPS) kuti adziŵe mmene adzafikira ndi kusungilira miyezo ya National Air Servetuty Direct (NAAQS). Maboma amayang'anira zoipitsa mpweya zonga owononga zonga opatsirana, ndi sulfur dioxide, ndipo amalamulira kutulutsa mpweya kuchokera ku zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu monga mafakitale ndi mafakitale. Maboma ena amapyola pa miyezo ya boma mwa kutengera miyezo yamphamvu ya galimoto ya mchira wa mchira wamphamvu. California, mwachitsanzo, yakhala ndi malo apadera oikapo miyezo yake yoyendera yoyendera mpweya pansi pa kuyera kwa mphepo, ndi sulfurea, ndipo mayiko ena ali ndi njira zotengera miyezo ya California. Pa 2025, maiko ambiri osankhidwa kutsatira miyezo yoyendetsedwa ya ku California.

Madzi Abwino Ndiponso Chitetezo Chozimiririka

Maboma amachita mbali yaikulu m'kutetezera madzi akumwa, mitsinje, nyanja, ndi madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Amakhazikitsa njira za madzi zabwino, amalola kutuluka pansi pa National Pollutient Dispective Indevation System (NDES), ndi kuyang'anira maprogramu oletsa kuipitsa kosaikidwa ndi malo a ulimi ndi mizinda. Maboma amayang'aniranso zitsime za pansi pa nthaka zimene zingayambukire madzi a pansi panthaka. M'chigawo chachikulu cha nyanja, mayiko asanu ndi atatu ogwirizana ndi nyanja zazikulu za nyanja ndi kuchepetsa mgwirizano ndi kuipitsa.

Kusamalira Zakudya ndi Zogwiritsa Ntchito Mosasamala

Maboma amalamulira kutaya zinyalala zolimba ndi zangozi, kuyambira pa kudzaza kwa makampani mpaka ku makampani. Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa ntchito yofuna kubwezeretsa ndi kuchepetsako zinyalala. Mwachitsanzo, SB 54 (2022) S California ikufuna kuti pepala lonse la chakudya ndi ntchito zonse zothandizira kuti zikhale zotha kuwonongeka kapena zotha kutayidwa ndi 2032, ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa mapulasitiki pa 65% ya zinyalala zapulasitiki. Kuyendetsa kwa deseastec Polic ndi Recy Modernmentation Act kumasintha mtengo wa kukonzanso makampani ndi kuwonjezera njira za kukonzanso mautumiki anthaŵi zonse. Maboma amayang'aniranso maprogramumboni oopsa, kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira ulamuliro wa EPA pansi pa Deservation ndi Revice Active Act. Kuyendetsa ntchito ya magetsi (imposo) ndi malo ena owonjezera a boma, ndi malamulo 25 a Colity anakhazikitsa.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo ndi Kuwateteza

Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito malo kwakhala kolinganizidwa bwino m'madera akumeneko, maboma akusintha kwambiri njira zoyendetsera ntchito zauyang'anira, kuteteza malo, ndi kuteteza malo. Kampani ya Oregon ya 1973 Bill 100 inapanga dongosolo la boma lonse lomwe limafuna kuti mzinda uliwonse ndi dera lililonse likhale ndi zolinga zogwirizana ndi zigawo 19 za dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo kuteteza munda ndi nkhalango. Dongosolo limeneli lakhala likusungidwa chifukwa cha kuletsa mizinda ndi kuteteza malo achilengedwe. Maboma ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera zachilengedwe, kudalirana, ndiponso kukhazikitsa mapangano kuti apeze mayiko okhudzidwa ndi zachilengedwe. Florida, mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu ya Florida yateteza malo achilengedwe oposa mahekita 800,000 kuchokera mu 2001.

Kupereka Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala Pansi pa Boma

Kuteteza malo okhala kopindulitsa kumafuna ndalama zoperekedwa. Mayiko amapanga ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ndalama zothandizira kuipitsa, misonkho yochotsera zinyalala, ndi njira zoperekera ndalama. Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa ndalama zosungira malo okhala zimene zimathandizira kuteteza ndi kukonzanso zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, Texas Egicts Projects Pulan imagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zochokera ku zinthu zotulutsa kulipira ndalama zothandizira kuyeretsa magalimoto ndi zipangizo zoyendetsera zinthu. Kuwonjezera apo, mayiko amalandira chithandizo chachikulu cha boma kudzera m'maprogramumboni onga Cean Water Revoifiter Fund , zimene zimapereka ndalama zochepetsera ndalama zowonongera katundu wa madzi. M'chaka cha 2023, ndalama zoikizidwa zoposa $1. [2,5,000,000] ku mayiko amagwiritsiranso ntchito ndalama zopereka msonkho monga zongopeka zobwezetsera mphamvu zothandizira kukonza ndi kukonzanso ndalama zamagetsi kuti akonzere ndalama.

Kugwirizana ndi Zoyesayesa Zamitundu Yosiyanasiyana

Mavuto a malo okhala samalemekeza kwambiri malire a boma, kupanga mgwirizano wa mayiko. Mayiko amapanga mgwirizano wa chigawo, magulu a ntchito, ndi mapangano aufulu kuti athetse mavuto. Chigawo cha Greenhouse Gastinitie (RGGI) ndi chitsanzo chotchuka: 11 ku Northern East ndi Mid-Atlantic mayiko agwirizana kuchotsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide kuchokera ku makampani a mphamvu ndi malonda, kuyambitsa ndalama zothandizira, kuwonjezera ndalama zokwana madola 5 biliyoni m'magawo amene a mphamvu ndi kukonzanso mphamvu. Mofananamo, Western Climate Initive imaphatikizapo California, Quebec, ndi anzake ena m'programunitsidwe ya kape ndi makampani ena. Boma agwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma monga EPA, National Ocean Ocean and Atmosferacy (A), ndi US Wilvidevidefic, ndi ntchito ya ku chigawo chakunja, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwa makampani, ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu, kuti ayendetsere bwino, ndiponso kuti athandize ndi kuthandizira kuthandizira kuchepetsa mphamvu, madera, madera.

Mavuto Olimbana ndi Zoyesayesa za Boma za Kumalo Okhala

Ngakhale kuti maboma ali ndi udindo waukulu, amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri poteteza chilengedwe.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kusiyana kwa Zinthu

Mabungwe ambiri a boma a malo okhala sawasunga bwino ndipo sakugwira ntchito, amachepetsa luso lawo la kuyendera malo, kuonetsetsa malamulo, ndi kupereka chithandizo cha makampani. Kuchepetsa ndalama panyengo ya zachuma kungatsogolere ku kulemba malo ozizira ndi ndalama zochepetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Texas Commission on Environmental Security linaona kuti masamu ake oyendera malo akutsika pakati pa 12% ndi 2020, ngakhale pamene anthu a boma ndi maindasitale akuwonjezeka. Kulephera kumeneku kungayambitse kutsa mapulogalamu a chilo, kuchedwa kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuyendera kobwereza kawiri.

Zopinga za Ndale ndi Malamulo

Malamulo a boma angapereke malamulo amene amathetsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri a boma, monga kuletsa matumba apulasitiki kapena ziletso za mafuta ndi gasi. Kuwonjezera apo, makhoti ochokera ku magulu a maindasitale ndi anthu ochirikiza katundu angachedwe kapena kusokoneza malamulo. Kusintha kwa makampani a boma kungayambitsenso kusakhazikika: pamene boma likusintha malamulo a malo okhala, likufuna kusunga miyezo yokhwima kwambiri ingayang'anizane ndi mavuto alamulo kwa olamulira awo. “kuphwanya malamulo a boma ndi kuyendetsa katundu wa munthuwekha kumakhala koonekera kwambiri makamaka m’mabwalo la dziko lapansili.

Sayansi Imasintha Zinthu Mwamsanga

Opanga malamulo a boma ayenera kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa sayansi yabwino kwambiri yomwe ilipo, koma mipata ya chidziŵitso, kubuka kwa zinthu zosinthasintha kwa nyengo, ndi ziyambukiro zowonjezereka za kusintha kwa nyengo zimavuta kulinganiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zapamadzi ndi polyfluoralkyl (PAS) zapezedwa m'madzi kuzungulira dziko lonse, koma miyezo ya madzi akumwa yapamwamba imasiyanasiyana, ndipo kusintha kwa thanzi kwa zinthu zambiri zimenezi kukuphunziridwabe. Momwemo, njira za kusintha kwa nyengo ziyenera kuchititsa kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonjezereka kwa nyanja, kutentha, ndi zochitika zanyengo yowopsa. Maboma onga North Carolina ndi Florida apanga mokulira mayendedwe a kukonzanso, koma kusintha kwa kawirika kwa makampani a kuyenderaneku

Kuyambanso kwa Boma Loyamba: Kufufuza za Maseŵero

Maboma ambiri ayamba kutsogolera pa kuteteza malo, kuyambitsa mapulogalamu atsopano amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zitsanzo kwa ena.

Kuchira kwa Salmon ndi Kutetezeredwa ndi Orca ya Washington

Washington Boma lachita njira yokwanira yopezeranso chiŵerengero cha nsomba za salmon zokhala pangozi ndi anamgumi a ku Southern Resident omwe amadalira pa izo. Gavana wa Salmon Recovery Office amagwirizanitsa zoyesayesa kudutsa magulu ambiri a boma, mitundu, ndi maboma anzake. Kuthandiza kuti dziko likonzetse malo okhala, kuchotsa, ndi kusintha kwatsopano kwaposa $1 biliyoni kuyambira 2020. Kuwonjezera apo, Washington anakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima pa zoyendera zombo ndi phokoso pafupi ndi macas, ndipo analetsa kupha nsomba za salmon m'madera ena kuti atetezere nsomba za m'madzi.

Cholinga Chomanganso Mphamvu ku Hawaii cha 100%

Hawaii yakhazikitsa imodzi ya miyezo yamphamvu kwambiri yoyendera magetsi otereŵa m'dzikolo: 100% magetsi okonzedwanso mu 2045. Kudalira kwambiri kwa dziko ndi mafuta otengedwa kunja kunasonkhezera njira imeneyi, yomwe yasonkhezera kugwiritsa ntchito dzuwa, mphepo, ndi ma geomet . Kuyambira 2023, Hawaii inatenga 30% ya magetsi ake kuchokera ku zobwezeretsedwa, ndipo boma likupitirizabe kuphatikiza bhetria ndi luso lapamwamba la zopangapanga. Hawaii State Ener Office imapereka chithandizo cha zopanga magetsi ndi kuchirikiza ntchito za magetsi a magetsi a magetsi a magetsi a magetsi a m'dera lonse.

Programu ya Zero - Eact of Colorado Vehicle (ZEV)

Colorado anatsatira miyezo ya ZEV mu 2020, kukakamiza opanga galimoto kugulitsa chigawo chowonjezereka cha magalimoto amagetsi m'boma. Programu imeneyi imalingana ndi ngongole za boma za $5,000 za ndalama zatsopano zogulira zinthu ndi zoikizira ndalama zoyendetsera. Colorado inaperekanso $75 miliyoni kuchokera ku malo a Volkswagen diesel kuti agulitse mabasi amagetsi ndi malole olemera. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kwathandiza boma kukwaniritsa limodzi la ndalama zapamwamba kwambiri za REV m'dzikolo, ndi maAEV oposa 100,000 olembetsedwa podzafika kuchiyambiyambiyambiyambiyambiyambiyambiyambi kwa 2024.

Kutengamo Mbali kwa Onse ndi Chilungamo cha Malo Okhala

Malamulo a boma opindulitsa a zachilengedwe akudalira kwambiri pa kuvomerezana kwatanthauzo ndi anthu okhudzidwa, makamaka aja amene akhala akukhudzidwa ndi kuipitsa kwakukulu. Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa maofesi a malo okhala (EJ) kapena mabungwe olimbikitsa kutsimikizira kuti kuchepa kwa ndalama zopezedwa ndi anthu ochepa sakuiwalidwa polola ndi kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu ziyendetsedwe bwino. Mwachitsanzo, ku New York ku Climate Leadership ndi Community Protection Protection Act kumaphatikizapo kudzipereka kuti apereke 35% ya mphamvu zoyera ku madera osauka. Mayiko akugwiritsanso ntchito zipangizo ngati kupenda kuwonjezera kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, zimene zimalingalira zochokera magwero ambiri ndi za zachuma poyang'anira zilo zatsopano. Zochita za , monga maprogramungwe a za chigawo cha m'mlengalenga ndi ntchito za chakudya za kumalo osungirako, zikugwirizanitsidwa m'ka za boma, akuthandizira kuyendetsa ntchito ya boma, popanga ntchito yopanga malo a anthu.

Tsogolo la Maulamuliro a Boma a Zachilengedwe

Kusintha kwa zinthu kungachititse kuti zinthu zambiri zisinthe m’zaka 10 zikubwerazi.

  • Ziŵiya za technology Innovation: Maboma akufufuza kugwiritsira ntchito ziyambukiro zapamwamba, kuyang'anira masetilaiti, ndi luntha lopanga kuti alondole kuipitsa, kukakamiza, ndi kulinganiza malo okhala. Ziŵiya zimenezi zingathandize mabungwe a boma kugonjetsa zopinga ndi kuwongolera kulondola kwa zofufuza za malo okhala.
  • Kusintha ndi Kusintha kwa nyengo kukulirakulira [1] Kuchokera ku madera akumadzulo kukafika ku madera a ku Southeast , maiko adzafunikira kuwonjezera mphamvu ya zinthu, kukonzanso zachilengedwe, ndi kukonzekera kwa maofesi a boma ndi mapulani osintha zinthu akufalikira.
  • Kusintha kwa malamulo: Madziko angayese njira zozikidwa pa msika, zonga maprogramu a kaboni ndi a m'mitengo ya kaboni, malonda a madzi abwino, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. Njira zimenezi zingafikire zonulirapo za malo okhala pamtengo wotsika pamene zikuthandiza kuti zinthu zoyendetsedwa zisinthe.
  • Cross-Border ndi Collanttion ya International : Zitokoso za malo okhala zonga kuipitsa mpweya, kusoŵa kwa madzi, ndi kusamuka kwa nyama sikumathera pa madera a boma / kapena malire a maiko. Maboma adzagwirizana mowonjezereka ndi maulamuliro apafupi ndipo ngakhale maboma akunja pa mavuto ofanana. Mgwirizano wa Climate, umene umaphatikizapo akazembe 24 odzipereka ku zifuno za Pangano la Paris, ndi chitsanzo cha mkhalidwe umenewu.

Maboma ali ofunikira kwambiri pa nkhondo yotetezera malo okhala. Mwakugwirizanitsa kwawo mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, ulamuliro wawo wa kukhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana, ndi kukhoza kwawo kuyesa ndi njira zatsopano zothetsera zimawapangitsa kukhala malaboratori a democracy ya malo osungirako zinthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto onga ngati kulephera kwa bajeti, chitsutso cha ndale zadziko, ndi kusatsimikizirika kwa sayansi zikupitirizabe, mbiri ya boma ndiyo imodzi ya luso ndi kutsimikiza. Mwakulimbitsa malamulo a boma, kusungitsa ntchito, kugwirizanitsa ntchito, kugawana, ndi kulumikizana malire, maboma angapitirizebe kutsogolera ku njira yochirikiza kukhazikika ndi yolimba kwambiri mtsogolo. Nzika zimene zimasamalira chuma chachilengedwe cha mibadwo ikubwera zingachite bwino kuchirikiza ndi kuyang'anira malamulo a boma awo a malo okhalako, popuma, madzi, ndi dziko limene tikukhalamo.