Nthambi Yotsogolera: Malamulo a Come Constitution

Nthambi yaikulu ndi imodzi mwa mizati itatu yofanana ya boma la United States, yokhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo II ya Malamulo. Mlandu wake waukulu ndi kuperekedwa kwa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Pamene kuli kwakuti nthambi ya malamulo ikulemba malamulo ndi nthambi yachiweruzo kumasulira, nthambi yaikulu imatembenuza mawu alamulo kukhala enieni. Nthambi imeneyi yakula kwambiri kuyambira nyengo yokhazikitsidwa, kuchokera ku kabungwe ka madipatimenti anayi kukhala boma lowonjezereka logwiritsira ntchito mamiliyoni a asilikali ndi antchito ankhondo.

Malamulo a malamulo a zovala zapamwamba za maulamuliro a Prezidenti mmodzi, amene kenaka amatumiza ulamuliro pansi pa ndandanda ya maulamuliro yomwe imaphatikizapo Pulezidenti wa Kabinai, alembi, akuluakulu a mabungwe, ndi antchito a boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti: ovota amapatsa Pulezidenti udindo wa ntchito ya zipangizo zonse zauyang'anira. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, dongosolo la kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro limayambitsa mavuto oyambitsidwa, monga Congress Congress amapanga ndalama zoyenerera ndi kuyang'anira ntchito pamene makhoti akupenda machitidwe apamwamba a malamulo ndi malamulo. Kumvetsa nyumba imeneyi kuli kofunika kwa aliyense kufunafuna mmene malamulo a boma akugwirira ntchito.

Kupenda mozama chiyambi cha malamulo a mphamvu ya kulamulira, National Archives imapereka mawu onse a Mfundo II limodzi ndi nkhani za m'mbiri zimene zimawunikira zolinga za Oyambitsa.

Pulezidenti: Wolamulira Wamkulu ndi Mtsogoleri wa Dziko

Pulezidenti wa United States ali ndi malo apadera mu ulamuliro wa Amereka, kutumikira panthaŵi imodzi monga mkulu wa boma, mkulu wa boma, ndi mkulu wa asilikali. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito imeneyi kumapatsa chisonkhezero chachikulu pa nkhani zapanyumba ndi zachilendo. Maulamuliro alamulo a pulezidenti amaphatikizapo chiwiya cha kukhazikitsa, mphamvu ya pangano, ndi mphamvu ya kukhululukira. Koma mphamvu zamwamwaŵi . . . . . chiprikiti cha agulugupt, malangizo a akuluakulu, ndi kukhoza kukonza mapangano a mtunduwo monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri.

Mapresidenti amakono amadalira kwambiri Ofesi Yoyang’anira ya Pulezidenti (EOP), bungwe la mabungwe amene amapereka thandizo lachindunji ku Nyumba ya White . EOP imaphatikizapo Office of Management and Bactal (OMB), National Security Council (NSC), Council of Economic Adviserrs , ndi Ofesi ya United States Tradentivation, pakati pa ena. Mabungwe ameneŵa amathandiza Pulezidenti kuyang'anira makampani owonjezereka, kugwirizanitsa madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, ndi kuyankha ku mavuto obuka.

Kukakamiza ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo

Ntchito yaikulu ya Pulezidenti ndi "Kusamala kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika, monga momwe kwatchulidwira m'Chigawo II, Chigawo 3. Mawu ameneŵa amakhazikitsa ntchito ndi kupatsa ulamuliro. Kutanthauza kuti Pulezidenti ayenera kutsimikizira kuti malamulo onse a boma achitidwa, ngakhale aja operekedwa ndi boma lakale kapena otsutsidwa ndi amene alipo. Mchitidwewu, ntchitoyi imapatsa Pulezidentiyo nzeru yofunika kwambiri pa zofunika za kusungitsa. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe lingasankhe kuyang'anira kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma pa magulu ena a ophwanya malamulo pamene akuwononga boma, kapena lingalunjikitse bungwe la Kutetezera malo okhalako kuti litsatire lamulo lachiwawa loletsa kuipitsa maindasitale.

Mapresidenti amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro umenewu mwa njira zingapo:

  • Malamulo otsatizana ndi madesitala wa madenti adada [1] mabungwe a boma otsogolera kuchitapo kanthu kapena kutsatira mafotokozedwe apadera a lamulo.
  • Kupenda lamulo kudzera ku OMB imatsimikizira kuti bungwe likhazikitsa malamulo ndi zinthu zofunika za pulezidenti zisanagwire ntchito.
  • Kusankha kwa kampani yoona za malamulo [[FL:1] mu Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo imalola Pulezidenti kuika ntchito yosungitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mwa kutsogolera lamulo.
  • Zikalata zonena za kulephera zingatsegule maulamuliro apadera a ndalama zodalirika kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo pamavuto.

Malonjezo ndi Njira Yotsimikizira

Pulezidenti akusankha zikwi za akuluakulu a boma kuti aike malo m'boma la boma, kuyambira alembi a Cabitte ndi oweruza a boma kufikira ziŵalo za ma pulatifomu ndi maoda. Pafupifupi 1,200 a malo ameneŵa amafuna chitsimikiziro ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, njira yoperekera uphungu ndi kuvomereza pamene akuletsa ulamuliro wa mkulu ndi mmodzi. Kachitidwe ka kutsimikizirako kakhala kotsutsana mowonjezereka m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kuyang'anizana ndi kuchedwa kowonjezereka ndi chitsutso cha atsamunda.

Atatsimikiziridwa, akuluakulu ameneŵa amatumikira pachisangalalo cha Pulezidenti, tanthauzo iwo angachotsedwe popanda chochititsa , ndi kusakhala kwa oweruza a boma, amene amasangalala ndi moyo. Mphamvu imeneyi imapatsa Prezidenti ulamuliro wokwanira pa malamulo a nthambi yapamwamba, monga momwe mabungwe amene amatsutsa chitsogozo cha pulezidenti angaloŵedwe mmalo. Komabe, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lazindikira malire ena pa ulamuliro umenewu, makamaka kwa mabungwe odziimira okha amene mamembala awo angachotsedwe kaamba ka cholinga chabwino.

Kuletsa Kupita Kudziko Lina Ndiponso Kuteteza Dziko

Pulezidenti ali ndi udindo waukulu pa nkhani za mayiko, udindo wotsimikiziridwa ndi malamulo ndiponso mapangano a mbiri yakale. Pulezidentiyu amakambirana (Wogonjera Nyumba ya Malamulo), kulandira akazembe, ndi kutumikira monga nduna yaikulu ya dzikolo. M'dzikolo, Pulezidenti amalamulira magulu ankhondo ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zolamula nkhondo popanda chilolezo cha boma, ngakhale kuti nkhondo ya Maulamuliro ya pa 1973 ikufuna kuti adziŵitse bungwe la Congress pasanathe maola 48 ndi malire a kukhazikitsa kwake kwa masiku 60 popanda chilolezo.

Kupanga zosankha za boma kumagwirizana ndi National Security Council, imene imagwirizanitsa Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, Mlembi wa Boma, Mlembi wa Zotetezera, ndi otsogolera ena ofunika kuti agwirizane ndi njira. Intelligence Community, kuphatikizapo CIA ndi NSA, imapatsa Pulezidenti chidziŵitso chofunikira pa mapangano odziŵitsidwa ponena za ziwopsezo ndi mwaŵi kunja kwa dziko. Pulezidenti amagwiritsiranso ntchito mapangano a akuluakulu a boma .

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chodalirika pa madongosolo a malamulo a maiko akunja, Department’s Policy Issues imapereka malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane a zinthu zofunika za mayanjano a ku America kuzungulira madera ndi madera a ntchito.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Federal Agency

Pansi pa Pulezidenti ndi antchito a White House pali makina ambiri a bungwe la boma: madipatimenti, mabungwe, makampani, ndi makampani a boma amene amachita ntchito yauyang’aniro ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Mabungwe ameneŵa amasiyana muukulu kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Desert, ndi antchito oposa mamiliyoni aŵiri, ku mabungwe aang'ono odziimira okha okhala ndi ziŵalo zochepa chabe. Iliyonse imagwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma, chitsogozo cha pulezidenti, ndi chitsogozo cha m'kati.

Boma la boma limagawidwa mokulira kukhala madipatimenti a Cabibinet (madipatimenti aakulu 15 aakulu), mabungwe odziimira okha (monga EPA ndi NASA), ntchito zoyendera malamulo (monga ngati SEC ndi FTC), ndi makampani a boma (monga ngati UPS ndi Amtrak). Gululi limalinganizidwa kuti ligwirizane popanga ntchito zofananazo posunga kulolera zoyendera mtanda.

Department of Justice (DOJ)

Department of Justice, yotsogozedwa ndi Attorney General, imatumikira monga dzanja lalamulo la boma la boma. DOJ imaweruza milandu ya boma, imaimira United States m'kunenetsa kwa boma, imapereka uphungu walamulo kwa Pulezidenti ndi mabungwe a boma, ndi kutsogolera dongosolo la ndende. Mabungwe a boma a boma amaphatikizapo Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drug Enforcement Administration, Bureau of Alcohohol, Tobacco, Firmals and Exlosives, ndi U.S. Solicals Service Service. Solice General, a DOJ, amaimira boma pamaso pa Khoti Lapamwamba ndi ochita ntchito yalamulo lalamulo lokhudza malamulo kudutsa nthambi ya nthambi.

Department of Defection (DOD)

Department of Defense imapereka magulu ankhondo ofunika kuletsa nkhondo ndi kuteteza dziko. Ikuluikulu pa Pentagon, DOD imaphatikizapo Gulu la Nkhondo, Gulu la Ndege, Ndege, Marine Corps, ndi Space Force , limodzi ndi mabungwe ambiri otetezera monga Defense Intelligency ndi National Security Agency. Mlembi wa Defence, munthu wamba woikidwa ndi Pulezidenti, amayang'anira dipatimenti pamene Atsogoleri a Staff akutumikira monga ndalama zazikulu za asilikali. DoD' imakhala ndalama zoposa $800,000,000,000 pachaka, ntchito, antchito, zida, zida zoyendera, ndi kufufuza ndi kutulukira zinthu.

Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Ntchito za Anthu (HHHS)

Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Zaumoyo imagwira ntchito kuwonjezera thanzi ndi ubwino wa anthu a ku America kudzera m'maprogramu ofufuza zamankhwala, chitetezo cha anthu, inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi mautumiki a anthu. HHS imayang'anira Food and Medicaid , imayang'anira Food and Drug Administration , ndalama zofufuzira zamankhwala kudzera ku National Institutes of Health , ndi kugwirizanitsa kuletsa matenda kudzera ku Centers for Diseasease Control and Prevention. Dipatimentiyi imafikira pafupifupi mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu a ku America, kuchokera ku kuteteza mankhwala kuti athetse matenda opatsirana.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Environmental Protection Agency, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1970, imagwirira ntchito kutetezera thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi madipatimenti a Cabitten, EPA ndi bungwe lodziimira lokha limene woyang'anira amasimba mwachindunji kwa Pulezidenti. Bungwelo limakhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo aakulu a malo okhala kuphatikizapo Clean Air Act, The Clean Water Act, Shobug Substances Control Act , ndi Resocial Conservation and Recovery Act . Kufufuza kwa sayansi, kukhazikitsa, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a za kachitidwe a za ku Desert, monga kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kwa madzi.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chotsimikizirika chonena za maprogramu a malo okhala, Phunziro la Regatoria lolembedwa ndi mutu [[FLT: 1] tsamba likupatsa kupezeka kokwanira kwa malamulo, chitsogozo, ndi ziŵiya zotsagana ku maprogramu onse a bungwe.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Federal Bureau of Investigation imagwira ntchito monga bungwe loyambirira losungitsa malamulo ndi luntha. FBI imafufuza mkati mwa Department of Justice, kufufuza kuswa lamulo la boma, ziwopsezo zauchigaŵenga, zigaŵenga, zigaŵenga, upandu wolinganizidwa, upandu wa dzuŵa, ndi ziphuphu za anthu. Bureau imasonkhanitsanso nzeru pa ziwopsezo za dziko ndi kugawana chidziŵitso ndi boma lina, boma, ndi mabungwe akumaloko kudzera ku maofesi a maofesi a za maofesi a za pa Intaneti, okhala m'mizinda yaikulu kuzungulira dziko lonse, kufufuza ndi kusungitsa maunansi ndi osungitsa lamulo.

Kusinthasintha kwa Malamulo

Palibe bungwe limodzi la boma limene limachita zinthu modzipatula. Mavuto aakulu kwambiri amene dziko lako lathawa, mavuto a zaumoyo, kusakhazikika kwa chuma, ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi madipatimenti ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Kugwirizana kwakhala mbali yaikulu ya maulamuliro amakono, ndi njira zadongosolo ndi zamwambo zothetsera zitsulo ndi chuma cha anthu.

Kugwirizana kumachitika m'magawo angapo. Pa mlingo wapadera, National Security Council ndi bungwe la National Policy Council m'nyumba ya White House amakhazikitsa zinthu zofunika ndi kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa mabungwe. Pa mlingo wa ntchito, magulu ogwira ntchito pamodzi, magulu ogwira ntchito pamodzi, ndi mapangano odziŵitsa zinthu amathandiza kuti tsiku likhale logwirizana. Pa mlingo wa machenjera, antchito a m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana angaperekedwe kugwira ntchito pamodzi pa ntchito kapena kufufuza zinthu.

Magulu a Ntchito Zogwirana

Joint Task Forces (JTFs) akusonkhanitsa pamodzi antchito, zipangizo, ndi akuluakulu a mabungwe ambiri a boma kuti akambirane ndi ziwopsezo kapena ntchito zina. Lingalirolo linayambika m'gulu la asilikali koma lakhala logwirizana ndi malamulo, kuchitapo kanthu koopsa, ndi ugandanga. Mwachitsanzo, Joint Terrorism Task Forces zochitidwa ndi FBI zimaphatikizapo otengamo mbali kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security, Bureaual of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemmars ndi Exlosites, ndi mabungwe ambiri a boma ndi mabungwe osungitsa malamulo akwa. Apolisi ameneŵa amalamulira nyumba za ntchito ndi kutheketsana chidziŵitso mofulumira mkati mwa kufufuza kokangalika.

Magulu ankhondo olumikizana amathandiza kwambiri kuposa kulumikizana:

  • Lamulo lotsimikizirika limakhazikitsa ulamuliro wowonekera kupanga zosankha ndi kuchepetsa chisokonezo mkati mwa ntchito zovuta.
  • Kuphatikiza [1] Mabungwe amalola makampani kugaŵana zinthu zodula monga ndege zoyendera, zipinda zofufuzira zinthu, ndi zipangizo za pa Intaneti.
  • Kroso-kulinganiza kwa antchito [[FL:1] kwa antchito amapereka ziwalo za ntchito ku ulamuliro walamulo kuchita zinthu pansi pa madongosolo a malamulo osiyanasiyana panthaŵi imodzi.
  • Kugawana chidziŵitso kumatsegulidwa mwalamulo ndi pepala la kuzindikira limene lingachedwetse kulankhulana kogwirizana.

Magulu Ogwira Ntchito Mogwirizana

Magulu ogwirizana ogwirira ntchito (IWGs) amapereka njira yosagwirizana kwambiri yokhalira ndi malamulo. Ma IWG amakhazikitsidwa ndi malangizo a pulezidenti, OMB, kapena mapangano ogwirizana kuti afotokoze nkhani zotchedwa kujambula, chakudya cha ana, kapena zoyesayesa zapadziko lonse zolimbana ndi kusaonana. Magulu ameneŵa amakumana nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti agaŵane chidziŵitso, kusiyanitsa maprogramu ogwirizana, kuyambitsa maluso, ndi kuthetsa mikangano pa mlingo wa antchito asanakule kukhala okhazikitsa andale.

IWGs zambiri zimapanga malipoti, zikalata zovomereza, kapena zochita zimene zimadziŵitsa pulezidenti kupanga zosankha. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe loona za ntchito yolembedwa pa Scientific Collections, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Office of Science and Technology Policy, limagwirizanitsa zosonkhanitsa za zinthu zogwirizana ndi sayansi ya zamoyo, malo a sayansi, ndi zofukula zinthu zakale kuzungulira magulu osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo Smithsonian Institution, National Park Service, ndi U.S.

Nzeru ndi Madongosolo a Nkhani Ogawana

Kugaŵana chidziŵitso ndi kuyendetsa ntchito za mgwirizano. The Intelligence Community, motsogoleredwa ndi Mtsogoleri wa National Intelligence, imagwira ntchito malo ogwirizanitsa chidziŵitso amene amagwirizanitsa ofufuza kudutsa mabungwe 18 osiyana. Homeland Security Information Network imakhazikitsa malo ofanana ogawirana chidziŵitso chosagwirizana pakati pa boma, boma, ndi anthu a m'dziko. Madongosolo ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri pozindikira ndi kuletsa zigaŵenga, zochitika za pa intaneti, ndi kuopseza thanzi la anthu.

Kugwirizana kwa zinthu kukukhalabe kovuta. Mabungwe osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zodziŵira zinthu, miyezo, ndi makompyuta, zomwe zimachititsa kuti kugwirizanitsa zinthu kukhale kovuta. Bungwe la The Federal Data Strategy, lomwe linayambitsidwa mu 2019, limafuna kuthetsa mavuto amenewa mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma padziko lonse a kuyang'anira makompyuta, kuwagwiritsa ntchito, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kupita patsogolo sikunayende bwino, koma njira zonga ngati Data.gov ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Masewero a Malo a Zikalata za Exprincicled Policy Act zathandiza kuonetsa ndi kugawana bwino kwa masamu.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuyang’anira Nthambi Yotsogolera

Mphamvu yaikulu imene imakhala m'nthambi ya akuluakulu imafuna kuti ntchito zikhale zotha kuŵerengera mlandu. Nyumba ya boma imayang'anira mwa kuweruza, kufufuza, kufunsa, ndi kutsimikizira. Makhoti a boma amapenda ntchito za akuluakulu zogwirizana ndi Malamulo ndi lamulo la malamulo. Oyang’anira gulu lililonse amayang'anira kupenda ndi kufufuza kwa zinyalala, chinyengo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa. Boma Auntectation Accounting Office, gulu la Congress, limapenda ntchito ya pulogalamu pa nthambi yonse ya akuluakulu.

Dongosolo landale lapangitsa kuti kuyang'anira kochitidwa ndi bungwe la chigawo cha dzikolo kukhale kothandiza kwambiri, kuchepetsa mphamvu yake monga chiŵiya chowongolera malamulo mmalo mwa kutsendereza nkhondo. Kuletsa malamulo pa kuperekedwa ndi kulengeza kwakhala kochuluka, nthaŵi zina kukupanga zothodwetsa za boma zimene zimalepheretsa ntchito zauyang'anira. Ndipo kuchuluka kwa boma la boma kumapangitsa kuti kuyang'anira kokwanira: ndi maprogramu zikwi zambiri ndi zikwi za antchito, mabungwe oyang'anira ayenera kulinganiza ndi kuvomereza kuti ntchito yaikulu yaudindo isasamaliridwe mosamalitsa.

Kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za njira zaudindo za boma, Office ya Accounting Accounting Office ya ntchito yake ndi ntchito [1] imafotokoza mmene ntchito zauyang'aniro wa bungwe.

Kumaliza: Nthambi Yoyang’anira Boma Likusintha

Nthambi yapamwamba yasintha kwambiri kuyambira pamene lipabulikiyo inayamba, ikukula kuchokera kwa olemba ndi olemba ndi olemba makalata angapo kuloŵa m'bungwe limene limakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Amereka. Pulezidenti pa ukulu wa dongosolo lino ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu koma yopanda malire, yopimidwa ndi Congress, makhoti, ndi kutsenderezedwa kwa mkati kwa njira za mabureaucratic. Mabungwe a boma pansi pa Pulezidenti amamasulira ntchito zawo zaupapa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu amene amayambukira chisungiko, thanzi, ndi chisungiko chachuma cha mamiliyoni ambiri.

Kuzindikira nthambi ya akuluakulu kumafuna zambiri osati kungodziŵa za malamulo ndi malamulo. Kufuna kuyamikira madongosolo amwaŵi, malamulo aukatswiri, ndi zisonkhezero za ndale zimene zimaumba mmene nthambi imagwirira ntchito. Ogwira ntchito ya boma abweretsa chidziŵitso ndi ukatswiri umene umapitirizabe kuyang'anira. Oikidwa andale abweretsa malangizo alamulo ndi kulabadira kuti asankhe zotsatira. Kugwirizanitsa pakati pa magulu ameneŵa, woimira ndi malamulo a boma ndi zofunika za pulezidenti, amasankha ngati boma likhoza kukwaniritsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress.

Pamene dzikolo likuyang’anizana ndi mavuto ocholoŵana kwambiri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .