Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga kwawonjezera kwambiri luso lakuyang'anira lokhala ndi boma ndi losungitsa malamulo akumaloko. Kuchokera ku makompyuta ongoyendera laisensi ya magetsi ndi kutumiza zinthu zapamaso, zida zogwirira ntchito pogawa makompyuta zakula kwambiri kuposa njira zakale. Pamene kuli kwakuti zipangizo zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaperekedwa kukhala zofunika kwambiri kuti anthu atetezedwe ndi kuletsa upandu, iwo amagwira ntchito m'malo alamulo amene akusinthabe luso la zopanga zinthu. Malamulo a boma oyang'anira malamulo a boma ndi kusonkhanitsa makompyuta ndi malamulo a boma ndi ntchito yosanjikizana ndi malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, malamulo, ndi malamulo a khoti, zimene ziyenera kulinganizidwa mosamala mosamala pa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza bwino zinthu zofunika za malamulo, zomayambitsa mavuto, ndiponso zothandiza kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Malamulo: Lamulo Losintha Zinthu Lachinayi Ndiponso Kuposapo

Malamulo otetezera boma ku ku United States ndi Owonjezera Olamulira a Foith ku Malamulo a U.S., amene amatetezera nzika ku kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likugamula kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti Lamulo Lachinayi Lakuti Lifunikire kusungidwa kuti lipeze chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera kuyambitsa kufufuza, popanda kuchititsa kuchepera. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo limeneli ku tekinoloji yamakono yauchiganizo kwatsimikizira kukhala kotsutsana, monga momwe makhoti afunikira kupeza chimene chimapanga "search" m'nyengo ya makono.

Chigamulo chapadera mu Katz . United States (1967) chinayambitsa "kuyembekeza kwachinsinsi", chimene chimafunsa ngati munthu wasonyezadi kuyembekezera kwachinsinsi ndi ngati anthu ali okonzeka kuzindikira chiyembekezo chimenecho kukhala choyenera. Kuyesa kumeneku kwagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mipata yambiri ya machenjera, kuyambira ku GPS. Posachedwapa, Khoti layambitsa chiphunzitso chapadera cha "chinsinsi cha munthu" chimene chimazindikira kuyandikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali. United States. Jones2], Khoti limene limagwirizanitsa chipangizo cha GPS kuyang'anira kuyang'anira magalimoto ake ndi kuyang'anira njira yokanika masiku 28 ndi kufunafuna kwake kwamphamvu. Chifukwa chake cholakwika ndi kulephera kwa kuyang'anira zinthu zamphamvu.

Lingaliro limeneli linali lofunika kwambiri kwa Carpeent v. United States (208) , kumene khoti linagamula kuti boma lifunikira chilolezo cha kupezeka ndi chidziŵitso cha mbiri yakale cha maselo-atalikirano (CSLI) chosungidwa ndi onyamula mafoni achitatu. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti anthu azinyamula mafoni awo kulikonse, kupanga zolembedwa zatsatanetsatane ndi zachinsinsi za miyoyo yawo, ndi kuti "TH" [chikalata cha] chikalatacho chimakhala ndi modzimodzi mwa kugaŵana ndi gulu lachitatu lachitatu la anthu osatetezeredwa ndi kuulutsidwa kwa makompyuta a zinenero. Chigamuchi chigamu chimene chimakhudza kwambiri mmene mabungwe a malamulo akupezera chidziŵitso, ndipo chikupitiriza kugwirizanitsa nkhani zina zamakono zamakono zapakhomasulidwe ndi ziŵiro zapakhoterezi.

Kutetezera Malamulo a Boma

Kuwonjezera pa bungwe la Genetic Refect, mayiko ambiri ali ndi malamulo awo amene angapereke zitsimikizo zazikulu zachinsinsi. Mwachitsanzo, Gawo I, Chigawo 7 cha Washington State Constitution chafotokozedwa ndi makhoti ake kupereka chitetezo chachikulu choletsa kufufuza kuposa kukonzanso kwachinayi. Mofananamo, Massachusetts Declaration of Rights ndi Constitution ya California ili ndi malamulo achinsinsi amene oweruza agwiritsa ntchito kuletsa machitidwe ena ofufuza amene mwina angaloledwe ndi lamulo la boma. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo oyenera kuyang'anira malamulo a boma, amene nthaŵi zambiri amalamula kuti achite zinthu ngati kupeza malo a makompyuta kapena kuyang'anira mavidiyo. Ntchito imeneyi ya chitetezo imayambitsa mavuto aakulu, makamaka chifukwa cha malamulo ambiri ochirikiza ntchito.

Malamulo Oyendetsera Ntchito ndi Kusonkhanitsa Malamulo

Pambali pa lamulo la lamulo, malamulo angapo a boma amalamulira mwachindunji mmene kusungitsa lamulo kumatsekera, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kusunga chidziŵitso. Chochuluka kwambiri ndicho Spectronic Communications Infict (ECPA) Act ya 1986, imene imaphatikizapo Gwirinizo la Kulankhulana kwa Malamulo, ndi Pen Register/Tp ndi Trace lalamulo. Dinettap Act imaletsa kutsendereza foni yamoyo, ya pakamwa, ndi kutumiza kwa pakompyuta pokhapokhapo ngati lamulo la khoti lapezedwa, limene limafuna kusonyeza chochititsa chenicheni ndi kugonjera kotheratu zofunika zosamalitsa. SCA imatsogolera kulowa m'zolankhula, monga makope ndi mauthenga, monga kuti mauthenga asiyani, omwe amasiyanitsa ndi mauthenga anthaŵi yanthaŵi yake yosapezeka (kupezeka ndi malamulo ena).

Komabe, ECPA yasulizidwa kukhala yachikale. Yolembedwa kalekale asanatuluke mafoni, ma jountain, ndi ma media, ili ndi zitsutso ndi zizembera zimene mabungwe ena a boma aumiriza lamulo agwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, SCA ilola malamulo a kusungitsa mitundu ina ya metameta . Mofanana ndi wotumiza ndi wolandira maemail , ndi maemail , amene sanapatsidwebe lamulo. Kulephera kumeneku kwachititsa kuti pakhale kusintha, kuphatikizapo lamulo lofuna [[FLT: 0] Email Act , lomwe lingafunikire chilo cha zonse zosungidwa ndi osunga makampani achitatu, koma sanapatsiridwebe lamulo.

Lamulo lina lalikulu ndilo Surveillance Act (FANT ) , imene ngakhale kuti cholinga chake chachikulu n’chofuna kuteteza dziko, ingagwirizanitse ndi ntchito za lamulo la boma pochita zinthu zophatikizapo uchigaŵenga kapena usoshori. FISA ikhazikitsa khoti lapadera loyang'anira mayeso, koma zokambirana zake n’zobisika, ndipo zikhoza kukhudza mmene umboni wake umagawidwira ndi akuluakulu a boma. Kuwonjezera apo, Privacy Act ya 1974 imalamulira kusonkhanitsa, kukonza, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso chaumwini ndi mabungwe, koma kukhazikitsa lamulolo nlo lopereŵekapo pokhapo poti alandira chigwirizaniro cha boma kapena pochita ntchito pulogalamu ya boma.

Malamulo Otsatizana a Boma

Maiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo awoawo mwachindunji osamalira malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Illinois iri ndi [FLT: 2] Communications Inficct (KALECPA ) ikufuna chilolezo cha chidziŵitso cha electronic, kuphatikizapo metam metam , ndi ndandanda ya malo, mosasamala kanthu kuti chidziŵitsocho chisungidwa ndi munthu mmodzi kapena gulu lachitatu. [FLT:] [BYP] Act (BPA) [FLT], imene imaika malamulo okhwima pa kusonkhanitsa, kusunga, ndi kugawana zinthu monga kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira kwa nkhope. Zolemba za anthu, ndi ziwiritsirano za kutumiza magetsi, ndi kugawana zinthu za ku New York. [FLC.NUT.FFFFF: Active

Maboma ena aletsa mwachindunji luso lapadera. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri kuphatikizapo California, New Hampshire , Oregon , ndi Vermont adakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugwiritsira ntchito luso la kuyang'ana nkhope mwa kutsata lamulo, kaya kuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kapena kufuna chilolezo ndi zitetezero zolunjika. Mu 2020, Massachusetts analetsa apolisi kugwiritsa ntchito kamera ya nkhope pojambula. Massachusetts. Masetts ameneŵa akusonyeza kukakamiza kowonjezereka kwa malamulo omveka bwino opangira ziwitso zoyendera, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda lamulo la boma lokwanira.

Mavuto a M’malamulo Ndiponso Milandu Yapakhoti

Malo alamulo amapangidwa ndi zitokoso za khoti zimene zimayesa malire a kuyang'anira. Modabwitsa, mu Riley v. California ((014], Khoti Lalikulu linagwirizana kuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo chofufuza zinthu za foni ya m'manja imene yagwidwa kuti igwire. Khotilo linazindikira kuti mafoni amakono ali ndi chidziŵitso cha munthu mwini, choposa kwambiri ukulu wa chiwiya chilichonse. Chigamuchi chakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji pa malamulo a boma otsatsa mitengo ya magetsi pogwira ntchito.

Milandu yapansi ingapo ya khoti lamilandu yakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyendera, zikumanena kuti zimatenga chidziŵitso m'maseŵero a boma. Komabe, makhoti a m’mayiko onga Florida, Maryland, ndi California apanga lamulo lakuti kugwiritsira ntchito Stingrays kukhale kufunafuna chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chenicheni. Poyankha, mabungwe ena a boma apanga malamulo ofuna kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mapulogalamu a selo.

Mbali ina yogwira ntchito yopereka kampani imaphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso kuchokera ku mapulogalamu a zaunyinji. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo agwiritsira ntchito zonse ziŵiri kuyang'anira ndi nkhani zobisika kusonkhanitsa luntha kwa anthu. Deborah v. Facebook, Inc. (2021). Khoti lochonderera la boma linafufuza ngati apolisi akupanga mfundo zonyenga zokayikitsa kuswa makompyuta ndi Abuse Act. Pamene kuli kwakuti khoti linalamulira moyanja apolisi, mlanduwo unagogomezera madera aukali odera ozungulira pa Intaneti oyang'aniridwa ndi lamulo. Mofananamo, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa chidziŵitso chapabwalo lachitatu, monga kupenda mapepala kapena kugula chidziŵitso cholakwika, kuchititsa mafunso ponena kuti aone ngati adalitse chidziŵitso chachinsinsi cha anthu ena muutumiki wamalonda.

Kuzindikirana ndi Anthu ndi Kuchuluka kwa Anthu

Luso lakuzindikira kwa anthu (FRT) lakhala chimodzi cha zida zoyendera zodziŵika kwambiri. Otsutsa amanena kuti mascan a FRT a malo a anthu onse mobwerezabwereza ogwidwa ndi makamera aumwini kapena makamera apolisi . "Kuyang'anira makampani a ufulu wa anthu omwe angaopseze ntchito Yoyamba. Mabungwe monga [[FLT]] . . .American Livin Liberty Union (ACLU) Atsutsa kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kwa nkhope ndi kuyang'anira lamulo kuyenera kuletsedwa kufikira zitetezero zalamulo za lamulo zakhala m'malo. Makhoti angapo afunsa ngati kuti FRTTS imagwiritsiridwa ntchitoditsa ntchitodi kufunafuna kosayenera, makamaka pamene kuyang'anira zinthu za m'zo. Kuchotsapo za tchuti, kulibe kuweruza kwachikusintha tsiku lakuyang'nkhani ya milandu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ake, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo apamwamba.

Kugwiritsira ntchito luntha lopanga (I) kusanthula chidziŵitso cha kuyang'anira , monga ngati ma algorith jour a polish project kapena kuŵerengera laiseti ya magetsi yodzifunira (ALPR) imayambitsanso mavuto a lamulo. Madongosolo ameneŵa angatulutse "ngozi yapansi" kapena kutchula njira zimene zimatsogolera pa kufufuza. Oteteza amanena kuti zipangizo zimenezi n’zothandiza ndi zogwira ntchito, koma osuliza amanena za kulakwa, kusaonekera bwino, ndi kuvuta kwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo kuti afufuze Kosa Koyamba. [FLD] United States v. Curry 2020). [FLT:], khoti laboma ku California yopondereza umboni wopezeka ku ALPR chifukwa chakuti dipatimenti yakwake ya boma lakwawo silinalo linayenerera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino lamulo la lamulo lolunjika, likufunika kulongosola za malamulo aumboni za lamulo la lamulo.

Kuganizira Zinthu, Kugawana, ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Ngakhale pamene kuyang’anira kwachitidwa mwalamulo, kutsekeredwa ndi kugawana kwa maluso alamulo kungadzutse nkhaŵa zalamulo. Mabungwe ambiri osungitsa malamulo amasunga mathekishoni a chidziŵitso cha kuyang'anira . Monga ngati APR alot, kamera ya thupi, ndi draone . Papanda malamulo omveka, chidziŵitso chimenechi chingafikidwe ndi mabungwe ena, kuphatikizapo bungwe la boma losungitsa anthu kapena mabungwe achinsinsi, kutha kubisa kulungamitsa koyambirira kwa lamulo kaamba ka kusonkhanitsa kwake. Mwachitsanzo, [Ectron Rondex Foundation (EFF:N)] [FLT:] [2] ndi mapangano apolisi omwe anagwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma, omwe sanasonetsedwe ndi mapangano a anthu ena.

Kuti athetse nkhaŵa zimenezi, maboma ena akhazikitsa malire a chidziŵitso. Lamulo lachinsinsi la California limafuna kuti zinthu zofufuza zichotsedwe mkati mwa nyengo yoikika kusiyapo ngati ili mbali ya kufufuza kopitirizabe. Maboma ena, monga Texas, ali ndi malamulo amene amaletsa kusungitsa malamulo kugawana chidziŵitso cha ALPR ndi mabungwe a boma popanda kugwirizana kovomerezeka. Komabe, kutsata malamulo ameneŵa kumachepa, ndipo mabungwe ambiri alibe uyang’aniro waumwini.

Madongosolo otsogolera a kuyang'anira ali ofunika kwambiri kutsimikizira kuti ntchito zauyang'anira zikhale zololeka. Matauni angapo ndi maboma akhazikitsa mabungwe a apolisi kapena mabungwe openda a anthu okhala ndi ulamuliro wofufuza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tekinoloji. Mwachitsanzo, Suttle Surveillance Ordance [1] Akufuna kuti gulu la apolisi lipeze chilolezo cha bungwe la mizinda lisanayambe kupeza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano zoyendera, ndi kupereka malipoti a pachaka ofotokoza bwino ntchito yake. Komabe, njira zimenezi zikukhalabe zooneka bwino m’malo mwa kusoŵa kwake. Mabungwe opanga maluso ambiri a zachinsinsi kapena luso la zopanga zinthu zina zachinsinsi zikukupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa nzika ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa kuti aziyang'anira lamulolo.

Mabuku Othandiza Okhudza Kukakamiza ndi Kulimbikitsa Nzika

Kwa apolisi osungitsa lamulo, kuyendera malupiri alamulo ameneŵa kumafuna kuphunzitsidwa kosalekeza ndi kumvetsetsa bwino zofunika zonse ziŵiri za boma ndi boma. Kulakwa m’kupeza chilolezo, kapena kudalira pa chilolezo chachikale, kungatuluke ndi umboni wowopsa wotsekerezedwa pansi pa lamulo la kuchotsedwa. Chochititsanso chidwi nchakuti, njira yoyang’anira yosaloleka ikhoza kuchititsa kuti gulu lizenge mlandu wa ufulu wachiŵeniŵeniŵere pansi pa 42 U.S.C. . . . . . . . . . . . madipatimenti ambiri tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito uphungu kapena akuluakulu achinsinsi kuyang'anira mwachindunji asanachite ntchito ntchito ntchito.

Kwa nzika, chitetezo chalamulo chimene chilipo chimadalira kwambiri malo amene zimakhala. Pamene kuli kwakuti Lamulo Lachinayi limapereka malo otetezera, malamulo a boma angapereke zitetezero zolimba ku zosonkhanitsidwa. Anthu ali ndi ufulu wokana kufunsira m'zochitika zambiri, ngakhale kuti kusungidwa kwa lamulo kungaloledwebe kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso kuchokera ku malo amene alipo kapena ku mikhalidwe yosadziŵika bwino. Kumvetsetsa zoyenera za munthu kukhala chete pamene akuima, kuyenera kwa kufunsa ngati wapolisi akufuna kufunafuna foni, kapena kuyenera kwa kufunsa loya kwa loya asanayankhe mafunso osiyanasiyana a kuyankha za mmene moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Gulu la akulu lachipembedzo monga [FLT:] ACU A KLOB KZIN: [FFFF]

Kuyang’ana Mtsogolo: Kukulitsa Zikhoterero za Malamulo

Zotsatirapo zambiri zingaumbe mtsogolo mwa lamulo la lamulo logamulapo. Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa ziwiya za pa Intaneti za Zinthu (IOT) , olankhula zotetezera, makamera, magalimoto ogwirizanitsidwa, [1] adzapanga magwero atsopano a chidziŵitso chimene lamulo losungitsa lidzafuna kupezeka. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu [FLT: 0] Karperent Kachipangizo ka ziwiridwe, koma makhoti aang'ono amagaŵaniziritsidwa kaya, mwachitsanzo, chilolezo cha kufunikira kaamba ka kutumiza kwa nthaŵi yeniyeni kwa APS kupyola njira yake yomangidwa.

Chachiwiri, makhoti ena aona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta osokoneza zinthu zachitatu n’kumene kukudetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo angagule mfundo zokhudza malo a anthu, zinthu zogula, ndi ntchito za pa Intaneti kuchokera kwa anthu amalonda, kuchotsa zofunika za ntchitozo popeza mfundo zimene zinasonkhanitsidwa pochita malonda. Makhoti ena asankha kuti zimenezi sizikuswa malamulo a Owonjezera Azilonda chifukwa munthu aliyense amauzana dala ndi gulu lamalonda, kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chachitatu. Komabe, ochirikiza zachinsinsi amanena kuti zimenezi zimapanga khomo langozi limene likulola boma kuyang'anira zinthu zoyendetsera. Mayiko angapo akulingalira za lamulo loletsa kapena kuletsa kugula zinthu zoletsedwa ndi ophwanya malamulo.

Chachitatu, kuchuluka kwa njira zolankhulirana zobisika kumayambitsa mavuto kwa lamulo limene limafuna kupezeka ku mapulatifomu monga ngati Whatsapp kapena Signal . Pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe a boma nthaŵi zina angapeze metadata yokhudza amene akulankhulana, mfundozo zingakhale zosatheka popanda kugwirizana ndi wothandizira kapena kuphwanya malamulo. Nkhondo za malamulo zingakulikire pakati pa osungitsa malamulo ndi ufulu wa kulankhulana kwaumwini, kotetezeka. Maboma ena ayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo ofuna makampani amakono kumanga m'malo olembedwa, koma njira zotero zingayang'anizane ndi zitoko za malamulo pansi pa First Amend Remedment ndi malamulo a malamulo a mawu okakamiza.

Pomalizira, nkhani yapoyera pa kuyang'anira ikuwonjezereka. Ndi nkhani zapamwamba za kupondereza ufulu wa anthu ndi kufalitsa zida zambiri zoyendera, anthu ambiri amafuna kuti ayang'anire ndi kuonekera. Malamulo onga Surveillance Reform Act mu New York City ndi [FLT:] [FLT]] Community Control Over Police SurveIllance [CCOPS] malamulo osiyanasiyana osonyeza gulu laudzu lomakulalo kufuna kuvota ndi chivomerezo cha anthu amakono. Zoyesayesa za kumalowa zikukakamiza boma ndi zokhazikitsa lamulo kuti aonere bwino pakati pa anthu onse ndi malo a zachinsinsi.

Kumaliza

Malamulo osungitsa malamulo a boma ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu zikuimira mbali zina zamphamvu kwambiri ndi zotsatirapo za justical. Mpambo Wachinayi udakalibe malo alamulo, koma kugwiritsira ntchito kwake maluso atsopano kukuyesedwa nthaŵi zonse m'makhoti ndi makhoti. Malamulo onga ECPA amapereka maziko ofunika ndi achilendo, pamene malamulo a boma amawonjezera chitetezo chimene chimasinthasinthasintha kwambiri m'dziko. Malamulowo amasinthasintha kwambiri. Zosankha za khoti lapamwamba kuteteza [[FLT: 0] kuchokera ku malamulo a Khoti lapamwamba] [[FLT:] [malamulo]] kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma otsutsana ndi kudziŵika kwa nkhope yodziŵika kwa anthu. Omatetezera, amapitirizabe kuyeretsa malire a lamulo. Chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwa lamulo, malamulo, amachirikiza kusungidwa kwa lamulo lalamulo, kusungidwa kwa lamulo losungidwa kwa lamulo, kutsimikizira kusungidwa kwa lamulo, kusungidwa kutetezera kwa anthu osungidwa ku kusungika kwa lamulo, komwe kuli kotsimikizirika kwa anthu onse.