Makhoti a boma a United States ali ndi malo amphamvu kwambiri pa ulamuliro wa dzikolo. Mwa ulamuliro wawo womasulira malamulo a m'malamulo ndi boma, iwo amaumba nthaŵi zonse (ndipo nthaŵi zina mapangano a dziko ndi a kumaloko kupyola nkhani zambiri. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira zimene makhoti a boma amasonkhezera boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma, kuyambira pa kufufuza ndi pa chigamulo cha chiweruzo mpaka kusungitsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuzindikira mmene malamulo ndi malamulo amayendera m’bungwe la boma.

Kumvetsetsa Khoti Lalikulu la Boma

Chigamulo cha boma chakhazikitsidwa ndi Mfundo III ya Malamulo a United States ndipo chimagwira ntchito m’mbali mwa madongosolo a khoti.

  • Makhoti a Chigawo a ku Zambia: Makhoti ozenga milandu pamene milandu ya boma ikuyamba. Pali zigawo 94 m'dziko lonselo, lililonse likumasamalira nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu zobuka pansi pa lamulo la boma.
  • U.S. Makhoti a Apilo (Makhoti Adera): Ogawikana m'madera 13, makhoti ameneŵa akupenda zigamulo za makhoti a chigawo m’malo awo a dziko. Kaŵirikaŵiri ali mawu omalizira pa zifunsiro za boma zambiri, monga momwe Bwalo Lapamwamba limamvera mbali yankhani zochepa chabe.
  • Khoti la United States: Khoti lomalizira. Lili ndi ulamuliro walamulo pa zifuno zambiri ndipo malamulo ake amalamulira makhoti onse a boma ndi a boma.

Makhoti a boma amalamulira milandu ya boma, Konsichushoni, mikangano pakati pa maboma, ndi milandu imene United States ali ndi chipani.

Ntchito Zofunika Kwambiri Zimene Zimakhudza Ntchito Yoyendetsa

Mabwalo amilandu a Federal amaumba boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko kupyolera m’ntchito zazikulu zitatu: kupenda chiweruzo, chigamulo cha maboma otsutsana, ndi kutetezera zoyenera za munthu payekha. Ntchito iriyonse imapereka ziyambukiro zazikulu za mmene maboma ndi madera amalamulirira.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo . "Ufumu wakuswa malamulo oswa Lamulo . "" unakhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803). Chiyambire pamenepo, makhoti a boma agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imeneyi kuchotseratu boma ndi malamulo akwawo. Mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo, makhoti amatsimikizira kuti machitidwe a boma akugwirizana ndi Malamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano. Zosankha wamba zimaphatikizapo:

  • Malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi mphamvu ya zamalonda ya boma (m., Gibbons . Ogden [FLT , 1824].
  • Malamulo a boma amene amaswa ufulu wa Oprementent (m’jere, Citizens United v. FEC, 2010, ngakhale kuti nkhani imeneyi ikukhudza lamulo la boma; malamulo a ndawala a boma amatsutsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri).
  • Machitidwe a boma amene amaswa Chitetezo Cholingana kapena Cend Proces Claus (mt., [[FLT: 0]] Lovev . Virginia [1] , 1967, imene inathetsa chiletso cha boma pa ukwati wa mafuko osiyana).

Kupendanso milandu sikumangokhudza kuphwanya malamulo okha ayi; makhoti amachirikizanso malamulo a boma pamene achita malamulo alamulo.

Kuthetsa Mikangano ya Maboma

Makhoti akuluakulu amathandizira pa nkhani za kusagwirizana pakati pa maboma kapena pakati pa boma ndi boma. Pansi pa Mfundo III, Khoti Lalikulu lili ndi mphamvu zolamulira milandu ya pakati pa mayiko, koma makhoti ang'onoang'ono a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amamva mikangano yokhudzana ndi zimenezi. Zitsanzo zake ndi:

  • Mikangano ya zoyenera za madzi pakati pa maboma (m'jere, [[FLT: 0] TEX . New Mexico [1], kutsutsana kopitirizabe pa Rio Grande).
  • Zimavuta kukhazikitsa malamulo amene akuti amalemetsa anthu m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, monga malamulo a boma okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito malole kapena kutaya zinyalala.
  • Kulimbana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa lamulo la boma mwa malamulo a boma, monga ngati malamulo a boma osungitsa anthu kusamukira kudziko amene anaperekedwa ndi lamulo la boma la kusamuka (m’ lekuatiso, [[FLT: 0]] Arizona v. United States [1] 2012).

Lamulo limeneli limakakamiza kapena kufutukula njira zokhalira ndi boma ndi maboma akumaloko, kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kuti iwo akonze maprogramu okonzanso kapena kusiya njira zina zolamulira.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Makhoti a boma ndiwo kwenikweni operekera lamulo loletsa ufulu wa boma ndi boma. Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe poyamba ankagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha, koma mwa kukhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha Lamulo la 14 la Amereka, machinjirizo ambiri tsopano amagwira ntchito ku maboma. Magawo ofunika kwambiri akuphatikizapo:

  • Procedial : Lachinayi, Lachisanu, Lachisanu, ndi Lachisanu, ndi Lachisanu, monga momwe lagwirizanitsidwira, limafuna kusungidwa kwa boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko kutsatira malamulo okhwima okhudza kufunafuna, kufunsa, ndi ziyeso. Nkhani zolembedwa monga Maranda v. Arizona . (19666) ndi Map v. Ohio . [FLT:] [1961]
  • [[FLT: 0] Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Msonkhano: [[FLT :1] Makhoti nthaŵi zonse amapenda boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko pa chitsutso, ndalama za polisi, ndi chilengezo chapoyera. Cohen v. California[[FLT :3] [1971] ndi [FLT] Synder v. Phelp . (2011]
  • [[FLT: 0] .Actal Protection :[FLT :1] Litigs pansi pa 14th Amendment yasintha kwambiri maphunziro, nyumba, ntchito, ndi kuvota. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Brown v. Board of Education [1954])) idakali chitsanzo cha chithunzi cha chithunzi, koma zigamuzo zotsatira zawonjezera chitetezo ku LBTQ, anthu okhala ndi zopunduka, ndi ena.

Makhoti a Federal amakhazikitsanso malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga ngati mutu VI wa Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, Umutwe wa IX wa Education Amereka Ofestments ya 1972, ndi Aamereka Okhala ndi Lamulo la Kupunduka. Malamulo ameneŵa amapatsa anthu ufulu wa kusungirira milandu ndi malo a milandu yaupandu.

Chisonkhezero pa Malo Ena Oikidwa

M’munsimu muli mabwalo angapo amene zigamulo za milandu zakhala ndi ziyambukiro zamphamvu kwambiri.

Maphunziro

Makhoti a Federal akhala maziko a kuwongolera njira za maphunziro a boma. Pambuyo pa Brown v. Board of Education , makhoti anayang'anira malamulo a maphunziro amene anafuna madongosolo a sukulu kudula mabasi ophunzira, kujambulanso malo opezekapo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu a magnet. Zosankha za pambuyo pake zolembedwa:

  • Ndi kulumala: Board of Education v. Rowley [1] (19982) ndi Associal One Dibration Eduction Act (IDEA) ikufuna kuti boma lipereke maphunziro oyenera aunikire ana okhala ndi zolemala. Makhoti a boma avomerezetse malamulo ameneŵa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kupereka ndalama zokwana: pamene Khoti Lalikulu linakana kupeza kuyenera kwa boma kwa kuchirikiza sukulu mofanana San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1] ), khoti la boma lanena za kuvomerezedwa pansi pa malamulo a boma lakhala losonkhezera. Komabe, makhoti a boma amamvabe mavuto opezera malamulo a ufulu wa boma.
  • Kulankhula ndi kulanga: . . Des Moines Independent School District (1969]) adatsimikizira kuti ophunzira samataya ufulu wawo woyamba wa Kukonzanso Kolamulira pa khomo la sukulu. Kutsatira malamulo awongolera malire a kulankhula kwa ophunzira, kuphatikizapo kutsegulira pa Intaneti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Title IX: Makhoti a Federal adamasulira kuti mutu wa IX kuti afunikire masukulu kusamalira kuvutitsidwa ndi kuukiridwa, monga mu Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (1999) ndi Gebser v. Lagosta Independent School Dis School [FLT:][FLT]. Zigamu zimenezi zinakakamiza zigawo za sukulu kuti zitsatire njira zodandaulo.

Kusamalira thanzi

Affordble Care Act (ACA) inayambitsa ndandanda ya malamulo a boma amene anayambukira mwachindunji njira yosamalira zaumoyo wa boma. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202], Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense monga msonkho koma linachititsa kuti kuwonjezereka kwa ACA’MED kukhale kodzisankhira kwa maulamuliro mwa kulamulira kuti boma silingachotse ndalama zonse za Medicaid za maiko osakhala a bungwe. Chigamuchi chigamulochi chinatsogolera ku ntchito ya boma pa kufutukuka. Pambuyo pake, Mfumu Bur Bur . . . . . . . . . .Burwellll "[FL.': [FLP]

Makhoti a boma apendanso malamulo a boma oletsa kuchotsa mimba, kuphatikizapo nyengo zoyembekezera, malamulo a zipatala, ndi ziletso za ndalama. Mu [FLT] Women’s Health v. Hellerstt (20], Khoti linasiya malamulo a Texas ochotsa mimba monga chotsekereza chosafunikira [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]. Casey v [FLT] [FLT]] [19] [1901]. posachedwapa, [[FLT:]] Madobs. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT:] [202]]) kuwongolera chigamu cha lamulo la kumaloko.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Ntchito

Makhoti a Federal akhala othandiza kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu kupyolera m'milandu ya kuvota, tsankho, ndi machitachita a apolisi. Voting Rights Act ya 1965 (VRA) yakhala nkhani yobwerezabwereza. Shelby County v. Haker [1] [[FLL:1] (2013]), Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa njira yofufuzira yopezera ufulu wa boma asanasinthe malamulo a kuvota. Chiyambire pamenepo, khoti lasintha malamulo atsopano a boma, mapulani ovota, ndi kuchotsa mavoti pansi pa chigawo 2 cha VRA.

Mu ulamuliro wa apolisi ndi chiweruzo chaupandu, makhoti a boma ndi maboma a boma apatsidwa mlandu wa machitachita osagwirizana ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Monell v. Department of Social Service [1988]) adakhazikitsa kuti makampani angaperekedwe pansi pa Chigawo 1983 chifukwa cha malamulo a boma amene amaswa malamulo. Makhoti akhazikitsanso malamulo ofuna madipatimenti a apolisi kukonza zinthu, monga ku Ferguson, Missouri, ndi Baltimore, Maryland.

LGBTQ+ zoyenera zapangidwa mokulira ndi zigamulo za khoti la boma. Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015, Khoti Lalikulu linakhulupirira kuti okwatirana asudzulo ali ndi ufulu walamulo wa kukwatira, kuletsa kwa boma. Bostock v. Clayton County . County [2020]) Directive VII kutsendero yopatulapo chifukwa cha kugonana ndi chizindikiro cha kugonana, kukhudza boma ndi malamulo a ntchito. Zigamu zokakamiza kugamula laisensi ya ukwati ndi kuyang'anira anthu antchito, nyumba, ndi kusamala zaumoyo.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Makhoti a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha ukulu wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Cearon Air Act ndi Clean Water Act imafika kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhoti, kumene oweruza amamasulira ngati miyezo ya boma ya kuchotsa malamulo a boma kapena ngati maboma angatsatire malamulo okhwima. Massachusetts v. EPA [2007] [2007], Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti EPA liyenera kulamulira mpweya wotentha pansi pa Divice Act ya dziko, chigamu cha boma. Mosemphana ndi zimenezi, [[FLT:] West Virginia. EPA . [2] .2222]

Kugwiritsira ntchito ndi kumanga malo kwa zigamulo kumakhudzanso makhoti a boma, makamaka pamene ufulu wa katundu ulipo. Kutenga Clausse of the Findfeth Amendment , kochitidwa kudzera ku Demendment ya 144th Amendment, kwakhala maziko a zigamulo zofuna chiwongolero pamene malamulo afika patali. Kelo v. City of New London (2005), Khoti linachirikiza ntchito ya mzinda yapamwamba ya chitukuko cha chuma, kusonkhezera mayankhidwe a boma a dongosolo la za malamulo.

Mavuto ndi Mabwalo Oyang’anira Ozungulira Chisonkhezero cha Maboma cha Chiweruzo

Makhoti a boma amathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani ya kukhazikitsa boma ndi malamulo a m’deralo.

Kuweruza Kotsutsana ndi Ziletso za Chiweruzo

Osuliza kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa oweruza a boma kuti amanyalanyaza mbali yawo mwa kupanga zosankha zalamulo kuchokera ku ben. Chigamulo chachiweruzo chimatanthauza zosankha zimene zimaonedwa kukhala zozikidwa pa malingaliro a woweruza mmalo mwa mawu a Konsichushoni kapena malamulo. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti pamene makhoti amenya malamulo a boma opangidwa ndi demokrase, amapeputsa kudziletsa kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Reoe v. Wade [[FLT:] [12] [72]))) Chigamulo cha nthaŵi zambiri cha kutsutsa zimenezi. Motsutsana ndi, kuletsa makhoti kuti amvere malamulo amvere malamulo pokhapokha ngati lamulo likuswadi lamulo. [FL:] Masternbossss . Jacksonan’s Health Organizations [2]

Ochirikiza kachitidwe ka kuvomereza kulakwa amatsutsa kuti makhoti ayenera kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa pa zinthu zazikulu zotchuka /) ntchito yaikulu ya kupenda machenjera.

Kulemekeza Mapangano a Chiweruzo

Kuika oweruza a boma, makamaka oweruza a Supreme Court, kwakhala kogaŵanitsa kwambiri. Kutsimikizira kwaposachedwapa [1] Kumenya nkhondo za Merrick Garland mu 2016, Brett Kavanaugh mu 2018, Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020, ndi Ketanji Brown Jackson mu 20222 . Kusintha kwapamwamba mmene malingaliro andale amasinthira jaji. Otsutsa akuda nkhaŵa kuti kugamula kwa anthu kuchotsa chikhulupiriro m'mabwalo a makhoti ndipo kutsogolera ku ku kuweruza kumene kumayenderana ndi mapulatifomu a gulu mmalo mwa lamulo.

Kuika mayeso m’khoti laling’ono kumakhala ndi mbiri ya maganizo a munthu asanakwezedwe, ndipo zigamulo zawo pa malamulo a boma ndi a kumaloko zimasonyeza malingaliro amenewo. Kubuka kwa “malamulo a lamulo” monga nkhani ya ndawala kumatanthauza kuti kupangidwa kwa benchi ya boma kungasinthe modabwitsa kwambiri malinga ndi kuti ndi chipani chiti chimene chimalamulira White House ndi Cate.

Malamulo ameneŵa, amene nthaŵi zambiri amaperekedwa ndi oweruza amodzi, agwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa ntchito za akuluakulu a boma pa malamulo a kusamuka, malo okhala, ndi malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti woweruza mmodzi athetse boma ndi malamulo a boma, pamene oteteza boma amanena kuti n’ngofunika kuletsa ngozi yosachiritsika.

Kumaliza

Makhoti a Federal ali mphamvu yaikulu kuwongolera boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko, kugwira ntchito mwa malamulo a kupenda, chigamulo, ndi kusungitsa ufulu. Zosankha zawo zimakhudza mbali iliyonse ya ulamuliro(kuchokera ku mmene sukulu zimaphunzitsira ana, ku njira ya boma yosamalira zaumoyo, ku ku kuchuluka kwa mapolisi a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti chisonkhezero chimenechi kaŵirikaŵiri nchofunika kuchirikiza malamulo alamulo, chimayambitsanso nkhaŵa zoyenerera ponena za mbali yoyenera ya oweruza osasankhidwa m'boma. Ndemanga za maphunziro a zamalamulo ndi kukhazikitsa ndale zadziko zidzapitiriza kulongosola ukulu ndi chitsogozo cha mphamvu ya boma kwa zaka zambiri. Kwa opanga malamulo, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika, kuzindikira kuyendetsa malamulo pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi boma nkofunika kujambula malamulo a dziko la America.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, fufuzani pawebusaiti ya ya Khoti Lalikulu , , [[FLT ] LGUPLA pa Cornell Law School , ndi [[FLT :] Oyez kaamba ka nkhani ndi zitsutso za pakamwa.