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Mbali ya Mabungwe Ochirikiza Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Pochirikiza Malamulo a Malamulo a Pangano Labwino Lachisanu
Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu, chomwe chinasainidwa pa 10 April 1998, chimaonedwa mofala kukhala chipambano chochititsa chidwi m'chigamulo cha nkhondo ya Northern Ireland. Chinatha zaka makumi atatu a nkhondo yachiwawa ya magulu ampatuko yodziŵika monga Mavuto ndi kukhazikitsa maziko a mphamvu, kulingana, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukambirana zandale ndi kukambirana kwa mayiko kunali kofunika, kupambana kwa chigwirizanoko kunadalira kwambiri pa zaka makumi makumi ambiri za maziko okhazikitsidwa ndi magulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mabungwe ameneŵa sanangotulukira m’ma 1990; anabuka m'kangano ndi kusagwirizana kumene kunayambitsa nkhondo. Mwakusonkhezera ufulu wofanana, wosamenyana, ndi kutsutsana, ndi kukambirana kophatikiza, mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu, kuyambitsa mikhalidwe yabwino pa Lachisanu kuyambitsa mizukulu. Nkhaniyi inayi inafufuza mbali yovuta yokhudza ntchito yopanga chigwirizano cha malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a boma.
Zimene Zinali Kuchitika pa Lachisanu
Mavuto, amene anabuka kumapeto kwa ma 1960, anakula chifukwa cha kutsutsana kwa nthaŵi yaitali pa malamulo a boma ku Northern Ireland. Ogwirizana ambiri, makamaka Aprotestanti, anafuna kukhalabe mbali ya United Kingdom, pamene kuli kwakuti atsamunda a dziko, makamaka Akatolika, anafuna kugwirizanitsa Ireland. Kugaŵana kumeneku kunakula ndi kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko ndi Akatolika m’nyumba, ntchito, ndi ufulu wosankha. Magulu ankhondo kumbali zonse ziŵiri zogwirizana m'mabomba, kuwomberana, ndi kuphana kwa magaŵano ampatuko, kochititsa imfa zoposa 3,500. Pofika zaka za 1990, msanganizo za nkhondo, kusoŵa kwa ndale, ndi chitsenderezo cha mitundu yonse (ku United States, European Union, ndi zina) zinapanga mpata wa kukambirana kwa mtendere. Kugwirizana kwa Pachisanu ndi kufalikira kwa anthu ambiri kugawombananso kugawana kwa boma la Northern Ireland, ndi kukanagwirizana kwa ufulu wa dziko lonse, popanda ufulu wa dziko lonse, ndi ufulu wa dziko la Ireland, kuphatikiza pa ufulu wa dziko la Ireland, ndi ufulu wa mayiko, kuwonjezera wa mayiko, kuphatikiza pa ufulu wa mayiko.
Kubuka kwa Magulu Omenyera Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni Kumpoto kwa Ireland
Gulu la ufulu wa anthu ku Northern Ireland silinakhale m’chinthu chopanda pake. Mouziridwa ndi bungwe la ku Africa la ufulu wachibadwidwe lomenyera nkhondo ku United States ndi dziko lonse lolimbana ndi maboma, ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu kumapeto kwa 1960 anayamba kulinganiza kutsutsana ndi dongosolo la kupulupudza limene Akatolika anali kusoŵa. Northern Ireland Civil Rights Rights Association (NIRA), yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1967, inakhala gulu lotsogolera. NICRA inafuna “munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi” (boma lakomwelo linalo linapereka mavoti a oloŵa malonda ndi kuchotsa Akatolika ambiri), mapeto a kuyendetsa malamulo a boma, kugawiridwa kwa anthu onse, ndi kusankhidwa kwa anthu opatula ntchito. Zombo zawo, zinaphatikizapo kuyendayenda, ndi kugawa kwawo, ndi kulephera kwawo, ndi kutsutsa kwa anthu ena omwe sanali andale.
Kuimba Mlandu ndi Chiyambukiro Chawo
Ulendo wa 1968 kuchokera ku Coalisland ku Dunganon, ndi ulendo wotsatira wa Derry pa 5 October 1968, unatha. Ulendo wa October unatsekerezedwa mwankhanza ndi Royal Ulster Ustabulally , ndi zigawenga ndi madzi. Wailesi yachiwawa youlutsidwa padziko lonse. Nthaŵi zambiri chochitikacho chimatchulidwa monga chiyambi cha Mavuto, pamene chinavumbula mphamvu ya boma ya kupondereza ndi kukulitsa mkwiyo wa dziko. Zigaŵenga zina zazikulu zinaphatikizapo kubisa Bridge Bulo la Bulo mu January 1969, kumene okhulupirika anaukira Nicras pamene apolisi anali kumbali, ndi “mkupiti wa ufulu wa dzikolo umene unatsogolera ku Nkhondo ya Bogn mu August 1969. Zidazo zina za kuloŵerera m'dziko la Britain, kuukira nkhondo ndi kuukira nkhondo. Komabe, kuukira nkhondo, kunatsogoleranso nkhondo.
Kugwirizanitsa Magulu Amitundu Yonse Otakata
Chipani cha ku Northern Ireland cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chinali mbali ya kachitidwe ka ka kachitidwe ka ufulu wa anthu mu 1960. Atekitivi anatengera chinenero cha ufulu wa anthu ndi kutenga mbali m'mabungwe a mitundu yonse. Mwachitsanzo, atsogoleri ambiri anapezeka pa misonkhano yokhudza ufulu wa anthu, ndipo bungwe la United States lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe linapereka chitsanzo champhamvu ndi chenjera. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuvomereza zofuna za gululo ndi kukopa kuchirikiza ufulu wa dziko la Ireland ndi maboma achilendo. Gululo linagawananso ndi kuukirana ndi kuukirana kwa anthu ndi kutsutsana kwa mayanjano. Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la chigwirizano cha dziko ndi boma la Britain linaona zofuna za dziko kukhala chipandukiro pa boma, ufulu wa anthu wa kulinganiza ndi chilungamo china china china chapatukirana pa nkhondo yachipembedzo ndi ufulu waufulumikhalidwe waufulu wa anthu.
Mfundo za Malamulo za Pangano Labwino Lachisanu Logwirizana ndi Magulu Omenyera Ufulu wa Anthu
Good Lachisanu Agreement imavomereza poyera malamulo angapo amene ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe anachirikiza kwa zaka makumi ambiri. ameneŵa amaphatikizapo kulingana kwa mwaŵi, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuloŵerera m’zandale. Chipanganocho chinayambitsa Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, Exaficity Commission, ndi Bill of Rights stateault .
Kulingana ndi Kusagwirizana
Chikalata chapadera cha panganolo ndicho “kusiyanitsa ulemu” ndi kufanana kwa anthu onse aŵiri. Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe linatsutsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti tsankho m'nyumba ndi ntchito ndilo gwero la nkhondo. Chipangano cha 75 cha Northern Ireland Act 1998 chimaika lamulo lokhudza anthu onse kuti alimbitse mwayi ndi maunansi abwino. Zimenezi zimatembenuza malamulo a gululo. Popanda kupitiriza kukhazikitsa ufulu wa Nicra, Mkupiti wa Social Justice, ndi magulu ena, sizingachitike kuti makonzedwe audindo audindo audindo audindo laudindowo aukhondolo.
Kuteteza Ufulu wa Anthu
Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Good Lachisanu chinapanga nyumba ya ufulu wa anthu yomwe inalibe ku Northern Ireland. Inalamula Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland (ngakhale kuti sinachitepo pangano) ndi kulimbikitsa pangano la European Convention on Human Rights m’boma. Magulu a ufulu wa anthu adapanga kampeni kwa zaka zambiri yolimbana ndi kuzemba mlandu kwa ajuli, kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wosazengedwa (kuimbidwa mlandu mu 1971), ndi malamulo a zachitetezo a zachitetezo. Umboni wawo ndi kukhazikitsa kwawo ufulu wa nzika zinali chigamulo chothandizira kukakamiza kuti ufulu wa anthu ukhale wofunika kwambiri kuti ufulu wa anthu ukhale wachikhalire. Mabungwe opanga zikalata zoyenderaposerapo za ufulu wa anthu monga bungwe la Northern Ireland Loust Human Rights Commis ndi Oundman Oundmans .
Kugwirizana ndi Ndale zadziko ndi Kuchirikiza Mphamvu
Chikalata cha lamulo cha panganolo . Chikalatacho chinkalimbikitsa anthu kuti asinthe n'kukhala ndi ufulu wa dzikolo. Atsogoleri a ufulu wa anthu, amene kaŵirikaŵiri anachokera ku malo andale omwe samenyana ndi anthu ndiponso kutsalira, omwe anapitidwa kuti agwirizane ndi anthu andale omwe aphatikizapo anthu onse. Kugogomezera kwa gululi kukambirana m’malo mwa chiwawa kunachititsa kuti anthu agwirizane ndi boma (monga Sinn Féin) ndi odalirika mofanana. Ndiponso, akuluakulu a boma, ndi mgwirizano wa malamulo, adakonzedwa kuti atetezere “okhazikana a anthu ambiri amene anali atachotsa ochirikiza dziko. Makonzedwewa athandiza kuti azikhala ndi ufulu wa anthu ogwirizana. Makonzedwewa athandize kukambirana ndi boma kuti azikhala ndi ufulu woimira anthu ndi wochita nawo zinthu zabwino.
Kugwirizana ndi Unansi wa Anthu
Kupyola pa malamulo ndi zandale, gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe linalimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha kuyanjanitsa. Ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe ambiri anagwira ntchito yokonza njira zoyendera chigawo chimodzi, kukhazikitsa chikhulupiriro pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotesitanti. Magulu onga a Mtendere (oyambitsidwa ndi Maired Corrigan ndi Betty Williams mu 1976, amene anapambana Nobel Peace Prize) ndi mabungwe ena otsatira monga Corrymeela Community inapititsa patsogolo kukambirana ndi kuchiritsa. Good Wearday Agreption imaphatikizapo makonzedwe a ufulu wa anthu, maphunziro ogwirizana, ndi kulingana kwa zinenero (Irish ndi Ulster-Scots), zonse zimene zimasonyeza ntchito yaitali ya ufulu wa anthu wochirikiza kukonzanso makhalidwe.
Kuyenera kwa Nzika pa Kachitidwe ka Mtendere
Pamene kuli kwakuti kukambitsirana kwa mtendere kwa ma 1990 kunaphatikizapo zipani za ndale zadziko, maziko anayalidwa ndi zaka makumi ambiri za kuchita zinthu kwa chitaganya cha anthu. Njira za gululo zinapereka chiwawa choloŵa mmalo mwa chiwawa cha asilikali, kusonyeza kuti kusintha kungafikiridwe mwa kutsutsa ndi kukambirana. Ngakhale mkati mwa nyengo zovuta kwambiri za Mavuto, mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe anasungabe lingaliro la chitaganya chachilungamo ndi chosagaŵana. Analemba za nkhanza, anakhazikitsa mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga United Nations ndi Council of Europe, ndi kupanga mapangano ndi mapangano a zamalonda, matchalitchi, ndi masukulu.
Munthu Aliyense Payekha ndi Mathayo Ake
Ziŵerengero zonga John Hume, yemwe anakhazikitsa chipani cha Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), adachokera mwachindunji ku gulu la ufulu wa anthu. Utsogoleri wa Hume ku SDLP ndi ntchito yake yosatopa pomanga milatho ndi maboma onse aŵiri a Britain ndi Ireland, komanso United States, anali kutsutsa kuti nkhondoyo sinali yokhudzana ndi zidani zakale koma ufulu, ndi kuti njira yandale iyenera kulongosola kusalingana kwa anthu. Mphoto yake ya mtendere mu 1998 (yogwirizana ndi David Trimble) inali yodziŵika ndi ufulu wa anthu. Olimbana nawo ena, monga Bernadette Declin (Mlikey), anatulukiranso kuchokera ku ku kutsutsa kwa 1960 ndi kutsutsa kwa anthu ena, ngakhale kuti chilungamo chinakhalabe chotchuka.
Ntchito ya Magulu a Akazi
Akazi anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndiponso njira yamtendere. Ku Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition (NIWC), komwe kunakhazikitsidwa mu 1996, kunali gulu la anthu ogwirizana omwe anamenyera ufulu wa akazi ndi kuphatikizidwa m’nkhani. Mamembala ake ambiri anali ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chichirikizo ndi Kukhazikika kwa Mitundu Yonse
Gululi linagwirizanitsanso mgwirizano wa mayiko. Irish America, yomwe inalinganizidwa kudzera m'magulu monga Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) ndipo pambuyo pake kudzera mwa akuluakulu a Clinton, inakakamiza boma la Britain kukambirana. Woyang'anira kampani ya United States George Mitchell, amene anatsogolera nkhanizo, adasonkhezeredwa ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mabungwe a European Union ndi maprogramu a mtendere anapereka ndalama za ntchito zoyendera kudutsa chigawo, zomwe kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi magulu a anthu. Zimenezi zikuchirikiza gulu lakunja ndi kutsimikizira kuti Chipangano Chabwino chinaphatikizapo ufulu wa anthu ndi kulingana kwa anthu.
Zimene Anasiya Ndiponso Zimene Zikupitirizabe
Zaka makumi aŵiri ndi zisanu pambuyo pa Good Wear Adventive Adventive , choloŵa cha bungwe la ufulu wachibadwidwe chikukhalabe. Mabungwe amene anamenyera ntchito . Bungwe la Kuyenera kwa Ufulu wa Anthu, Commission ya Police Ombudsman, ndi ntchito yapolisi yokonzedwanso (Mautumiki a Apolisi a ku Northern Ireland, amene analoŵa mmalo mwa Rupt ). Komabe, zitokoso zikupitiriza. Chipangano cha Bill of Rights Commontion, chidakali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira, ndipo makonzedwe ena a chinenero ndi chikhalidwe adakali audani. Mabungwe a ufulu wa Chigawo monga Komiti ya Kuyang'anira Ufulumo wa Chilungamo (CA) ndi Northern Ireland Commistion Congrest Human Rights Commis (A) akupitirizabe kuchirikiza mfundo zonse ndi kutsutsa ufulu uliwonse wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu.
Magaŵano a Timagulu ndi Kufunika kwa Kupitiriza Kuchita Chipembedzo
Ngakhale kuti pali mtendere, Northern Ireland idakali yogaŵanika kwambiri chifukwa cha magulu ampatuko. Nyumba zopatulidwa, maphunziro, ndi malo a chikhalidwe cha anthu zikupitirizabe. Magulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe adakali ntchito yothandiza kwambiri. Magulu atsopano ayamba, monga aja olimbikitsa ufulu wa ukwati (wokhala ndi ufulu mu 2020) ndiponso ufulu wa anthu a mafuko ochepa ndi osamukira m’mayiko ena. Magulu ameneŵa amakopa anthu ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zofanana ndi zimene anawa anakhazikitsa. Makhalidwe a bungwe la Good Lachisanu Revision amasonyeza kuti ufulu suyenera kusungidwa kosatha; iwo amafuna kuyang'anira ndi kuchita zinthu.
Zimene Tikuphunzirapo pa Nkhondo Zina
Zakumpoto kwa Ireland zimapereka maphunziro a nkhondo zina padziko lonse. Kufunika kwa udzu kuchititsa anthu kukhala audzu, mphamvu ya chitsutso chosamenyana, ndi kufunika kwa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu m’mapangano amtendere zatchulidwa m'madongosolo amtendere ku Colombia, South Africa, ndi ku Balkan. Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Chipangano sichiri chotsekedwa; ndicho maziko a moyo odalira chitaganya kuchititsa maboma kukhala ndi mlandu. Mgwirizano wa ufulu wa anthu wopereka maziko a makhalidwe abwino ndi andale, ndipo njira zake zidakali zogwirizana kulikonse kumene chilungamo ndi kulingana zikutsutsana.
Kumaliza
Good Lachisanu Agreement siikanatheka popanda ntchito yosatha, ya malamulo ya magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Northern Ireland. Magulu ameneŵa anasintha mkhalidwe wa ndale mwa kukonzanso nkhondo monga ufulu ndi tsankho, mmalo mwa kungodziŵa mtundu. Anapanga mlandu wa kufanana, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ulamuliro wotheratu ku malo a mtendere. Choloŵa chawo chimawonekera m'mabungwe ndi malamulo amene tsopano amatetezera nzika, komanso m'zochita zopitirizabe za magulu amene amayang'anira ndi kupititsa patsogolo. Pamene panganolo likuloŵa m'kaunyinji wachiŵiri, kukumbukira malo a kuyenera kwa anthu sikuli kokha njira ya mbiri yakale yokha. Chiyenekera cha mtendere chimakula kuchokera ku dziko la chilungamo.
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