Njira Yapadera ya Japan ya Chitukuko cha Akuluakulu

Malamulo a chithandizo chachilendo a Japan, odziŵika motsimikizirika monga Office Development Ahelp (ODA), ali maziko a lamulo lake lakunja. Mosiyana ndi opereka chithandizo ambiri a Kumadzulo, programu ya chithandizo ya Japan yagwirizana kwambiri ndi zikondwerero zake za maufumu, mpikisano wa zachuma, ndi malingaliro a zipani zandale zadziko zimene zalamulira dzikolo. Kumvetsetsa mmene magulu andale a Japani apangani ndi kupitirizabe kubwereranso [1] [1] , ODA imapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri cha mbali ya dziko lapansi pa chigawo cha dziko lonse. Nkhaniyi ikupenda nkhani ya mbiri yakale ya chithandizo cha dziko la Japan, chisonkhezero chachikulu cha Democratic Party (LDP), chiyambukiro chachikulu koma chachidule cha Democratic Party ya Democratic Japan (DP), ndi mphamvu ya ndale ya .

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Kuyambira pa Kukonzanso Nkhondo Yapambuyo Pa Nkhondo Kufikira pa Chiŵiya Chachuma

Programu ya ODA inayamba modekha m'ma 1950 monga kugaŵana kwa nkhondo ku maiko a Southeast Asia . Filosofi yotsogolera inali msanganizo wa [[FLT: 0] zachuma za kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa zinthu [[FLT:]] ndi [''''amalonda] . Mkati mwa nthaŵi ino, LDP inalimbitsa mphamvu yake ndi kufotokoza njira yosungira zinthu zachilengedwe, misika yotsegulira, ndi kumanganso chikhulupiriro. Gulu la malondalo linaona thandizo monga njira yopangira mipata yotumiza kumaiko a makampani a Japan, makamaka maindasitale aakulu ndi makampani.

Pofika 1970, Japan anakhala wopereka wamkulu, wapamwamba pakati pa ODA operekera ndalama padziko lonse. Boma la LDP linagwiritsira ntchito chithandizo kuchirikiza zolinga za Nkhondo Yapakamwa ya United States ku Asia, pamene linali kupititsa patsogolo nthaŵi imodzi chuma cha Japan. Lamulo limeneli linafotokozedwa mu "kufikira mwapadera” , kumene maiko olandira akafunsira ntchito ndipo makampani a Japan akawagwiritsa ntchito, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwirizanitsa zopereka za katundu ndi mautumiki a Japan. Kufikira mu LD PP.

LDP’s Golden Era of Aid (1955-2009)

Ulamuliro wa LDP wosasweka kuyambira mu 1955 mpaka 2009 unalola kuti ugwirizane ndi nzeru zake zachilendo zothandizira kulowa m'malamulo ndi m'zotsatira. Mbali zofunika:

  • Kulinganiza kwa SSrategic ndi US- Japan Security Treaty: Aid inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulimbitsa ogwirizana ku Southeast Asia, monga Thailand, Indonesia, ndi Philippines, kutsutsa chisonkhezero cha komyunizimu.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kukambirana ndi zachuma: Unduna wa Economy, Trade ndi Industrial (MOSETI) ndi Unduna wa Nkhani za Amitundu ina (MOFA) wogwirizana kutsimikizira maprojekiti a ODA kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za ku Japan. Maprojekiti monga madoko, magetsi, ndi misewu kaŵirikaŵiri inafuna makina ndi mapangano a uinjiniya wa Japan.
  • Malamulo a kakhalidwe ka anthu: Mosiyana ndi opereka a ku Nordic, LDP mwachisawawa inapeŵa chithandizo chogwirizanitsa ku kulamulira kapena kuchita kwa ufulu wa anthu, kusankha maulamuliro okhazikika, authoritarianism amene amagwirizana ndi zikondwerero za Japan.

Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziŵika kwambiri chinali ODA ku Myanmar (Burma). Ngakhale kuti mayiko anadandaula ndi ufulu wa asilikali, LDP inapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira anthu, ikumati panganolo linali lothandiza kwambiri osati lopatula. Lingaliro limeneli linasintha kokha pambuyo pa kusintha kwa 2011 kwa ulamuliro wa anthu pansi pa Pulezidenti Thein Sein, koma ngakhale panthaŵiyo, LDP inakhalabe yochenjera.

DPJ Interregnum: Kusintha Kochepa Kuika Zinthu Zofunika Patsogolo pa Anthu

Democratic Party ya Japan ya chipambano cha chipambano cha dziko mu 2009 m'chosankha chachikulu chinasonyeza kusweka kwa mbiri yakale kuyambira mu 1955, LDP inataya ulamuliro wa nyumba yaing'ono. DPJ, inapangidwa kuchokera ku kuphatikiza magulu angapo otsutsa, inalonjeza lamulo lachilendo lodziimira ndi kusumika maganizo kwambiri pa [[FLT:] kuyambika kwaumunthu ndi kutsika kwa chuma.

Pansi pa DPJ Ministers Yukio Hatoyama, Naoto Kan, ndi Yoshihiko Noda, panali kukonzedwa kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa ODA:

  • Thandizo lomangirira: DPJ inasuntha kuchotsa chiyeneretso chimene maprojekiti a ODA-okeredwa ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito omanga a ku Japan, cholinga cha kuwonjezera mpikisano ndi kuchepetsa mtengo.
  • Kufikira kwaunyamata wa munthu: [[FLT :1] Chigogomezero chatsopano chinaikidwa pathanzi, maphunziro, ndi ulamuliro, mogwirizana ndi Millennium Development Zolinga (MDGs).
  • Kuvomerezana kwa chitaganya: DPJ yotsegulira kukambitsirana ndi mabungwe (NGO) ndi kuwalimbikitsa kutengamo mbali m'kulinganiza malamulo [1] kuchoka ku njira ya LDP yotsekera, ya zomangira.

Komabe, DPJ inatsala pang'ono kutha. Chivomezi Great East Japan . Chochitika Great Japan [1] Great Fekushima ndi zotsatirapo za tsoka la nyukliya zinawononga maganizo a boma ndi bajeti. Ndiponso, kusoŵa kwa DPJ kwa malamulo achilendo kunapangitsa kuti asamukire ndi kusagwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, pamene DPJ inatsutsa LDP chifukwa cha kugonjera kwambiri US, boma la Hatoma linayesa kubwezeretsanso Futenma mumpa wa asilikali, ndipo linathandiza mayiko a kukhazikitsanso mgwirizanowo, ndipo silinachepetsedwe monga mmene mame ena a DPJ adachitira.

Pofika 2012, LDP inabwereranso ku ulamuliro pansi pa Shinzo Abe, ndipo zambiri za masinthidwe a DPJ adasintha mwakachetechete. Programu yothandiza inayambiranso kugogomezera kwambiri pa starategic shopu ndi "'styler , [ ndi mayanjano, mogwirizana ndi masomphenya a Abe .

Mphamvu Zatsopano ndi Zogwirizana pa Zandale

Magulu a zipani a ku Japan agaŵanika m’zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, ndipo anthu angapo aang’ono ayamba kutengerapo mphamvu pa ODA m’mbali zina, ngakhale kuti palibe amene watha kutsutsa ulamuliro wa LDP pa chithandizo cha kumaiko ena.

Komeito: Kampani ya Coalition ndi munthu wina wothandiza Bent

Komeito, phwando lokhala ndi mizu m'gulu lachibuda Soka Gakkai, lakhala mnzake wachiŵiri wa LDP kuyambira 1999. Komeito’s platifomu imagogomezera kukhazikitsa mtendere , displate poyanjanitsa [[FLT:] kuwonjezera chithandizo cha OD:3], ndi [FLT:] [FLT]] mizu ya chitetezo cha anthu [. Pamene LDP imayang'ana pa malo olimbitsa, Komeito yakhala ndi chipambano cha maprogramungwe a zaumoyo, kumanga, ndi kuchirikiza. Mwachitsanzo, Kometo adathandiza pa ntchito za UNIAD kuthandizira anthu othawa.

Nippon Ishin (Chipani cha Japan Chosintha): Kudya ndi Kukonzanso

Japan Innovation Party (imene kale inali Ishin no Kai) ndi chipani cholondola, chosintha zinthu chimene chimachirikiza kulephera ndi luntha lakuyaluza [1]. Chatsutsa chimene chimaona kuti ndi kuwononga ODA, makamaka pa ntchito zazikulu zobwezedwa ndi ndalama zokayikitsa. Ziŵalo za Ishin zaitana kusanthula kowongoka kwenikweni kwa ODA ndi kuwonekera kokulira m'kupeza. Ngakhale kuti gululo silinakhale m’mphamvu ya dziko, chisonkhezero chake m'maseŵera a JICA.

Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku Japan (JCP) ndi Azachuma: Mawu a Chipani Chotsutsa Militari

Magulu akunja onyamula anthu monga JCP amatsutsa mosalekeza ODA iliyonse imene imachirikiza zolinga zankhondo kapena zapadera. Iwo amachirikiza chithandizo kuti chiperekedwe kudzera mwa mabungwe a United Nations ndi kuti Japan alinganize maiko osatukuka kwambiri (LDC) omwe alibe zingwe za ndale zadziko zogwirizana. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu ameneŵa samakhudza malamulo enieni, ma pulogalamu awo amapereka malo akuti MOFA ndi JICA ayenera kulankhula m’nkhani ndi malipoti, kukakamiza zinenero za anthu ambiri m'zikalata za boma.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Mmene Zipani Zandale Zinasinthira Zosankha Zabwino Zothandiza Anthu

Frastructure Push ku Africa (LDP-Domineted, 2013-2020)

LDP pansi pa Abe inayambitsa njira yaikulu ya mu Afirika, Tokyo International Conference on African Development (POTIAD) , imene inakhala nduna yapadera ya chithandizo cha Japan. POTIAD V (2013) ndi PATCAD VI (2020:6) adawona mapangano a madola mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri pa misewu, madoko, ndi maprojekiti a mphamvu. Mapangano apadera a calculus adawonekera bwino: Africa anapereka mwaŵi wachuma ndi chisonkhezero chomakula m'makwalala. LDP inagwiritsira ntchito OD A monga chiŵiya cholimbana ndi China (BRI) mwa kuchirikiza “kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyendetsera bwino ndi zochirikiza. Kometo ina inachirikizanso ndalama zaumoyo, ndi kuchirikiza maphunziro a ku chipatala.

Myanmar: Tsamba la Maboma Aŵiri

Myanmar imapereka chitsanzo choopsa cha kusinthana kwa makampani a chipani. Mkati mwa zaka za LDP pansi pa Abe (221-2021), Japan anapereka ODA yochuluka ku Myanmar, kuphatikizapo K2 biliyoni imodzi ya Thilawa Special Economic Zone , kuphatikizapo K5 , poyambirira ntchito yokonza pulojekiti yothandizira anthu ya ku Japan yowonjezera kukhalapo kwa gulu la kampani ndi mphamvu za kugaŵana ndi chitukuko cha Atchaina m’chigawo. Pambuyo pa zaka 2021 zoukira za asilikali, ngakhale kuti, chitaganya cha mitundu yonse chikanatsutsa junta. Boma la LDP, lomwe tsopano likulamulidwa ndi Nduna yapamwamba Kisida, linaimabe chithandizo chatsopano koma linapitiriza kuthandiza anthu, kusonyeza kudalira kwa chipani chachi omwe amapeŵa kudzipatula kotheratu.

COVID-19 ndi Vaccine Diplomacy (LDP-Komeito Coalition, 2020-2022)

Mliriwu usanathe, ODA inasintha kwambiri. LDP, ndi chilimbikitso champhamvu cha Komeito, inaperekedwa kupitirira $3 biliyoni kuti ikhale ndi thanzi la dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo akatemera ndi ziwiya zozizira. Izi zinali kutha kwa LDP yokha yolemera kwambiri. Chigamulocho chinasonkhezeredwanso ndi mpikisano wandale ndi China, umene unali kutsogolera “mapangano ochititsa chidwi. . . Boma la chigwirizano linazindikira kuti kayankhidwe kabwino kabwino kadzalimbikitsa mphamvu yofewa ya Japan. Mpatuko unali wa kanthaŵi koma ukusonyeza mmene mphamvu za nthaŵi zonse za gulu lolamulira zingachitire zinthu zofunika.

Mikhalidwe Yaposachedwapa ndi Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo 2020 ndi Kupyolapo)

Kubwerera kwa ODA Yapadera mu Kampani ya Kisida

Nduna yaikulu Fumio Kisida, amene analoŵa m’malo Abe mu 2021, anatulutsa ] masomphenya atsopano [[FOP] (FLT:1] monga maziko a malamulo achilendo a Japan. ODA tsopano ndi ogwirizana ndi chisungiko ndi kuletsa. Mu 20222, boma linalengeza za kutchuka kwatsopano [“ Divolment Facessivelce Charter [1] imene imagwirizanitsa dongosolo la kumanga, kulimba kwa panyanja, ndi kuchirikiza chuma. LDP imatsimikizira kuti njira imeneyi ipitiriza, ngakhale kuti gulu la mkati mwa gululo likupitiriza kutsutsana ndi chithandizo chankhondo.

Zimene Anthu Amachita Pankhani ya Maganizo a Anthu Ndiponso Kugwirizana kwa Anthu Ena

Malingaliro a anthu a ku Japan pa ODA ali osanganizika. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti okhoma msonkho ambiri amawona chithandizo kukhala chosakaza, makamaka kupatsidwa ngongole yaikulu ya anthu a ku Japan. Magulu a Populist, kuphatikizapo Rewa Shinsengumi . Reya Shingumi [1] kumanzere ndi kudziimira paokha, achititsa andale kulungamitsa ODA mowonjezereka, kuchititsa kuti apeze chithandizo ndi kubwezeredwa ku maprogramu a za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Komabe, LDP ndi Komeito kaŵirikaŵiri ateteza ODA monga malonda a dziko lonse ndi chuma. Kutuluka kwa makampani a za za makampani a za zaunyinyinyinyinyiridwe a za za mayanjano. Akakamiza andale zadziko kulungamitsa ODA mowonekera bwino, kuwonjezera ku kutchuka kwa anthu ndi kupambana kwa JEC.

Kuthekera kwa Kusintha kwa M’tsogolo

Ngati DPJ kapena gulu lina lofananalo likabwerera ku ulamuliro, Japan angaone kukakamizanso kwatsopano kaamba ka chithandizo ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi Sustainable Development Zolinga (SDGs). Mgwirizano wa kumanzere ungachepetse chithandizo chankhondo ndi kuwonjezera zopereka ku ndalama zambiri. Kumbali ina, boma losiyana kwambiri ndi lachikhalidwe kwambiri . kapena mgwirizano wa anthu onyamula Japanome Revision Party [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] Kuthandiza koyambirira kwa mayiko ogwirizana ku zisumbu za Pacific ndi Southeast Asia, ndi kuyang'ana kwambiri pa chisonkhezero chotsutsana ndi Chitchaina.

Mfundo 9 ya Malamulo ya ku Japan imene imakana nkhondo, yaletsa mbiri yakale ODA kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka zifuno za nkhondo zokha. Komabe, kumasuliranso kwaposachedwapa pansi pa LDP kwasokoneza muyezo wa chitukuko ndi chisungiko, kutsogolera ku kusulizidwa kwa zipani zotsutsa. Kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko kwa mtsogolo kudzatsimikizira kaya chikhoterero chimenechi chikufulumiza kapena kubwerera mmbuyo.

Mapeto ake: Mapwando andale monga Zopanga Zopanga Mapazi za Dziko Lonse la Japan

Malamulo a kampani yapanja a Japan sali kokha zikalata za technocrates zolembedwa ndi a bureaucrates; izo ndizo zotulutsidwa m'zaka makumi ambiri za kutsata malonda kwa ndale zadziko, malingaliro, ndi masankho. Liberal Democratic Party , kupyolera mwa njira yake yaitali yothandizira ODA, yaumba chiŵiya chapadera chimene chimatumikira chuma ndi chisungiko cha Japan pamene chikusungabe mawonekedwe a anthu. DPJ imasonyeza kuti gulu lolamulira losiyana lingapereke thandizo ku chitukuko ndi kudziimira kwa anthu. Magulu a Smaster a ku Komeito, Ishin, ndi JCPP amawonjezeranso, kusonkhezera kaamba ka kusintha kwapadera kumene nthaŵi zina kumakhala ndi lamulo la kukonza kwa anthu a LDP.

Pamene Japan ilimbana ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu okalamba, kupikisana kwa chigawo ndi China, ndi zotsatira za mliri wa CHOVAD-19, programu yake ya ODA idzakhala chida chofunika kwambiri chosonkhezera. Ophunzira ndi openyerera a ndale zadziko a ku Japan ayenera kuyang'ana kuti ndi ziti zimene ziganizo za magulu ameneŵa zimapeza m'masankho a mtsogolo. Mbali ya dziko m'kukula kwa dziko lonse idzapitirizabe kupangidwa ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa magulu andale zadziko ndi zitsenderezo za mitundu yonse. Kuzindikira mphamvu imeneyi kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wopenda malo a Japan m'dziko.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa ODA ya Japan ndi zisonkhezero zake za ndale zadziko, onani nduna [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza kwa Maiko Achilendo ODA tsamba , Japan International Cooperation Agency (JAHA) , ndi kusanthula kuchokera ku [FLT: 4.] Institute of Econy, Trade ndi Indust (RIETI).