Mbiri ya Malamulo Okhudza Umoyo wa Anthu Onse

Lamulo la thanzi la anthu ku United States lili ndi maziko aakulu, ogwirizana kwambiri m'zaka mazana aŵiri zapitazo. Kuloŵerera kwa boma kunayamba ndi Marine Hospital Service , kokhazikitsidwa mu 1798 kuti kuperekere chisamaliro kwa amalonda odwala, kumene pambuyo pake kunasintha kukhala zimene tikudziŵa tsopano monga Public Health Service . Kusintha kwa mwamsanga kwa m'matauni kwa zaka za zana la 19, limodzi ndi kuipitsa kwa maindasitale ndi miliri ya cholera, kuwonjezera kufalikira kwa malungo, feverbon, ndi TB, kunayambitsa kufunika kwa mwamsanga kwa mayanjano a boma olinganizidwa. Pofika kuma 1900, anayamba kukhazikitsa madipatimenti awo a zaumoyo, kuzindikira kuti mikhalidwe ya kumaloko inafunikira kuloŵerera kwa anthu a ku America, kumene kunapha zing’onozing’ono zochepera pafupifupi 675,000 m'dziko ndi kukhazikitsanso kukonza kwa anthu ambiri.

Zinthu zingapo zochititsa chidwi zinakhudza malo amakono ozungulira:

  • 1906 – Choyera Chakudya ndi Mankhwala Act: Povomereza kuipitsa chakudya ndi mankhwala owopsa, Congress adalenga Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kutsimikizira miyezo yachisungiko yaikulu. Zimenezi zinazindikiritsa kuloŵerera kwakukulu kwa boma m’chitetezero cha ogula.
  • 1946 – Centers for Disease Control (CDC): [[FLT ] Yokhazikitsidwa poyamba kulimbana ndi malungo mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, CDC inakhala bungwe lotsogolera lochotsa matenda, kugwira ntchito pafupi ndi maboma pa kuyang’anira ndi kuukira.
  • (19963 – Chrosa Air Act: yochititsidwa mantha ndi kutulutsa mpweya ndi maindasitale, kachitidwe kameneka kanakhazikitsa miyezo ya kulingana kwa mpweya wa dziko, yochirikizidwa ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pambuyo pa kulengedwa kwake mu 1970.
  • 1970 – Occupational Safety and Health Act: Kupangidwa kwa OSTA kumakhazikitsa miyezo ya chisungiko cha ntchito yokakamiza, kuchepetsa kuvulala m'maindasitale.
  • 2010 – Affordble Care Act: Malamulo ameneŵa anafutukula kupenda zaumoyo, adalamula mautumiki otetezera, ndi kulimbitsa misika ya inshuwalansi yozikidwa pa boma.

Zochitika zazikulu zimenezi zimasonyeza kumvetsetsa komakulakula kwakuti thanzi la anthu limafunikira ponse paŵiri miyezo ya boma yamphamvu ndi kugwiritsiridwa kwa boma kokhoza kusintha kuti lisamalire zosoŵa za chigawo mokhutiritsa.

Mbali ya Malamulo Aunyinji

Malamulo a boma amapereka chitetezo chodalirika chimene chimagwira ntchito m’dziko lonselo, kutsimikizira kuti Aamereka onse apindula ndi miyezo yodalirika yosasintha.

Kuyang’anira Zakudya ndi Mankhwala

FDA imayang'anira kutetezeka kwa chakudya, mankhwala, zipangizo za mankhwala, ndi mafuta odzola. Njira yake yovomerezera mankhwala asanagulitsidwe imafunikira kupima kolimba kuti atsimikizire chitetezo ndi kugwira ntchito asanafikire ogula. Mu 2023, FDA inavomerezedwa 55 ya mankhwala atsopano, yomwe ikupita zaka zambiri. Bungweli limayang'aniranso zochitika zoopsa zapambuyo pa mapepala kudzera m'madongosolo monga FDA System (FAARS). Kutetezeka kwa chakudya ndi ntchito inanso: Food Safety Modertization Act (FSMA) ya 2011 imasintha maganizo kuti asiye kuipitsa kuti isawonongedwe, njira yothandiza imene yachepetsa matenda oyambitsidwa ndi zakudya.

Malo Otetezera Matenda

CDC imagwira ntchito monga bungwe la zaumoyo la dziko, kuyang'ana kuyambika kwa matenda, kufufuza, ndi kupereka malangizo a zaumoyo wa anthu. Mliri wa CHOVID-19, CDC ikugwirizana ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma kuyesa mapulogalamu, kugaŵira katemera, ndi chidziŵitso chenicheni cha nthaŵi. Bungweli limagwiritsanso ntchito National Notificiveal Diseases Surveildance System (NNDSS), imene imasonkhanitsa zinthu zolembedwa ndi maboma za matenda oposa 120, kutheketsa kutuluka kwa ziwopsezo monga 20222 mpactic traption.

Agency Yotetezera Malo Okhala

EPA imaika malire pa zoipitsa mu mpweya ndi madzi pansi pa malamulo onga ngati Ceador Air Act ndi Safed Water Act . Mwachitsanzo, National Ambient Air Servetuty Scality Scality (NAAQS) yachepetsa kwambiri miyeso ya mtovu, sulfur dioxide, ndi mbali ina kuyambira 1970. Bungwelo limalamuliranso kutaya zinyalala zowopsa kupyolera m'Chigwirizano cha Resourciation and Recovery Act (RRA), kuletsa kuipitsa nthaka ndi madzi a pansi. Kufufuza 201 kochitidwa ndi EPA kunayerekezera kuti Ceat Act kuteteza imfa 2300,000 mu 2020 mokha.

Kusamala ndi Kuyang’anira Zaumoyo

OSHA imakakamiza miyezo yachitetezo chakuntchito pafupifupi m'maindasitale onse a gulu la anthu. Oopani ayenera kupereka maphunziro, zipangizo zotetezera, ndi kulankhulana kwaupandu pansi pa “kuzindikira kwabwino" miyezo. Mu 2022, OSHA inachititsa mayeso oposa 31,000, kutchula mizunzo ya kuswa malamulo monga ngozi zogwa ndi kuulutsidwa kwa makemikolo. Bungwelo limatchulanso miyezo yamwadzidzidzi, yonga ngati Covid - 19 Health Cateshite ETS, kuti lithetse ngozi za mwamsanga.

Malamulo a Federal sasinthasintha kunka ku mawebusaiti opanga malamulo amene amaphatikizapo umboni wa sayansi ndi mfundo za anthu. Zifukwa zonga FDA [1] ndi [FLT CD:2]C [1] imasunga mawebusaiti aakulu okhala ndi malangizo amakono, omwe akupereka njira zosonyezera zochita.

Ntchito ya Malamulo a Boma

Boma la boma limapereka malamulo a dziko, mayiko ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pansi pa Demendment ya khumi kuti akhazikitse thanzi la anthu m’malire awo. Zimenezi zimawalola kuyang’anira zinthu zofunika kwambiri za kumaloko. (_kaya) ndi thanzi la m’mizinda, maindasitale ndi maupandu a zaulimi, ndi zosoŵa zachikhalidwe kapena za anthu. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo awoawo, ndipo malamulo awo kaŵirikaŵiri amaposa pa malamulo a boma.

Kulandira Mtengo wa Madokotala Osamalira Zaumoyo

Boma lililonse lili ndi laibulale yake imene imalola madokotala, manesi, ogulitsa mankhwala, ndi madokotala ena. Mabungwe ameneŵa amakhazikitsa zofunika zamaphunziro, kuyesa mayeso, ndi kufufuza madandaulo. Mwachitsanzo, California amafuna kuti madokotala athe maola 50 akupitirizabe maphunziro a zamankhwala zaka ziŵiri zilizonse, pamene Texas akulamula maola 24. Maboma amasankhanso malamulo a ntchito ya ochiritsa ndi othandiza madokotala, amene amayambukira mwachindunji njira yosamalira m'madera osungidwa.

Maprogramu a Zaumoyo Wapoyera

Maprogramu a boma otetezera katemera amapereka akatemera kwa mamiliyoni a ana ndi achikulire kupyolera mwa ntchito za boma za programu ya Ana ndi zoyesayesa za boma. Mu 2023, madipatimenti a zaumoyo anagawidwa oposa 130 miliyoni a katemera wa chimfine m'nyengo. Maboma amayang'aniranso ndawala zotetezera matenda aakulu, monga ngati programu yoletsa fodya ku New York, imene inachepetsa kusuta kuchokera pa 21.5% mu 2003 kufika pa 11.8% mu 20222.

Thanzi la Malo Okhala

Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo awo a madzi oyera ndi osamalira zinyalala, kaŵirikaŵiri mogwirizana ndi EPA. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Florida ya Environmental Protection imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi m’mitsinje ndi mitsinje yake, pamene kuli kwakuti miyezo yosanjikizana ya California, inayamba kuvomerezedwa mu 1967, yakhala ndi njira zatsopano za injini yochepetsera kuipitsa dziko lonse. Maboma amayang'aniranso kujambula mapeato a mtomu, radon, ndi kukonza zakudya, zimene zimasiyanasiyana mumzerapo.

Kukonzekera Mwamwayi

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma ndiwo oyamba kuthandiza ku ngozi zaumoyo zakumaloko, kuyambira pa masoka achilengedwe mpaka kuyambika kwa matenda opatsirana. Amasunga miyulu ya mankhwala, ogwirizana ndi zipatala, ndi kuchotsa anthu ndi kutumiza mapulani a ngozi. Mkati mwa magalimoto 2020 amoto ku Oregon, akuluakulu a boma a zaumoyo anatumiza malo oyendera mphepo ndi kupereka zikalata zotetezera anthu. HHS imapatsa mapangano a kukonzekera kwa ngozi, koma boma lililonse limatumiza mavoti a ku ngozi zake zapadera, monga momwe mphepo yapangidwira ku Louisiana kapena chivomezi ku California.

Kugwirizana Pakati pa Maboma ndi Maboma

Umoyo wa anthu umadalira pa kugwirizana kwa boma popanda chonde. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama, ukatswiri, ndi zipangizo za makompyuta, pamene mayiko akupanga mapulogalamu ndi malipoti. Ubwenzi umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri makamaka pa nthawi ya ngozi zazikulu.

Kugaŵana Zinthu ndi Matenda

Kudzera m'NNDS, CDC imalandira malipoti a tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku maboma onse 50, kuti aonedi kuyambika kwa matenda a Ebola. Mkati mwa 2014, malabola a boma adayamba kupima ndi kutumiza zitsanzo ku CDC kuti atsimikizire, kutheketsa yankho logwirizana lomwe linafalikira kwa anthu a m'banja. Mliri wa Chovid-19 unawonjezera kutengera kutengera kwa makompyuta lipoti, ndi 95% ya makampani tsopano akugwiritsira ntchito njira zoyendera chibadwa zimene zigwirizano pakati pa zipatala ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo.

Kuphunzitsa Anthu Ogwira Ntchito Pamodzi

Mabungwe a Federal monga CDC ndi Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) amathandizira maprogramu ophunzitsa a boma kwa akatswiri a matenda, akatswiri a zachipatala, ndi manesi aumoyo wa anthu. Programu ya Public Health Emergency Limbrenessing , yotsogozedwa ndi CDC, inapereka $7.8 biliyoni kuti ipereke mphamvu pakati pa 2019 ndi 2023. Ndalama zimenezi zimachirikiza maprogramu onga maprogramu ojambula ndi kukhetsa kwa makemikolo, kutsimikizira kuti antchito a boma atha kuchitapo mwamsanga pamene ngozi yeniyeni ichitika.

Kupereka Malo Oyamba ndi Opereka Zopereka

Federal pansi pa Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant imalola maboma kuyang'anira zinthu zawo zofunika, monga kuletsa kunenepa kwambiri ku Mississippi kapena amayi ku Georgia. Zipatala za X zokonzera ndalama za boma zoyendera STI zimene zimapereka kuletsa kutenga mimba ndi kupima STI. M'chaka cha 2022, CDC inapereka ndalama zopereka ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni 1.6 pa ndalama za boma zothandizira kuletsa matenda osatha, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a matenda a shuga ndi njira zaumoyo.

Kukula kwa Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito ndi Kugwirizanitsa

Pamene maboma a innovate, aguleator a boma amatsatira mobwerezabwereza. Mwachitsanzo, PFAS (per- ndi polyfluoralkyl) yolimba ya PFAS (mankhwala a polyfluoralkl) yomwa madzi, yopangidwa mu 2023, inachititsa EPA kukhazikitsa mlingo wa dziko lonse wa chiwonkhetso cha mlingo wa nyukiliya. Mofananamo, boma limalamula kuti katemera aloŵetsedwe kusukulu , wochitidwa ndi maulamuliro onse 50 a matenda onga chikuku . . Kuthandiza dongosolo limene boma limachirikiza mwa kuchirikiza ndi chitsogozo. EPA . ndi mabungwe a boma nthaŵi zonse amakhazikitsa njira zothandizira zothandizira zothandizira sukulu, monga maluso 2024 othandizira kuchepetsapopetsa poizoni mu mtsinje wa ku Ohio Valley.

Mavuto a Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo amphamvu, zinthu zina zimene zimalepheretsa anthu kukhala ndi thanzi labwino zimafuna kuti anthu azisamalabe ndiponso kuti azitha kusintha.

Zisonkhezero za Ndale ndi Kulamulira

Malamulo a zaumoyo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko, makamaka pamene akakamiza ndalama pa maindasitale amphamvu. Kungofuna kugula zakudya, fodya, ndi mankhwala afooketsa zofunika ndi kuchepetsa kuletsedwa kwa zinthu zovulaza. Mwachitsanzo, chiletso cha FDA cha kuletsa ndudu za m’maleththo cholengezedwa choyamba cholengezedwa mu 2018 chinayang'anizana ndi kubwezera zopinikiza zandale zisanafunsidwe mwalamulo mu 2022. Mofananamo, maboma ena achotsa malamulo a kumaloko pa ziletso zapulasitiki kapena soda misonkho, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mizinda ya kusamalira nkhani zaumoyo m'chitaganya.

Kulephera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Ndiponso Kulephera Kupereka Ndalama

Madipatimenti ambiri a zaumoyo akugwira ntchito ndi ndalama zosatha. 2022 pa Trust for America’s Health anapeza kuti kuwonongera ndalama zaumoyo wa anthu pa munthu aliyense kwatsika m’maboma 30 pakati pa 2017 ndi 2020, ngakhale pamene mliriwo unasonyeza kufunika kwa malo okhazikika. Zimenezi zikutsogolera ku madipatimenti ocheperapo, kuchedwa kufufuza, ndi madongosolo a zolemba zachikale. Pambuyo pa kubuka kwa chikuku m'magawo asanu ndi limodzi, pansi pa madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko otetezeredwa ndi kusungidwa kwa maaudindo oyenera kumanga nyumba, zotsatirapo kufalikira kokulira.

Kufufuza kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kusokonekera

Malamulo a zaumoyo amangogwira ntchito ngati anthu atsatira mfundozo. Kuwonjezeka kwa mawu olakwika , makamaka m'mliri wa CHOVAD . Kudalira majekeseni ndi malangizo a zaumoyo wa anthu. Kufufuza kwa 2023 kwa Pew Research Center kunapeza kuti 55% okha a ku America ndiwo anali ndi “ntchito yaikulu” kapena“ ndalama zodalira CDC , kuyambira 71% mu 2019. Kukayikira kumeneku kumalepheretsa kubisa, kudzipatula, ndi kuvomereza kuti katemera, kuwonjezera kuyambika kwa magubodza. Maboma avomereza ndi projekiti a maphunziro a anthu onse, koma amatsutsa kwambiri mabodza amafunika khama.

Kuchuluka kwa Matenda ndi Kuwawa

Ziwopsezo zatsopano monga kuletsa mankhwala opha tizilombo, kusintha kwa nyengo kogwirizana ndi zochitika zowopsa, ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo osungirako zachilengedwe kuchokera ku kufuna ziyambukiro za mwamsanga. Komabe, njira za bureaucracy zingachedwe. Mwachitsanzo, EPA inatenga zaka 30 kumaliza malamulo oletsa kukhazikika kwa madzi akumwa, ngakhale kuti maupandu a thanzi anali otsimikiziridwa bwino. Momwemonso, kutsekedwa kwa mphamvu ya poizoni wa moto kokhala kotsa kuvomerezana ndi sayansi. OSA . adasulizidwa chifukwa cha kulephera kutulutsa chipwiringiko cha moyo wa antchito a kunja, ngakhale kuti kutentha ndi imfa za anthu ogwira ntchito kukuwonjezereka.

Tsogolo la Malamulo a Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse

Monga momwe sayansi ndi chitaganya zimasinthikira, momwemonso dongosolo lotetezera thanzi la anthu liyenera kuumba mikhalidwe ina yofunika kwambiri m’zaka khumi zikubwerazi.

Thanzi Lotetezera ndi Chisamaliro Chamtengo Wapatali

Malamulo a boma ndi a boma akusintha kwambiri pankhani ya kuteteza mmalo mwa kuchitapo kanthu. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) yawonjezera kukwaniritsa mautumiki oteteza matenda monga kupima kansa ndi kuteteza ma bi-anual. Mayeso a boma apamwamba, monga “Health Parence , kuthandizira ndalama za ndalama monga kuchepetsa kutsalira kwa chipatala. Malamulo amtsogolo angapereke chilolezo cha kutsegulira luso la zamakono lakuteteza, monga ngati kuyesa majinizo a majiniwo ku matenda achibadwa, ndi kukonza maprogramu a moyo wabwino kudzera m'makhongolensi kapena kutsika kwa mainshuwansi.

Thanzi la Makina ndi Kukwera kwa Matenda a Azilonda

Kulandira mwamsanga Telehealth m'nthaŵi ya mliriwo kunasonyeza kuthekera kwa zipangizo za magetsi. FDA ikuyambitsa njira yatsopano yothandizira nzeru zokhala ndi mphamvu (I) m'zipangizo zamankhwala, kuphatikizapo marommageti opimira matenda amene angatulukire mikhalidwe yonga ngati matenda a shuga kapena sepsis. Mabungwe a zamankhwala akuchotsa njira za telemedicine enfictive communition zolola kutsegulira njira ya kudutsa malire. Komabe, nkhaŵa za makompyuta ndi kukondera za malamulo achinsinsi za boma zidzafuna malamulo atsopano, mwina kuchotsa ntchito ya boma yotetezera ndi malamulo a dziko monga malamulo a American Data Askhacy and Protection Act.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Umoyo Wake

Zochitika zanyengo zoopsa kwambiri . .Hurricanes, magetsi, magetsi, maluwa otentha ndi oopsa kwambiri. CDC’S CHEET - Really States & Cities Initive imathandiza kupanga makonzedwe otentha ndi madongosolo oyendera kutentha amene amayendetsa matenda okhudzana ndi kutentha kwa nthaŵi yeniyeni. EPA imayembekezeredwa kutulutsa malire okhwima oletsa kutentha kwa mpweya kuchokera ku zomera ndi galimoto, zimene zidzatulutsa zothandizira kutha kwa moyo wa munthu. Monga Colorado zakhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kupenda za umoyo wa anthu pa ntchito zazikulu za zomanga nyumba, kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwatsopano sikuipitsiranso kutentha kwa mpweya kapena kuwonjezereka kwa maupandu a mpweya kapena kusefukira kwa madzi.

Kusankhana Makhalidwe ndi Makhalidwe Abwino

Oyang’anira akudziŵa kuti zotsatira za thanzi zimapangidwa ndi zinthu monga nyumba, maphunziro, ndi ndalama. . Ofesi ya Umoyo Waung'ono imapititsa patsogolo miyezo ya kusamalira kwa chikhalidwe, pamene maboma ambiri apanga makhonsati a thanzi apadera kuti apende kuchepa kwa imfa za amayi, kuchuluka kwa matenda, ndi matenda aakulu. Malamulo amtsogolo angatsekereze kukwera kwa misonkho ya m’chipatala, monga kuchepetsa mipata yotsegulira anthu a mafuko. Mayanjano aumoyo akufunika kale ndi IRS kuchipatala chopanda phindu, mwachionekere adzakhala owopsa ndi ophatikizapo ndi kutetezeredwa ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya.

Pomaliza, malamulo a boma ndi a boma amapanga dongosolo logwirizana limene limasintha nthaŵi zonse kuti litetezere thanzi la anthu. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a ukhondo ndi kutsegulidwa kwa anthu ndi mavuto amakono a miliri ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, njira yomangira zinthu imeneyi imapereka zonse ziŵiri kugwirizana kwa dziko ndi malo amodzi. Kupitiriza kuyendetsa ndalama, kugwirizana kwa zigawo, ndi kuvomerezana kwa anthu kudzakhala kofunika kutsimikizira kuti malamulo akhalabe othandiza, oyenera, ndi ovomereza ku ziwopsezo za maŵa.