Kupenda za Nthambi Yoyang’anira Malamulo a Lamulo

Branch Oudentier imalandira chitetezo chake cha dziko ndi nkhani zachilendo kuchokera ku Mfundo II ya Malamulo a U.S., imene imaika “Gulu la Udindo Waukulu” mu Pulezidenti ndi kuwasankha monga Mkulu . Lamulo limeneli limapatsa Prezidenti wamkulu m'kuyendetsa malamulo, kulamulira magulu ankhondo, ndi kuyang'anira ulamuliro umene umachirikiza ntchito zimenezi. Mosiyana ndi Legislative Branch, umene wapangidwa kaamba ka kulinganiza ndi kuimira, Banki Yaukulu imamangidwa kaamba ka liŵiro, umodzi, ndi kutsimikiza kofunikira kwambiri pochitapo kanthu mwamsanga pa mavuto ndi ziwopsezo za mitundu yonse. Pazaka mazana aŵiri, ukulu wa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro m'madera ameneŵa wakula kwambiri, ndi kusintha kwa nkhondo, ndi kusintha kwa za tekinoloji, ndi kufalikira kwa United States.

Bungwe lamakono la nthambi la Unduna wa Unduna wa Unduna wa Dziko ndi njira zadziko kudutsa madipatimenti, mabungwe, ndi mabungwe olangiza. Otchuka kwambiri amaphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya Boma, Department of Defense, National Security Council (NSC), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), ndi Ofesi ya Woyang'anira National Intelligence (ODI). Bungwe lililonse limagwira ntchito pansi pa chitsogozo cha Pulezidenti koma limatumikiranso monga kupenda njira ya kufulumira kapena yosadziŵa bwino mwa kufuna kuti bungwe la interâgency (NC), kumvetsetsa mmene mabungwe ameneŵa aliri apadera a bungwe la U.S.

Mathayo a Chisungiko cha Dzikolo

Chisungiko cha dziko chimaphatikizapo osati kokha kutetezera ziwopsezo zankhondo komanso kutetezera chuma, maziko ovuta, ndi dziko la America ku mitundu yambiri ya ngozi. Ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti monga Mtsogoleri . . Ndiwo mbali yowonekera kwambiri, komanso mphamvu ya maulamuliro imakhudzanso kusonkhanitsa kwa luntha, uchigaŵenga, kuletsa upandu, kusungidwa kwa zachuma, ndi kuyang'anira ngozi. National Security Council [ imagwira ntchito monga mkulu wa Pulezidenti kaamba ka kulingalira nkhani zimenezi, kubweretsa pamodzi akuluakulu a boma kuchokera ku madera osiyanasiyana ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Ulamuliro wa Asilikali ndi Mkulu wa Nkhondo ûin̆Chief

Pulezidenti salengeza nkhondo . Siaunt Declaration ya Msonkhano pansi pa Mfundo I . Koma angalamulire magulu ankhondo a United States kumenyana popanda chilolezo cha boma. Zimenezi zakhala magwero a mkangano wosatha pakati pa akuluakulu ndi a Malamulo. Mantha ankhondo ankhondo a 1973, opatulidwa pa Pulezidenti Nixon , amafuna kuti Pulezidenti adziŵitse Congress mkati mwa maola 48 akuyendetsa zida ndi kuwachotsa pambuyo pa masiku 60 pokhapokhapokha ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo yalola kachitidwe kachiŵirika, adatsutsa kuti chigamulo cha Nazi pa ulamuliro wawo, ndipo zofuna zake kaŵirikaŵiri zatsutsidwa.

Zitsanzo za asilikali ogwidwa mochititsa mantha ndi monga Pulezidenti Obama yemwe analowerera mu 2011 ku Libya, Pulezidenti Trump anaukira boma la Iran General Qasem Solemani, ndi Pulezidenti Biden pothandiza Ukraine pambuyo pa kuukira kwa dziko la Russia kwa 2022. Pankhani iliyonse, Pulezidentiyo anatsatira ulamuliro wawo monga Mkulu wa boma . Nthaŵi zina ndi popanda kuvomereza koonekeratu.

Kusonkhanitsa Nzeru ndi Chidziŵitso

Bungwe la Ofesi Ofesi ya Nthambi Idalira pa Intelligence Community (IC), kugwirizanitsa mabungwe ndi maofesi 18, kuti apereke chidziŵitso chofunika pa zosankha za mawu. PIA imangoyang'ana pa kusonkhanitsa nzeru ndi ntchito yobisa zachilendo; NSA imachita ntchito zaluso kwambiri za zizindikiro; ndipo FBI imasamalira ziwopsezo zapanyumba ndi kutsutsana. Woyang'anira National Intelligence (DI), malo aakulu opangidwa pambuyo pa 9 / 11 a kuukira, amagwirizanitsa IC ndi kutumikira monga phungu wamkulu wa Pulezidenti.

Luntha limachirikiza osati kokha ntchito zankhondo komanso kukambirana kwa ndale, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuletsa upandu. Kaŵirikaŵiri mtundu wa luntha ndiwo umene umasiyanitsa chipambano cha lamulo ndi kulephera kosakaza . Mwachitsanzo, kupenda kolakwika kwakuti Iraq anali ndi zida zowononga anthu kunachititsa kuukira kwa 2003. Chifukwa chake, nthambi ya Administration Breat Office ya “Upandu wa Dziko Lonse waika ndalama zambiri pofufuza, kuyang'anira, ndi kusintha kuti awongowongolera kulondola ndi kupeŵa kusokonezeka. [FLT: 0] Office ya Mkulu wa National Intelligence [1] imafalitsa “Chiwopsezo cha Padziko lonse chimene chikuyambitsa mavuto aakulu kwambiri oyang'anizana ndi United States.

Chisungiko cha M’nyumba ndi Kuyang’anira Mavuto

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 2002, imagwirizanitsa chitetezo cha m'malire a dziko, kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akuloŵa m’dziko, kuchitika tsoka, ndi chitetezo cha m'zoyendera pansi pa dipatimenti ina ya akuluakulu a boma. Kulenga kwake kunasonyeza kulinganizanso kwakukulu kwa boma poyankha kuukira 9 / 11. Pulezidenti, kudzera ku DHS ndi Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), ali ndi udindo wogwirizanitsa ntchito ya boma pa masoka achilengedwe, zochitika za zigaŵenga, ndi miliringi yomwe inakhala yoonekera kwambiri pa nthawi ya mphepo ya mphepo ya Katrina ndi mliringi wa CHOVID .

Nthambi ya Authority ya nthambiyi imayang’aniranso mmene dzikolo limachitira pa Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito bungwe loteteza zachilengedwe lotchedwa Cybersecurity and Infrapublicture Security Agency (CISA), limene limagwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba poteteza zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Nkhani Zakunja ndi Zochititsa Chidwi

Pulezidenti ndi kazembe wamkulu wa dzikolo, wokhala ndi ulamuliro wa kuzindikira maboma achilendo, kuika akazembe, ndi kuchita mapangano a mitundu yonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira ndi kuvomereza mapangano ndi anthu aŵiri [1], Prezidenti angasainenso “mapangano ophera amene safuna chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mapangano ameneŵa, amene amakwaniritsa chilichonse kuyambira pa malonda mpaka pankhondo, awonjezeka chifukwa chakuti amalola Nthambi ya Unduna wa Unduna kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira kuposa mmene panganolo limaloleza.

Kusokonezeka kwa Mayanjano ndi Dipatimenti ya Boma

Department of State, yotsogozedwa ndi Mlembi wa Boma, imakwaniritsa lamulo la Prezidenti wa dziko lachilendo kupyolera m'makampani, mamessional, ndi makampani a boma pafupifupi m'dziko lirilonse. Oimira a United States amaimira zikondwerero za U.S. amagwirizana, ndi kupereka mapangano pa 766breadrell amene amalengeza malamulo. Pulezidenti amakhazikitsa mawu olankhulirana ndi mapangano. "Kuphatikizapo pangano la maufumu ambiri, (amene U.S. anagwirizana ndi Pulezidenti Obama ndipo pambuyo pake adagwirizana ndi Pulezidenti Biden pambuyo pa kubwerera kwachidule), kapena kudzera mu “America Yoyamba Bigatal, monga momwe Pulezidenti Trump.

Kukambirana kwa olamulira kumaphatikizanso “zokambirana zauchigamulo,” kumene Prezidenti amakumana ndi atsogoleri achilendo kuti athetse mikangano kapena kulimbitsa mgwirizano. Msonkhano wa U.S.North Korea mu 2018 ndi 2019, Kampu David Adspects yokanizidwa ndi Prezidenti Carter mu 1978, ndipo kugwirizana kosalekeza ndi Japan ndi South Korea ndi zitsanzo zodziŵika bwino za mmene pangano la prezidenti lingaumbitsire unansi wa maiko onse pamlingo wapamwamba.

Mapangano a Padziko Lonse

Mapanganowo akusonyeza bwino kugwirizana kwa lamulo pakati pa nthambi za bungwe la Unduna ndi Lagalishati. Pulezidenti akukambirana pangano, koma limakhala logwirizana pambuyo pa mabodza aŵiri , atatu a Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mapangano aakulu monga North Atlantic Treaty (1949) ndi New START Treaty (2010) anachotsa chipambano chimenechi. Ena, monga Comprehensive NyucleAst, Oma kulephera kupeza chilolezo cha Khoti. Kupeŵa chitsutso chimenechi, kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito mapangano a akuluakulu a boma, mwachitsanzo, Comprehensives Plan of Activement Active Plan (ntchito ya nyukliya) inalinganizidwa monga ntchito ya ndalensitiko m’malo mwa pangano, kulola Pulezidenti Oba kuikhazikitsa popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo a bungwe la Oba.

Mchitidwe umenewu wapangitsa akatswiri ndi opanga malamulo amene amatsutsa kuchepetsa uyang'aniro wa bungwe. Ochirikiza akuvomereza kuti mapangano a akulu ali ofunika kwambiri m'dziko loyenda mofulumira kwambiri mmene pangano lalamulo lingatenge zaka zambiri. Njira ya mkulu wa bungwe la paragree imapanganso mapangano kukhala osavuta kwa mapresidenti otsatirawo kuchotsa, monga momwe Pulezidenti Trump anachitira ndi komiti ya Iran mu 2018.

Mabungwe a Padziko Lonse ndi Malo Ochitira Zinthu Amitundu Yosiyanasiyana

United States ndi chiŵalo chokhazikitsidwa cha United Nations, NATO, World Trade Organization, ndi mabungwe ena osaŵerengeka. Pulezidenti amaika oimira a United States ku magulu ameneŵa ndipo amasankha mlingo wa pangano la United States. Mwachitsanzo, United States imapereka ndalama zochuluka kwambiri ku United Nations ndipo imatumiza malikulu ake ku New York. Pulezidentiyo amalinganizanso mapulani a UN Security Council, kumene U.S. ali ndi mpando wachikhalire ndi mphamvu.

Kupyolera mwa magulu a mitundu yonse, Nthambi Yotsogolera ya Nthambi ingalondole zolinga zimene kulibe dziko limodzi limene lingazifikire: Kugwirizanitsa ziletso, kugaŵira chithandizo cha anthu, kukhazikitsa miyezo yaumoyo wa dziko lonse, ndi kusungitsa mapangano. Zoyesayesa za oyang'anira a Biden kugwirizanitsa ANTO kuchirikiza Ukraine, ndi kukakamiza kwa nduna ya Trump kuti apezere anthu a NO ndalama zodzitetezera, zimasonyeza mmene utsogoleri wa utsogoleri amapitirizira zotulukapo zambiri.

Maboma: Malo Opatulika, Malonda, ndi Aid

Chisungiko cha dziko ndi nkhani zachilendo sizili kokha m'ziŵiya zankhondo kapena zautsamunda. Nthambi Yoyang'anira yamphamvu ya zachuma mwa ziletso, malamulo a malonda, ndi chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja. Pulezidenti angapereke zilolezo pansi pa malamulo onga International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEPA), imene imalola mkulu kutseka katundu ndi kuletsa kuchita malonda ndi maiko odetsedwa, mabungwe, kapena anthu. Kuyeretsa kwa maiko ena kwakhala chida chachikulu cha U.S. Malamulo achilendo, ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsana ndi Iran, North Korea, Russia, ndi uchigaŵenga zambiri zowombana.

Mapangano a zamalonda ndi malamulo a boma amagwanso pansi pa malamulo a purvice publication , potsatira nthumwi zaudindo. Pulezidenti angakambirane za kuchepetsako ntchito kapena kukhazikitsa “chisungiko cha dziko lonse". Malamulo oteteza anthu pansi pa Gawo 232 la Tradentition Act, monga momwe Pulezidenti Trump adachitira pa zitsulo ndi aluminiyamu. Chithandizo cha mayiko akunja, chotsogozedwa ndi bungwe la United States la International Development (USAID), kupereka chithandizo chachuma ndi cha asilikali kwa ogwirizana, kuchirikiza kupititsa patsogolo demokrase, ndi chithandizo cha anthu. Zipang'wirikiti zonsezi, zida zachuma zimapereka ndandanda za bungwe la nthambi ya za bungwe la za za za za U.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Malamulo awononga dala mphamvu za dziko ndi nkhani zachilendo. Pulezidenti angakhale woyendetsa wamkulu, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo imalamulira ndalama, imalengeza nkhondo, ndi kutsimikizira akuluakulu a boma. Makhoti, pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi zambiri amagonjera ku ulamuliro wa olamulira m'mayiko ena, nthaŵi zina asintha, makamaka mu Brouchtown Comment & Tube Co. v. Saayer mlandu, umene unachepetsapo kuyesa kwa Pulezidenti Truman kulanda zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa nkhondo ya ku Korea. Posachedwapa, Bwalo Lapamwamba lachirikiza kuyenera kwa anthu ogwidwa pa Guankamo Bay kutsutsa kumangidwa kwawo, kuletsa mphamvu zaudindo m'nkhondo ya nkhondo.

Kuyang’anira Gulu

Nyumba za malamulo zimayang'anira kuyang'anira kuyang'anira milandu ya komiti, kufufuza, mphamvu ya chikwama, ndi kutsimikizira kwake pa alembi a bungwe la kabungwe, akazembe, ndi akuluakulu a mabungwe. Bungwe la General Foreign Relations Komiti ndi Service Service zimachita ntchito zapadera. Olemba malamulo angaperekenso malamulo amene amaletsa ntchito ya akuluakulu a boma mwachitsanzo, Iran Nuclear Activity Review Act ya 2015 inafuna kuti Pulezidenti apereke mapangano aakulu a nyukiliya ku Congress. Kuwonjezera apo, Boma Govern Accondation Accounting Office (GAO) Auk) Auk Aungwetemental Office (GU) ingathe kuyang'anira ntchito zaukulu, ndi akuluakulu a dipatimenti iliyonse ku chigawo cha polisi achotsako, chinyengo, ndi nkhanza.

Ngakhale kuti pali njira zimenezi, ofufuza anena kuti Nyumba ya Ufumu yapereka ulamuliro waukulu kwa mkulu wa asilikali m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Chikalata chovomereza kuti mu 2001 ndi 2002, Pulezidenti wagwiritsidwa ntchito polungamitsa ntchito m’mayiko oposa khumi ndi limodzi, popanda chilolezo chatsopano. Zoyesayesa zokhazikitsa kapena kukonzanso malamulo ameneŵa zakhala zoletsa, ndipo zasiya Pulezidenti ndi ufulu waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito asilikali.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Makhoti a Federal samachitanso maupandu kwa pulezidenti pa zigamulo zaudindo zachilendo, monga ngati dziko loyenera kudziŵikitsa kapena mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito asilikali. Komabe, amaloŵererapo pamene zochita za maulamuliro zikuphwanya ufulu wa munthu aliyense kapena malamulo. Milandu yokhudza kumangidwa kwa adani, kuyang’aniridwa popanda chilolezo, ndi kuletsedwa kwa Trump zonsezo zinafika ku Supreme Court, zimene pa chochitika chilichonse zinapereka mayeso pa ulamuliro wapamwamba pamene zikuzindikiranso ulamuliro waukulu wa Pulezidenti pankhani za chitetezo cha dziko lonse.

Maganizo a Anthu ndi Ofalitsa Nkhani

Ngakhale kuti si kupenda kochitidwa mwalamulo, malingaliro a anthu ndi manyuzipepala aufulu amatumikira monga zotsekereza zamphamvu pa ulamuliro wa maulamuliro. Madenti amene amayambitsa nkhondo zosatchuka kapena kuletsa mavuto achilendo kaŵirikaŵiri amaona kuchepa kwa ziyeso zawo zovomerezedwa, zimene zingachepetse kukhoza kwawo kulondola njira zowonjezereka. Motero, magazini a ndawala yopereka ndalama zoikizira. Chofanana ndi kufalitsa kwa Pentagon Papers kapena kutulutsa kwa Edward Snowden za NSACHEN . Kwavumbula maprogramu oganitsira ndi kuyambitsa mkangano wapo ndi anthu onse, kutsogolera ku kukhazikitsanso malamulo. Motero nthambi ya Komiti ya Komiti ya Komiti ya Komiti ya za ku United States iyenera kuyendera osati kokha malire a lamulo komanso bwalo la anthu.

Mavuto a M’tsogolo ndi Mbali Zothetseratu

Bungwe la Ofesi Yoyang'anira Gawo la lerolino likuyang'anizana ndi chiwopsezo chosiyana kwambiri ndi chija cha Nkhondo Yamawu. Mpikisano wa mayiko aakulu ndi China ndi Russia, kukwera kwa oseŵera osagwirizana ndi boma monga magulu a zigaŵenga ndi magulu aupandu a mitundu yonse, kusintha kwa nyengo, miliri, ndi kuchotsa mawu osinthasintha zonse zimene zimafuna ndi ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. Pulezidenti ayenera kulinganiza bwino mavuto a pa kachitidwe ka zaka zokwanira 69term, pamene akugwirira ntchito m'dongosolo la malamulo lolinganizidwa kuletsa kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu zosaletsedwa.

Luso la zopangapanga layambitsa zinthu zatsopano. Kuukira kwa asilikali kungakule mofulumira ndipo kungawononge zinthu zofanana ndi kuchitika kwa asilikali wamba; maoda akuluakulu ndi malamulo a boma ayamba kukhala njira yaikulu yopangira njira za Intaneti. Malo, malo amtendere oyendera malo, tsopano ndi bwalo la asilikali lopikisana, ndi bungwe la Space . .I ntchito yatsopano mu Dipatimenti ya za Ndege of Air Force .

Bungwe la Ofesi Yoyang'anira nthambi likuyang'anizananso ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuonekera ndi kuŵerengera. Mapangano a kusintha amaphatikizapo kufunikira ma AMF atsopano kaamba ka mikangano yokhalitsa, kulimbitsa pangano la Nyumba ya Malamulo יadvicĕa and , ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima pa mapangano a akuluakulu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ambiri oonerera amatsutsa kuti kuvuta ndi kufulumira kwa ziwopsezo zamakono kumasiya Pulezidentiyo popanda kusankha koma kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru. Kulimbana pakati pa ntchito yogwira ntchito bwino ndi kubwezera mlandu wa demokrase kukupitirizabe kukhala kovuta la chitetezo cha dziko la U.S.

Kumaliza

Branch Woyang'anira ndi bungwe la nthambi ndi injini ya chitetezo cha dziko la America ndi nkhani zachilendo, yopatsidwa mphamvu ndi Malamulo kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza potetezera zolinga za dziko. Kuchokera kulamula gulu lamphamvu koposa la dziko lonse kutsogolera kukambirana ndi kutumiza zida za zachuma, Pulezidenti ndi ziwiya za nthambi yaikulu amaumba dongosolo la dziko lonse tsiku lililonse. Komabe mphamvu imeneyo siili yokwanira. Dongosolo la Oyambitsa ndi kulinganiza la mayeso ndi lakulinganiza nsanja nlo, kupenda kwamphamvu kwa anthu, ndi kutumiza kwaudindo kwa anthu ndi malamulo. Kumvetsetsa kuyendetsa ulamuliro pakati pa ulamuliro ndi kutsendekera m'nthambi ino nkofunika kwa nzika iliyonse yofunafuna kumvetsetsa mmene United States imayendera dziko laupandu.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, funsani U.S. Komiti ya malipoti a nduna za Boma , [[FLT :2] Nkhokwe za Malamulo za Dziko , ndi [FLT] Council pa maiko ena otchuka .