Chiyambi: Malamulo a Nthambi Yotsogolera

Oyang'anira nthambi ndi injini ya kampani ya nthambi imene imagwira ntchito tsiku la 763day ya boma la United States. Inapangidwa ndi Kagani II wa Malamulo a ku United States, nthambi imeneyi ili ndi mlandu wopereka malamulo mokhulupirika operekedwa ndi bungwe la Congress. Ngakhale kuti bungwe la Konsichura la Malamulo la “mphamvu yophera anthu". Mu Pulezidenti, nthambi imaphatikizanso madipatimenti ambiri a boma, mabungwe, mabungwe, ndi makomiti amene amayendetsa malamulo a dzikolo. Kumvetsa nthambi ya Uyang'aniro n’kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene malamulo ndi utsogoleri amagwirira ntchito.

Mosiyana ndi lamulo la Legislative Branch ndi kumasulira kwa nthambi ya Oweruza, nthambi ya Uyang’aniro ndi mbali yaikulu ya ntchito. Imatembenuza cholinga cha malamulo kukhala zotulukapo zenizeni . Imamasulira kusonkhanitsa misonkho ndi kupereka makalata kuti apereke ufulu wa anthu ndi kuteteza dziko. Nkhani ino ikufufuza za kakonzedwe ka nthambi, maulamuliro, zoletsa, ndi mbali yake yaikulu pokhazikitsa malamulo ndi kutsogolera dziko.

Pulezidenti: Wolamulira Wamkulu ndi Mtsogoleri wa Dziko

Pulezidenti wa United States ali ndi udindo wapamwamba kwambiri m'dzikolo ndipo amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndi mkulu wa boma. Lamulo limapatsa Pulezidenti maulamuliro ambiri, koma aliyense amayendera limodzi ndi maudindo ndi zoletsa. Pansipa pali ntchito zazikulu za Prezidenti, iliyonse ichirikizidwa ndi ulamuliro walamulo.

Kutsatira Malamulo a Mafuko

Ntchito yaikulu ya Pulezidenti ndi “Kusamalira kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika.” Lamulo la malamulo limeneli limatanthauza Pulezidenti osati woimira waulesi chabe , Pulezidenti ayenera kutsogolera nthambi yonse ya boma kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo monga Congress. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ipereka ntchito ya madzi oyera, Pulezidenti amalangiza bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency kulemba ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo ayendetsedwe. Pamene dziko liyang'anizana ndi vuto laumoyo, Pulezidenti amagwirizanitsa mabungwe a boma kuti ayankhe. Malamulo ameneŵa satha kuletsa ntchito zaudindo omwe akutsatira malamulo.

Mkulu wa Asilikali

Mfundo II imapanga Pulezidenti wa Mfumu ya Nkhondo ndi Navy. Izi zimapereka ulamuliro waukulu wa ntchito pa asilikali a United States. Komabe, mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo imakhala ya m'gulu la Congress, ikumachititsa kutsutsana kumene kwapanga mbiri ya America. Mapresidenti atumiza asilikali popanda chilengezo chalamulo (m., Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan) ndi makhoti ali ndi ulamuliro pa ntchito zankhondo. Pulezidenti alinso ndi ulamuliro pa National Guardant pamene boma la boma ndi lingalamulitse — mphamvu imene imagogomezera thayo lalikulu la ofesi.

Lamulo la Kunja ndi Mphamvu ya Mapangano

Pulezidenti ndi kazembe wamkulu wa dzikolo: Amakambirana mapangano (pansi pa zilolezo ziŵiri 881) ndi kuika akazembe. Mapangano audindo, amene safuna kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhale yosavuta kugwirizanitsa mayiko. Pulezidenti alinso ndi mphamvu yozindikira maboma achilendo ndi kulandira akazembe — chizindikiro cha mapangano oyenera. Kuwonjezera apo, Pulezidenti angapereke zilolezo zachuma ndi kuyang'anira U.S.

Kusankha ndi Kuchotsa Mphamvu

Pulezidenti amaika — ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo — mamembala a bungwe, oweruza a boma, akazembe, ndi maofesala ena ambiri aakulu. Mphamvu imeneyi imaumba nthambi ya jaji ndi yoyang'anira kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Mphamvu yochotsa, imene Khoti Lapamwamba lavomereza kukhala mapulani (kusiyapo mabungwe odziimira okha monga Federal Reserve kapena Federal Trade Commission), imalola Pulezidenti kuponya anthu ambiri oikidwa pampaniza. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti Pulezidenti adzayankha ndi kulinganiza ndi malamulo a Pulezidenti.

Maulamuliro Alamulo: Veto, Boma la Chigwirizano, ndi Chiyeneretso

Pulezidenti amathandiza kuti malamulo a m'mayiko asinthe m’njira zingapo. Mphamvu ya dzikolo imalola Pulezidenti kukana ngongole zoperekedwa ndi Congress; chivoti chingangotsutsidwa ndi mavoti awiri 88tatu m’zipinda zonse ziwiri. Pulezidenti amatumizanso boma la Union ku Congress, kutchula zinthu zofunika ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Ndiponso, Pulezidenti anga “kutsimikizira kuti ndi congress, mphamvu imene yakhala yopanga malamulo. Mabishopu tsopano amapereka zikalata za mapangano, amapanga misonkhano ndi opanga malamulo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kampani ya oukira boma kuti athandize anthu.

Mphamvu ya Pardon

Mfundo II imapatsa Pulezidentiyo mphamvu ya kupereka ma Repriev ndi kukhululukira milandu ya boma, kusiyapo ngati m'nkhani za kusamvera. Mphamvu imeneyi kwenikweni siingaletsedwe; Pulezidenti angakhululukire anthu masiku pambuyo pa upandu, kapena ngakhale zigamulo zaupandu zisanakhazikitsidwe. Maonga a Manda aigwiritsira ntchito pa chilichonse kuyambira pa Presitip Civil War Reconfy (And Ford Ford Rerecty ya Richard Nixon, Donald Trump kukhululukira kwa andale zadziko). Mphamvu ya kukhululukira yakhala ikutumikira monga kupenda pa chiwongoletso cha nkhondo ndipo ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuwongolera kusalungama kowonekera.

Malamulo Otsogolera: Akulu Olamulira Opanda Mabungwe

Lamulo la mkulu ndilo lamulo lochokera kwa Pulezidenti yemwe amayang'anira ntchito za boma. Ngakhale kuti sanatchulidwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo, maoda akuluakulu amachokera ku ntchito ya Prezidenti monga mkulu. Iwo ali ndi mphamvu ya malamulo a mabungwe a nthambi akuluakulu koma ayenera kuzikidwa pa ulamuliro wa boma kapena malamulo amene alipo. Mabungwe sangachotse lamulo lapamwamba mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano, koma Khoti Lapamwamba lingagwetse munthu ngati liposa ulamuliro wa Prezidenti.

Zitsanzo Zosaiŵalika

  • Proclation (1863): Abraham Lincoln anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo laudindo kumasula akapolo m'maboma a Confederate, kugwiritsa ntchito wolamulira wake àsin à project pa nthaŵi ya nkhondo.
  • Executive Order 9981 (1198)[FL:1]: Harry Truman desegregive ya gulu lankhondo la United States mwa lamulo la akuluakulu, kunyalanyaza Congress wozengereza.
  • Extuted Order 906 (1942): Franklin Roosevelt analola kuikidwa kwa Japanese [1] Americas — pambuyo pake kutsutsidwa ndi kuonedwa kukhala kuswa kwamphamvu ufulu wa anthu.
  • DACA (202) : Barack Obama adapanga programu ya Development Action for Adoless kutetezera achichepere osamukiramo osalembedwa; lamulolo linatsutsidwa m’khoti pambuyo pake.
  • Travel Ban (2017) : Donald Trump anapereka lamulo la mkulu loletsa kuloŵa m'maiko angapo a Chisilamu, amene anakonzedwanso pambuyo pa zitokoso zambiri za lamulo.
  • COVID ÚNA VACCCDAINE MANDAY (2021) : Joe Biden analamula omanga a boma ndi antchito a zaumoyo kuti akangiridwe, kusamuka kotsekeredwa pang’ono ndi Khoti Lapamwamba.

Bungwe la Federal Bureaucracy: Madipatimenti, Mabungwe Othandiza Anthu, ndi Bungwe Loona za Ufulu Wolamulira

Pulezidenti sangakhoze kukhazikitsa malamulo yekha. Nthambi Yoyang'anira imaphatikizapo madipatimenti 15 a bungwe la chigawo cha chigawo ndi mabungwe ambiri odziimira, limodzi lokhala ndi ntchito zapadera. Imodzi imapanga bungwe la boma, limene limagwiritsira ntchito antchito wamba pafupifupi 2 miliyoni. Pulezidenti amaika atsogoleri a madipatimenti ameneŵa, koma antchito ambiri a ntchito adakalipo mwa kusintha kwa maulamuliro kuti aperekeze kupitiriza.

Madipatimenti a Kabiteni

Madipatimenti khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi ndi mbali zazikulu za boma. Iliyonse imatsogoleredwa ndi Mlembi (kapena Mkulu wa Athorney wa chilungamo). Zitsanzo zosakayikika:

  • Kugamulidwa kwa Chilungamo (DOJ) [1]: Malamulo a boma, amayendetsa FBI, oweruza, ndi kupereka uphungu walamulo kwa Pulezidenti. Attorney General ali mkulu wa lamulo .
  • Ifemu ya Ufesi (DOD) [1]: Iyang'ana asilikali - Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force . Ndi dipatimenti yaikulu kwambiri mwa bajeti ndi antchito.
  • Malo a Homeland Security (DHS) : Opangidwa pambuyo pa 9 / 11, amaphatikizapo mabungwe onga Customs ndi Borders Providect, Immigge and Custom Erthosterment, ndi Service.
  • Gawo la Boma [1]: Limasamalira nkhani za kumaiko akunja, kukambirana, ntchito za boma, ndi kuyang'anira maufumu ndi akazembe.
  • Malo a Thanzi ndi Mautumiki a Anthu (HHS): Amayang'anira maprogramu a zaumoyo wa anthu onse kuphatikizapo Medicare, Medicaid, FDA, ndi CDC.

Mabungwe Odziimira Okha

Mabungwe ena a nthambi akukhala kunja kwa nyumba ya kabati kuti awateteze ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

  • [[NT.0] Environal Protection Agency (EPA) [1]: Kukhazikitsa ndi kukakamiza malamulo a malo okhala.
  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)[[FL:1] : imasonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula luntha lachilendo.
  • [[MLT: 0] Umboni ndi Commission (SEC) : Imayang'anira malonda a zachuma ndi ntchito ya kampani.
  • Komiti ya Malo Osungiramo a Fateral : Malamulo a ndalama — ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amafotokozedwa kukhala odziimira, bungwe lake limaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikizidwa ndi Khoti.
  • Commissions Commission (FCC) [1]: Kukonza kulankhulana kwa dziko ndi wailesi, wailesi, wailesi, wailesi, waya, satellite, ndi tayala.

Mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu ndipo angapereke malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, oyenera kupendedwa ndi kuyang’anira gulu la milandu.

Mtsogoleri Waudindo: M’tsogoleri ndi Woloŵa M’malo

Pulezidenti wachiŵiri ndi woyang'anira wamkulu pa nthambi. Malamulo amapereka ntchito ziŵiri zomveka: kutumikira monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo (kugawa mavoti osokoneza) ndi kukhala wokonzeka kuvomereza kukhala waunduna ngati Pulezidentiyo wamwalira, kusiya, kapena kuchotsedwa. Madonala amakono achita mbali zowonjezereka, kaŵirikaŵiri akulangiza pa malamulo, kutsogolera zotsogolera, ndi kuimira boma kumaiko akunja.

Mavoti opotoka otchuka mu Nyumba ya Malamulo amaphatikizapo voti la Juce Kamara Harris la 2021 la American Rereplation Plan ndi Juce Prezidenti Mike Pence pa zitsimikizo zambiri zachiweruzo. Pulezidenti Waudindo amayang’aniranso chikalata cha mavoti a voti a pa koleji — mbali imene inawonekera kwambiri pamapeto pa chisankho 2020.

Mzera wa dongosolo la pulezidenti ukuposa Prezidenti Waudindo: Wolankhula wa Nyumbayo, Prezidenti Pro Tempore wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, wotsatiridwa ndi nduna za boma zolamulira chilengedwe.

Mayeso ndi Kulinganizika: Kuchepetsa Mphamvu

Okonza malamulowo anaopa kuti anthu azikhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.

Kuyang’anira Gulu

Congress angafufuze ntchito za akuluakulu, kuchititsa mayeso, kutulutsa nkhani zapansi, ndi kukakamiza umboni. Mphamvu ya chikwamacho ndiyo chipangizo champhamvu koposa cha Congress: imakhudza ndalama zonse za boma. Congress ingayang'anirenso posankha prezidenti (ndi mavoti aŵiri [1]), kutsimikizira kapena kukana mapangano, ndi rarefy . Kufufuza ndiko komaliza — Nyumba ingapereke pulezirente ya “Crimes ndi Misdemior,” ndi Nyumba Yamilandu itatu yakhala ndi mlandu. Mapereneja atatu adaperekedwa: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Crine Brena (ctice). Palibe amene adaimbidwa mlandu waukulu wandale.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Makhoti a Federal, makamaka Khoti Lapamwamba, angalengeze machitidwe a akuluakulu a boma popanda kugamulidwa. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1853] [(03]) ndipo yagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuyang'ana pulezidenti . Zitsanzo zosadziŵika zimaphatikizapo Jewn Comment & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sawer , imene inatsekapo Pulezidenti Truman kugwidwa ndi zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea, ndi [FLTL:] trum v. Hawaii , (20: 8), zimene zinachirikiza kuletsa ntchito yoyendera zinthu zoyendera pansi pa Khoti la Claudio.

Makhoti angapendenso malamulo a bungwe kaamba ka kugwirizana ndi malamulo otheketsa. Imeneyi imadziŵika monga Chevron Levenince (pambuyo pa Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council [1], ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba posachedwapa lasonyeza kufunitsitsa kupendanso ukulu wa kuchekedwa kumeneko.

Maganizo a Anthu ndi Ofalitsa Nkhani

Pulezidentiyo amayang'aniridwa mosalekeza kuchokera ku nyuzi, chitaganya cha anthu, ndi nzika. Pamene kuli kwakuti si kupenda kwalamulo, lingaliro la anthu lingakakamize Pulezidenti kusintha njira kapena ngakhale kusiya lamulo. Mwala wa Watergate, wovumbulidwa ndi atolankhani, wotsogolera kwa Pulezidenti Nixon. Oyang’anira amakono amagwira ntchito pansi pa madeti a manyuzipepala ndi manyuziko a mayanjano, zimene zimakulitsa ponse paŵiri zipambano ndi mikangano.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana kwa Nthaŵi Yomweyi

Nthambi ya Authority yakula kwambiri kuyambira pa chiyambi, ikudzutsa mafunso onena za ulamuliro wa akuluakulu ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

  • Nthanthi yaudindo yaudindo : Lingaliro lakuti Prezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wokha pa nthambi ya akuluakulu, likutokosa kudziimira kwa mabungwe ambiri.
  • mphamvu za mphamvu za kulolera [1]: Mapresidenti angalengeze ngozi za dziko kuti atsegule maulamuliro apadera (m’chitsanzo, ndalama zoyendetsera malire a Trump kupyolera mwa chilengezo chamwadzidzidzi). Otsutsa amatsutsa mfundo imeneyi.
  • Mwayi wogwira ntchito : Ufulu wa Pulezidenti kuletsa chidziŵitso ku Congress kapena makhoti. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza mwaŵi umenewu mu United States v. Nixon[[FLT :] [1997]) koma silinali lotheratu.
  • Kusonyeza kuonekera kwa pepala : Kulinganiza chitetezo ndi kuyenera kwa anthu kudziŵa. Freedom of Information Act ndi njira zoonekera zimayesedwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’khoti.

Kumaliza: Nthambi Yoyang’anira Democratic Republic

Olamulira Oyang'anira nthambi ndi gulu lamphamvu lomwe liyenera kusungitsa malamulo pamene likuŵerengeredwa mlandu. Pulezidenti akutsogolera dzikolo, koma utsogoleriwo ngwopangidwa ndi Malamulo, wopangidwa ndi Congress ndi makhoti, ndi wosonkhezeredwa ndi anthu. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuphunzira za Uyang'aniro wa Nthambi kumatanthauza kuzindikira osati mphamvu zake zokha komanso malire ake. M'boma lauchindunji, mkulu wa ntchitoyo ali wamphamvu mokwanira kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu ndi kuumirira lamulo. Kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa nthambi kumatsimikizira kuti palibe dzanja limodzi la boma limene limakhala ndi mphamvu, kusungitsa kulinganizika kwa kuyenera kumene opanga mapolo anagalamulo anakulingalira.

[[FL:0] Makina a Zopezedwa kaamba ka Phunziro lowonjezereka:

Nkhaniyi yaperekedwa kaamba ka zifuno za maphunziro. Aphunzitsi angaigwiritsire ntchito monga maziko a kukambitsirana m’kalasi ndi kufufuza kowonjezereka. [[FLT: 1]