Kufuna kufanana mu United States kwapangidwa ndi kugwirizana kocholoŵana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi a boma. Kumvetsetsa mmene mitu iŵiri ya mgwirizano wa boma imeneyi iriri yofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zimene zikufuna kumvetsetsa ponse paŵiri chisinthiko cha m'mbiri ndi malo amakono a ufulu wa anthu. Malamulo a Federal amakhazikitsa maziko a dziko kaamba ka kuchiritsa kolingana, pamene malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakulitsa chitetezo chowonjezereka kapena kusamalira mikhalidwe ya kumalo. Unansi wamphamvu umenewu wachititsa kulemera, kudalira pa maziko omwe akupitiriza kuyambukira mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa Amerekani .

Mbiri ya Malamulo Ofanana

Maziko a malamulo a kulingana kwa anthu a ku America ali m’zikalata zokhazikitsidwa za dzikolo., monga momwe malamulo a m’Chilamulo anavomerezedwera poyamba, sanatsimikizire kuti anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wolingana; panatenga zaka mazana ambiri kuti anthu amenyane, akhazikitse malamulo, ndi kumasulira mafotokozedwe achiweruzo kuti atetezedwe.

  • Bill of Rights (1791) – Lokhazikitsidwa la ufulu wofunika kwambiri, koma poyamba linagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma.
  • Lamulo la 13 la mu 1865 la kuwonjezera pa kuperekedwa kwa munthu ndi ukapolo wa ku ukapolo, kusiyapo chilango cha mlandu.
  • M’chaka cha 1868, Owonjezera 14 – anatsimikizira kuti anali nzika ndiponso kuti anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States anali otetezeka mofanana.
  • M’chaka cha 1870, bungwe la 15 la Amereka lakale la ku America linaletsa ufulu wosankha anthu chifukwa cha mtundu wawo, mtundu wawo, kapena mmene analili poyamba.
  • Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 – Lamulo la boma loletsa kugaŵanitsa anthu, loletsa tsankho m’nyumba za anthu onse, ntchito, ndi maprogramu olipiriridwa ndi boma.
  • Lamulo la Covoting Rights Act la 1965 – Malamulo Oletsa Ufulu wa Kusankha, monga ngati kufufuza anthu kulemba ndi kulemba ndi misonkho yofunsira, zimene zinatsutsa anthu a ku America Oda.
  • Chikalata cha Fair Honging Act cha 1968 – Prohideus devation pogulitsa, pobwereka nyumba, ndi popezera ndalama nyumba zozikidwa pa fuko, chipembedzo, mtundu, ndi mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa.

Malamulo a boma ameneŵa sanatuluke m’chinthu chopanda kanthu. Ankachitidwa ndi boma monga “Malamulo Akuda” amene maboma a kummwera anagwiritsira ntchito kuletsa ufulu, ndipo pambuyo pake “Jim Crow" malamulo amene anakakamiza kugawa. Kulimbana pakati pa zoyesayesa za boma kutsimikizira kulingana ndi kuyesayesa kwa boma kuletsa zitsimikizozo kwakhala mbali yolongosola mbiri yalamulo la America.

Nyengo Yokonzanso ndi Msana Wake

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Kukonzanso Malamulo (13th, 14th, ndi 15) kunaimira chikole champhamvu cha boma cha kulingana. Komabe, mapeto a Reconstanton mu 1877 analola maboma akum’mwera kukhazikitsa malamulo amene anagwirizanitsa kusankhana mafuko ndi kuchotsa tsankho. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu . Ferguson [18696]) anachirikiza “zofunika zofanana, zokhala ndi zinzakezo, kuteteza boma - tsankhulo mpaka Khoti linasintha njira [FLT:] Brown v. Board ya maphunziro a maphunziro [FFOLD:5] (195]). Mbiri imeneyi ikusonyeza kuyang'anira bwino kwa boma pamene boma lachidule.

Malamulo Aunyinji Ochirikiza Kulingana

Malamulo a boma akupereka maziko ofunika kwambiri a kufanana m’dziko lonselo. Amakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera imene maboma ayenera kukwaniritsa, ndipo amapanga njira zosungitsira ntchito kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga Aumeter Obster Opportuent Commission (EOC) ndi Department of Justice. Malamulo otsatirawa akuimira lamulo lauchigwirizano la boma.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo lapadera limeneli lidakali lamulo lapadera koposa la boma loletsa tsankho. zigawo zake zisanu ndi ziŵiri (tiyeti) zikuphatikiza madera osiyanasiyana:

  • Title II – Prohibits panyumba za onse (mahotela, malesitilanti, mabwalo a maseŵero).
  • Umutwe VI – Provitss programu iliyonse yolandira chithandizo cha kampani.
  • Title VII [[FLT :1] – Prohibit develoption pozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu. Mutu umenewu unachititsa EEOC kufufuza madandaulo.
  • Title IX (yaphatikizidwa mu 1972) – Prohibits development yozikidwa pa kugonana pa programu iriyonse ya maphunziro kapena ntchito kulandira ndalama za boma.

Chiyambukiro cha Chikalata cha Chisankho cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko chakuya. Icho chinagawiridwa ndi ziwiya za boma, inatsegula mwaŵi wa ntchito, ndi kupereka dongosolo lalamulo la zoyesayesa zotsutsa kusagwirizana kotsatira. Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, chezerani mutu wa [FLT: 0] EEOC [T. [tsamba: 1]

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Ngakhale kuti pa msonkhano wa 15 wa kukonzanso zinthu, kusankhana mitundu kunaletsedwa, mayiko ambiri anapitiriza kuyesa anthu kulemba ndi kulemba, kulipira misonkho, ndiponso kuopseza anthu kuti achotseretu anthu amene ankavota kuti asiye kuvota.

  • Kulephera kuphunzira kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndiponso zipangizo zina zofanana ndi zimenezi.
  • Kuvomereza maulamuliro ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze “kuwonekeratu” kwa boma asanasinthe malamulo ovota (kakonzedwe kofooketsedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] Shelby County v. Hoker [[FLT: 1] mu 2013]).
  • Akupatsa mphamvu ofufuza a boma kuti aletse ovota m’madera amene akufuna kuphedwa.

Komabe, tsogolo lake silinagwirizane ndi lamulo lokhudza kuvota, ndipo mayiko angapo posachedwapa akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuvota amene anthu ochirikiza chivomerezocho amati amakhudza kwambiri anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Ntchito Yabwino Yosamalira Nyumba

Atalembedwa mu 1968, Chikalata cha Fair Hospital Act chimaletsa tsankho m'zochitika za nyumba. Pakali pano chimateteza magulu asanu ndi aŵiri: fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, chiyambi cha dziko, kupunduka, ndi malo audindo. Pambuyo pake zisinthidwe zinafutukutsa ukulu wake, ndipo Dipatimenti ya Hospital ndi Urban Develop (UD) imakhazikitsa lamulo. Mosasamala kanthu za chitetezo chimenechi, malo okhalako akupitirizabe, ndi kudandaula kwa chilungamo kwa nyumba. Chikalatacho chimafunanso maulamuliro amene amalandira ndalama zomangira nyumba za boma kuti “awonjezeretsedwe nyumba zabwino " – lamulo limene lakhala losintha zinthu za ndale zadziko.

Anthu a ku America Odwala Matenda Olumala (ADA)

Atasainwa mu 1990, ADA imaletsa kunyada anthu olumala m'mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu, kuphatikizapo ntchito, zoyendera, malo ogona anthu onse, ndi njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu. ADA imalongosola kupunduka kwakukulu ndipo imafuna kuti mabwana ndi mabungwe a anthu apereke malo ogona abwino. Ilo lakhala chiwiya chowonjezereka m’kupezeka, koma mavuto akukhalabe, makamaka m'nyumba zakale ndi m'malo a manambala. Phunzirani zambiri pa dada.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa za Madera Olinganizidwa

Lamulo lauchikulire likupitirizabe kufalikira mwa malamulo ndi zigamulo za khoti. Matthew Shepard ndi James Byrd Jr. Ventive Crimes Prevention Act ya 2009 Inkakulitsa lamulo la boma la upandu lakuda upandu kuti uphango wa upandu wosonkhezeredwa ndi kugonana, kachitidwe ka kugonana, kuzindikira kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi, kapena kupunduka. Mu 2020, chigamulo cha khoti lapamwamba mu Bhostock v. Clayton County [[[FFF:3] anakhulupirira kuti chiletso cha VII cha kusankha kugonana kwapatula kusankhana chifukwa cha kugonana ndi chizindikiritso cha kugonana. Chigamuchigamuchigamuchi chakukwaniritsa kulingana kwa ntchito ya ntchito ya lamulo la boma, ndi kulingalira kwake kwagwiritsidwa ntchito m'lamulo la boma.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Chiyambukiro Chawo pa Kulingana

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma amaika malo adziko, maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa chitetezo champhamvu ndi kuphimba magulu owonjezereka. Zimenezi zatsogolera ku ntchito yaufulu wocheperapo yomwe imasiyana kwambiri m'dziko lonselo. Kumvetsetsa lamulo lapamwamba la boma kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe weniweni wa dziko wa kufanana mu United States.

Malamulo Otsutsa Boma

Mayiko ambiri ali ndi malamulo amene amaposa chitetezo cha boma.

  • Kusiyanitsa ndi chinsinsi cha kugonana : Maboma 20 amaletsa poyera tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi chinsinsi cha mwamuna pantchito, nyumba, ndi malo ogona a anthu. Maboma ena, monga California ndi New York, akhala ndi malamulo oterowo kwa zaka makumi ambiri, pamene ena awonjezerapo posachedwapa.
  • [[FLT :0] Age : Chiweruzi cha United Age in Account Act imangotetezera antchito a zaka 40 ndi kuposapo. Maboma ena amatetezera antchito achichepere kapena kuletsa tsankho la msinkhu mokulirapo.
  • Udindo wa muukwati ndi mathayo abanja [[FL:1]: Maboma onga Oregon ndi Washington amaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa malo aukwati, ndipo ena amatetezeranso ku tsankho lozikidwa pa mathayo abanja, monga ngati kusamalira mathayo.
  • Magwero a ndalama : Maboma ambiri amaletsa kubisa malo okhala ogona ogwiritsira ntchito zikalata zotsimikizira nyumba kapena mitundu ina ya chithandizo cha boma.

Chitetezero cha mlingo wa boma chimenechi nchofunika kwa anthu amene ali m’magulu osagwirizanitsidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Komabe, kusoŵa kwa malamulo oterowo m’maiko ena kumapanga kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ufulu ndi chitetezo.

Maphunziro ndi Malamulo a Boma

Maphunziro ndi mbali imene malamulo a boma ali ndi chiyambukiro champhamvu pa kulingana. Lamulo la Federal (mutu VI, Umutwe IX, IDEA) limakhazikitsa zofunika zozikidwa pa mfundo, koma malamulo olamulira maphunziro, njira zoperekera ndalama, ndi malamulo a sukulu. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo olinganizidwira kuchirikiza kulinganiza maphunziro:

  • Ndalama zopanda malire [1]: Maboma ambiri asintha madongosolo a zachuma a sukulu kuti achepetse kusiyana pakati pa zigawo zachuma ndi zaumphaŵi, kaŵirikaŵiri zotsogozedwa ndi malamulo a khoti omwe anapeza kuti njira za ndalama za boma sizigwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.
  • Zophatikizapo : Maboma ena amafuna malangizo a mbiri ya ufulu wa anthu, LGBTQ+ zopereka, kapena zokumana nazo za magulu a anthu ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, Chikalata cha California cha FAIR Education Act chimapereka lamulo la kuphunzitsa mbali ndi zopereka za LGBTQ+ anthu ndi anthu opunduka.
  • Malamulo ovutitsa ndi ovutitsa : Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene mwachindunji amaletsa kupezerera ena ozikidwa pa fuko, kachitidwe ka kugonana, kudziŵikitsa mwamuna kapena mkazi, kapena kupunduka, ndipo amafuna masukulu kukhazikitsa maprogramu otetezera.
  • Kusintha kwa mwambo ku [1]: Maboma ena ayamba kuchepetsa machitidwe a kuchotsa chilango (kuchotsa ndi kuthamangitsa) amene amayambukira mokulira ophunzira a mitundu, kulimbikitsa chilungamo kuyandikira m’malo mwake.

Malamulo a boma amaumbanso ufulu wa ophunzira okhala ndi kulumala, ophunzira Chingelezi, ndi ophunzira osalembedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mlandu wa Khoti Lalikulu la 1982 [[FLT: 0] Plyler . Doe [[FLT: 1] anatsutsa kuti ophunzira sangakane maphunziro a boma ozikidwa pa malo a kusamukira. Komabe, malamulo a boma onena za ndalama ndi kuchirikiza ophunzira otero amasiyana kwambiri.

Vuto la Kupulumutsidwa

Ulamuliro wa boma wa kuwonjezera chitetezo ungachepetsedwe ndi kulanditsidwa kwa boma . Pamene lamulo la boma litenga munda ndi kuletsa maulamuliro kuchita. Mwachitsanzo, maboma sangapereke malamulo amene amatsutsana mwachindunji ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo amene amachepetsa kulingana kwachindunji, monga ngati “mafaindi a m'nyumba yachibalo” kuyang'anira anthu kapena malamulo oletsa malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana kwa boma. Kulimbana kumeneku kumasonyeza nkhondo yopitirizabe pakati pa boma ndi boma ndi dziko kulingana.

Mavuto Otsatira Malamulo Olingana

Ngakhale kuti malamulo ndi amphamvu, malamulo oyendera ufulu wa anthu amalepheretsa anthu kuchita zinthu mogwirizana, ndipo zimenezi zimafuna kuti anthu opanga malamulo, aphunzitsi, ndi olimbikitsa azikhala osamala kwambiri.

  • Sazindikira [1]: Anthu ambiri samadziŵa zoyenera zawo pansi pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kochitidwa ndi EEOC kunapeza kuti oposa theka la antchito sanadziŵe chitetezo chawo pamutu wakuti `ViI'. Zoyesayesa zamaphunziro nzofunika kuti atseke mpatawu.
  • Ndalama zosungitsa zosakwanira : Mabungwe a Federal onga EOC ndi HUD ali odetsedwa nthaŵi zonse, kutsogolera ku zikalata zapambuyo ndi kulephera kwa kufufuza madandaulo. Mabungwe a boma amayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zofanana.
  • Arevoti ndi machenjezo a magetsi [1]: Malamulo ena ali ndi kusachita zinthu kumene kumafooketsa mphamvu yawo. Mwachitsanzo, Fair Hosling Act imaletsa nyumba zogwira ntchito ndi mayuniti anayi kapena ochepera, ndipo ADA imaletsa magulu achipembedzo pansi pa mikhalidwe ina yake.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kugamulapo kwa Chivomezi [1]: Kusalingana kwakhala nkhani yogaŵanitsa m'maiko ambiri, kutsogolera ku “mzera wa kumunsi” kumene maboma ena amabwerera kumbuyo zitetezero. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu kulola maboma kuletsa ufulu wosankha mu Shelby County v. Khomo la [1]
  • Tsankho la programu : Malamulo okha sangathetse tsankhu lozika mizu. Ngakhale kumene tsankho lili loletsedwa, limapitirizabe mochenjera, monga ngati tsankho losadziŵa ntchito, kuyendetsa nyumba, ndi kusokoneza chilango cha kusukulu.
  • Kusintha kwa mabwalo [1]: Anthu amene ali m'magulu otetezeredwa ambiri (mt., mkazi Wakuda) angawonjezedwe ndi tsankho limene malamulo omwe alipo salankhula bwino. Makhoti ndi mabungwe akulimbanabe ndi mmene angachitire ndi zinsinsi zambiri.

Mbali ya Maphunziro m’Kuchirikiza Kulingana

Maphunziro ndi njira yamphamvu yothandizira ophunzira kumvetsa malamulo a anthu ofanana ndiponso mbiri yawo.

Kukula kwa Maphunziro

Masukulu othandiza kwambiri pa malamulo auchikulire ayenera kupitirira pa masiku ndi mayina. Ayenera kuthandiza ophunzira kugwirizanitsa mavuto akale ndi nkhani za masiku ano.

  • Mbiri ya magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe [[FLT: 1] : Kubisa gulu loletsa, kugwiritsa ntchito akazi, ufulu wa antchito, gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe wa ku African America, gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi LGBTQ+ sivivism.
  • Malamulo a dziko ndi milandu ya khoti . . Phunzirani [[FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education, Umutwe VII, ADA, ndi Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (ukwati wofanana ndi ). Kambiranani za kumbuyo kwa chosankha chilichonse ndi zotsatira zake.
  • C ikhoza kukhala zochitika zamakono ndi mikangano [1]: Gwiritsirani ntchito nkhani za m'nyuzi, malamulo operekedwa, ndi milandu yopitirizabe ya khoti kuthandiza ophunzira kuona kuti lamulo lolingana ndilo mbali yamoyo. Nkhani zingaphatikizepo kuvota, kuloŵa m’chipinda chosambira kaamba ka kutumiza anthu, kapena inde.
  • Malingaliro osiyanitsa [1]: Yerekezerani malamulo a U.S. ndi a maiko ena kukulitsa chidziŵitso ndi kuyambitsa makambitsirano onena za njira zosiyanasiyana.

Kulimbikitsa Maganizo Osuliza ndi Kugwirizana kwa Ntchito

Ophunzira ayenera kulimbikitsidwa kupenda ngati malamulo amene alipo akuthandizadi ndi kuona ngati pali kusintha.

  • imatsutsa ndi kutsutsa kwa chipongwe [1]: Mukhale ndi ophunzira otsutsana kapena kutsutsana ndi lamulo lolingaliridwa kapena khoti, kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wa m'malemba alamulo ndi zitsanzo za mbiri yakale.
  • Maprojekiti ofufuza : pemphani ophunzira kufufuza lamulo ladziko lolingana ndi kuyerekezera ndi zitetezero za boma. Akhoza kupereka zopezedwa zawo kwa kalasi.
  • Alankhuli olankhula ndi maulendo akumunda : Ikani maloya a ufulu wachibadwidwe, oimira, kapena opanga malamulo kulankhula. Yang'anani kapitoli kapena nyumba ya khoti ya boma kuti muwone kupanga malamulo m’ntchito.
  • Kuphunzira modzifunira : kugwirizana ndi magulu amene amagwira ntchito pa nkhani za kufanana, monga bungwe loona za nyumba, gulu la ufulu wachilema, kapena ovota.

Mwa kuloŵetsedwa m’nkhani zenizeni za dziko, ophunzira amazindikira mozama za mbali ya lamulo m’kuumba chitaganya. Amakulitsanso maluso ofunika kuti akhale nzika zodziŵa ndi zokangalika.

Chuma cha Aphunzitsi

Mabungwe ambiri amapereka zinthu zophunzitsira anthu zapamwamba pa lamulo lolingana:

Aphunzitsi ayeneranso kukhala odziŵitsidwa ponena za kusintha kwa malamulo a boma kumene kumakhudza makalasi awo ndi ophunzira.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya malamulo a boma ndi a boma kutsimikizira kulingana kuli kokulira, kopikisana, ndi kofunika. Malamulo a Federal amapereka chitetezo chachikulu, koma si okwanira popanda ntchito ya boma ndi kutsata mosamalitsa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, malamulo a boma angafutukule ndi kuchotsa kulingana, kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa magulu andale zadziko osiyanasiyana m'dziko. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kumvetsa filimu imeneyi si maziko a maphunziro okha a kukhala nzika yokangalika. Mwa kuphunzitsa mbiri, maluso, ndi zitokosozo za kulingana kwa lamulo, timakonzekeretsa mbadwo wotsatira kupitirizabe ntchito yomanga chitaganya chachilungamo. Ulendo wopita kuulingana kotheratu wa kudziko lonse ukuchokera kutali, koma lamulolo likukhalabe limodzi la ziŵiya zamphamvu zimene tapanga kupita patsogolo.