United States wakhala mphamvu yaikulu kwa nthaŵi yaitali m'kukula kwa dziko lonse ndi chithandizo cha anthu, kugwirizanitsa nyumba zapadziko lonse ndi malamulo ake ndi maprogramu. Kuyambira zoyesayesa zazikulu zomanganso pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II mpaka nkhondo zamakono ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, chithandizo chachilendo cha U.S. chakhala chosintha m'zifukwa, chifuno, ndi nthanthi. Kumvetsetsa chisinthiko chimenechi sikuli kovuta kokha chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa mmene America amapangira mphamvu yofeŵera pansi komanso kupenda mphamvu ya madola mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri zowonongedwa chaka chilichonse. Nkhani ino ikutchula mbiri ya U.S. Malamulo a chithandizo achilendo kuchokera ku chiyambi chawo chapambuyo pa nkhondo yapansi pa nkhondo yachiko, kusintha kwa zolinga ndi zothandiza anthu, ndi mavuto ocholoŵana, a mitundu yambiri a zaka za zana la 21.

Maziko Oyambirira a Chithandizo cha Kunja kwa United States

Pamene kuli kwakuti United States inapereka chithandizo ndi chithandizo chaluso kuchiyambiyambi cha [1] monga kutumiza chakudya ku Ulaya pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Dziko I ndi Marshall Plan [1] program yadongosolo, yaikulu ya mitundu ina inayambadi pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Dziko II. programu ya European Recovery , yodziŵika bwino monga Marshall Plan, inayambika mu 1948 ndipo idakali chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri cha U.S. chithandizo chakunja. Pafupifupi zaka zinayi, United States inachotsa pafupifupi $13.3 biliyoni (ikufikira $150 biliyoni lerolino) ku maiko a ku Ulaya. Zolinga zinali ziŵiri: kumanganso nkhondo ndi chuma kuti iletsekenso kufalikira kwa mabizinesi ogulitsa m'dziko la Amereka.

Chipambano cha Marshall Plan . .gross zapanyumba m'maiko otenga mbali zina zinakwera mofulumira, maziko anamangidwanso, ndipo kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko kunabwezeredwa . Chinasonyeza kuti chithandizo chingakhale chiŵiya chosinthira pamene chiikidwa ndi malo a eni ake, chithandizo cha maluso, ndi kulinganiza kwabwino. Nthaŵi imeneyi inawonanso kupangidwa kwa Economic Cooperation Administration , woyamba ku mabungwe opanga zitukuko. Chifuniro chinali pa kukonzanso ndi kukonzanso chuma, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mikhalidwe yofuna olandira malamulo aubwenzi ndi a msika ndi kutsegula mabizinesi awo.

Chochitika china chachikulu chinali Pulezidenti Harry Truman Program Four Point , yolengezedwa mu 1949. Cholinga chimenechi chinali kugawana luso la zopangapanga ndi mayiko akutukuka, kugogomezera ulimi, thanzi, ndi maphunziro. Pamene kuli kwakuti kunali ndalama zochepa poyerekezera ndi Marshall Plan, Point Four anakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kuwongolera posiyana ndi chithandizo cha asilikali kapena chomangira. Inachititsanso kulengedwa kwa Technical Cooperation Ad Administration, kalambulansi ya USAID.

Nkhondo ya Mawu ndi Chithandizo Chabwino

Pamene Nkhondo ya Mawu inakula, thandizo lachilendo la United States linagwirizana kwambiri ndi chigwirizano cha chikomyunizimu. Desidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower anafutukula chithandizo cha nkhondo ndi chuma kwa ogwirizana ku Asia, Middle East, ndi Latin America. Ma 1950 anaona kukhazikitsidwa kwa Mutunity Security Agency ndi kugogomezera mwamphamvu pa “thandizo la kutetezeka. [1] Anthu ndi ngongole kuthandiza anzawo kumanga maluso awo ankhondo. Aid kaŵirikaŵiri anaperekedwa kudzera m'mapangano a m'mbuyo a Middle East, ndi Latin America omwe anafunikira kulandira ndi zolinga zaudindo achilendo.

Mu 1961, Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy anasinthanso maluso a zomangamanga za United States. Pangano la Transformation la 1961 linakhazikitsa maprogramu osiyanasiyana ndi kupanga United States Agency ya International Development (USAID) monga bungwe la anthu wamba. Kennedy anakhazikitsanso [[FL:2] Peace Comfor [[FL:]] Comforts , kutumiza antchito odzifunira ku America kukagwira ntchito pa ntchito zaudzu. Zimenezi zinasonyeza kuthekera, kupita patsogolo, ngakhale kuti nkhondo ya Chikom'ka kumakhalabe dala. Allation for Progressssss [FFFFFFFFFF:5] mu Latin, pofuna kukopa ndi kukopa kwa Fidel, kukonza zachuma, ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwa madera a Cribes, ndi kukonza zachuma.

Mkati mwa ma 1960 ndi 1970, chithandizo chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri monga chothandizira kapena kumamatira ku lamulo lachilendo la United States. Chithandizo chokakamiza chinaperekedwa ku South Vietnam, Thailand, ndi maiko ena a ku Southeast Asia. Ku Middle East, chithandizo cha Israyeli ndi Igupto chinawonjezeka pambuyo pa Kampu ya David Reapsers. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti chithandizo chochuluka chimenechi chinaperekedwa ndi zolinga zapadera mmalo mwa kupita patsogolo kwenikweni, nthaŵi zina kukhazikitsa maulamuliro a a a a authoritarian. Nkhondo ya Vietnam inatsogoleranso kusanthula kwamphamvu ya chipambano.

Pakali pano, chakudya cha Mtendere Act (PL 480), chinadutsa mu 1954, chinakhala chiŵiya chachikulu cha zonse ziŵiri kuthandiza anthu ndi kupititsa patsogolo malonda. Chinalola U.S. kutumiza katundu waulimi wochuluka kunja kwa dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri monga ndalama zopereka kapena zolipirira. Pamene kuli kwakuti chinadyetsa mamiliyoni, chinayambitsanso kusuliza chifukwa cha kugwetsa alimi a m'maiko olandira ndi kutumikira monga wochepera pa mabizinesi a ku America.

Kulengedwa kwa USAID ndi Kusintha kwa Kupita Kukukula kwa Nthaŵi Yaitali

Ma 1970 anagogomezera kwambiri “zosoŵa za anthu zachibwana" , madzi, ukhondo, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi maphunziro.“ Malamulo a New Directive . Olamulira a 1973 anasonkhezera USAID kusumika chithandizo pa anthu osauka koposa ntchito zazikulu za mabizinesi. Zimenezi zinasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu m'kaganizidwe, kosonkhezeredwa ndi akatswiri onga ngati Paul Streeten ndi Mahbub ul Haq [1]. Nkhondo ya Mawu, ngakhale kuli tero, inapitiriza kubwerera ku mawonekedwe a pulo a chitaganya, makamaka ku Central America ndi Afghanistantistan mkati mwa 1980.

Kusintha kwa Zonulirapo Zothandiza Anthu

Kutha kwa Nkhondo ya Mawu kunachotsa maziko aakulu a maprogramu ambiri othandiza. Pakati pa 1989 ndi kumayambiriro kwa ma 2000, chithandizo chachilendo cha United States chinakhala ndi kukonzedwanso kwakukulu. Chiyang'anira chokulirapo kulinga ku kupita patsogolo kwa chuma, kukweza demokrase, ndi chivomerezo cha anthu. Kugwa kwa Soviet Union kunatsegula mipata yatsopano ya chithandizo ku Eastern Europe ndi mayiko akale a Soviet Union kupyolera m'maprogramuzi onga Support ya Democracy (kuwonekera) Act [FT:1] ndi Chikalata cha [FT:] FREDOM .

Mu 1990, U.S. inayankha ku mpambo wa mavuto a anthu: njala ku Somalia (1992-93), kupululutsa anthu kwa Rwanda (1994), ndi mikangano ku Balkan. Thandizo la anthu linakhala mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zothandizira zachilendo. Komabe, zaka khumizo zinadulidwanso ku chithandizo cha nthaŵi yaitali monga Nyumba za Ufumu zinafuna kuchepetsa kupereŵera kwa bajeti. Mawu akuti “kutopa kwa" kulowa m'dikishonale. Chitukuko cha zachuma chonga [FLT: 0] Zachiyambi ndi Jeffrey Sachs .

Chigwirizano cha Madeko cha Madendenti

Chiwawa cha zigaŵenga cha pa September 11, 2001, chinasintha kwambiri njira zaumoyo za ku United States. Aid inakhala chida cholimbana ndi ugandaganda ndi kumanga dziko. Ndalama zambiri zinathiridwa ku Afghanistan ndipo pambuyo pake Iraq kuti zikonzenso, kulamulira, ndi ziteteze. Pulezidenti George W. Bush adayambitsanso njira ziŵiri zazikulu zaumoyo: Preant’s Programme for AIDS Relief (PRAR) [FLD )] mu 2003 ndi [FLT:] Presidenti ya Maluence yapadziko: mu 2005]. Maprogramungwewawawa analengetsedwa monga njira zothandiza kwambiri za U.S., kupulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri

Mu 2004, kampani ya United States inapanga Maillenium Challenge Corporation (MCC) , bungwe latsopano limene linapereka ndalama zambiri ku mayiko ogwirizana kuti ayendetse bwino, aufulu wa zachuma, ndi kuikizira ndalama za thanzi ndi maphunziro. MCC adalinganizidwa kufupa maiko oyendetsa bwino ndi kupeŵa ena a chithandizo chamwambo. Ilo linaimira kusintha kwa zipambano zozikidwa, zowonetsera, ndi chithandizo cha mnzake.

Zochita ndi Mavuto Amakono

Masiku ano, thandizo la ku United States ndi la ku America lidakali cholinga chachikulu, koma dziko la United States likuyesetsa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dziko lapansi yokhudza thanzi la anthu (makamaka pambuyo pa kuyambika kwa Ebola ndi CoVID -19), kusintha kwa nyengo, ndiponso kuthetsa zimene zimachititsa kuti anthu asamuke ku Central America.

Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Trump, USAID inayang'anizana ndi kuchepetsa ndalama ndi zifuno za kugwirizanitsa mu Dipatimenti ya Boma. Ngakhale zili choncho, chithandizo chonse chakunja sichikusintha, ndi Congress kaŵirikaŵiri amabweza zopeka zolingaliridwa ndi mkulu. Maulamuliro a Biden asintha kudula ndi kugogomezera thanzi la dziko lonse, nyengo, ndi kuchirikiza demokrase. U.S. inakulitsanso [[FL: 0] Delopment Genement Depagement (DFC) [DFC] kusonkhanitsa likulu lachinsinsi kaamba ka chitukuko, kusonyeza chikhotereko cha ndalama zogwirizana.

Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe ndi Kusuliza

Mosasamala kanthu za mbiri yake yaitali, chithandizo chachilendo cha U.S. chimayambitsa mkangano wamphamvu. Otsutsa amanena kuti chithandizo chingayambitse kudalirana, kugwidwa ndi anthu apamwamba achinyengo, kapena kugwirizanitsidwa ndi zikondwerero za ndale zadziko za America mmalo mwa zosoŵa zenizeni. Ochirikiza chithandizo chimenecho amapulumutsa miyoyo, amachirikiza bata wapadziko lonse, ndi kutumikira U.S. mwa kuchirikiza ndi kusamalira mavuto apadziko lonse asanafike ku magombe a America. [Milliannium Commotion [[FLD:]] ndi [FFPAR[F:3]]

Chinsinsi china chachikulu ndicho kuchuluka kwa mabungwe ndi maprogramu. Madipatimenti ndi mabungwe a boma a United States amayang'anira thandizo lachilendo, zimene zimachititsa mavuto. Kusintha kwa ma USAID kwa 2010 cholinga chake ndi kuwongolera ziyambukiro, koma iretaucria inkbe yosathandiza. Kuwonjezera apo, amagwirizanitsa chithandizo . Amayesa kugula katundu ndi mautumiki kuchokera kwa ogulitsa ku America . .Still amathandiza kuchepetsa mtengo wake ndi 30% ya kafukufuku.

Maprogramu Aakulu Othandiza ndi Zofuna

Aid imaperekedwa kupyolera m'mabungwe ocholoŵana a biladal, milteratea, ndi masiteshoni osakhala a boma.

  • U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) [1] – imatsogolera zoyesayesa za kutukuka kwa anthu wamba, kugwira ntchito m'maiko oposa 100. Mabureau ake amaphatikizapo Bureau for Humanitalian Arce, Bureau for Global Health, ndi Bureau for Resilience and Food Security.
  • Zikwizirium Challenge Corporation (MCC) [1] [1] -Magaŵiro aakulu kwa mayiko opeza ndalama zochepa amene amakwaniritsa malamulo okhwima ndi chuma. Maprojekiti oyendetsera ndalama amaphatikizapo maziko, maphunziro, ndi ufulu wa malo.
  • Presidenti’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relation (PEPFAR) [1] [1] [1] [1] , PEPFAR wapulumutsa miyoyo yoposa 20 miliyoni ndi kusintha chiyambukiro chapadziko lonse cha AIDS. Imagwira ntchito kupyolera m'maprogramu a AIDS ndi maiko oposa 50.
  • Mabungwe a Mtendere [[FLT :1] – Tumiza a ku America odzifunira kugwira ntchito pa ntchito za kupititsa patsogolo chitaganya m'maphunziro, zaumoyo, zaulimi, ndi malo okhala. Odzipereka oposa 2400,000 atumikira kuyambira mu 1961.
  • . Komiti ya Ndalama (DFC) [1] -- Kukhazikitsa Ikoleshoni ya Investitution extern Seas (OPIC) ndi bungwe la Development Cright Authority mu bungwe limodzi lomwe limapereka ngongole, zitsimikizo, ndi kulinganiza kuchirikiza kupita patsogolo kwa makampani aumwini m'maiko ochepera ofika.
  • , , , ndi Security Active [FLT :1] - Ofesi yoikidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Zotetezera ndi Boma, imaphatikizapo Maiko a Nkhondo Amitundu Imodzi (FMF), International Military Education and Training (IMET), ndi Zotsatira za Mtendere (PKO).
  • Chakudya cha Mtendere (PL 480) – Chigawira zakudya zaulimi kuti athandize anthu kupeza chakudya ndi kuchirikiza kutukuka kwa msika. Chidakali chida chachikulu chothandizira kuyankha njala ndi ngozi.
  • global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) [1] Kuyesayesa kosiyanasiyana kolimbikitsa mphamvu za maiko kuletsa, kuzindikira, ndi kuchitapo kanthu ku ziwopsezo za matenda opatsirana, kochirikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi mabungwe a U.S.

Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana monga World Bank, UNICEF, ndi Global Fund for Antist AIDS, TB ndi Malungo. Kugwirizana ndi chitokoso kwapitirizabe, koma ku United States kukukhalabe chithandizo chachikulu koposa padziko lonse, kuchotsa pafupifupi $40,000,000 m’chithandizo cha boma m’chaka cha 2021 (kuchotsa chithandizo chankhondo).

Chithandizo cha Kunja kwa United States Chochitidwa ndi Chigawo ndi Kagulu

Kugaŵira chithandizo kwa chigawo kumasonyeza kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri. Ku Girisi ndi ku Asia, ku South ndi Central Asia, kuphatikizapo Afghanistan, amalandira chithandizo chachikulu cha thanzi (HIV / AIDS, malungo, thanzi la amayi) ndi kutetezeka kwa chakudya. chigawo cha Middle East ndi North Africa chimathandizidwa kwambiri, pothandizidwa ku Igupto, Yordano, ndi ulamuliro wa Palestina wogwirizana ndi mapangano a mtendere ndi chitetezo. Kummwera ndi ku Central Asia, kuphatikizapo Afghanistan, analandira chithandizo chachikulu ndi kuthandiza anthu. Kulatini America ndi Caribbean amayang'ana kwambiri pa chitetezo cha nzika, mwayi wa zachuma, ndi maprogramungwe oyendera limodzi.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maprogramu a zanyengo ndi malo okhala awonjezeka ngakhale kuti adakali ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi ndalama zimene zaperekedwa.

Kumaliza

Mbiri ndi chisinthiko cha malamulo a chithandizo chakunja kwa United States zimasonyeza mtundu wankhondo yolimbana ndi ntchito yake yapadziko lonse, nkhaŵa za chisungiko, ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Kuchokera ku kukonzanso kwa Marshall Plan kwamphamvu kufikira ku PEFAR kwa kusungitsa moyo, chithandizo chakhala chipangizo champhamvu cha kukambirana ndi kuyambitsa. Komabe chakhalanso chokhoza kusintha mphepo zandale, zoyendera udani, zopinga zandale, zokhala ndi zowongoletsera, ndi kutsutsa koyenera ponena za kupambana ndi kubwezera mlandu. Kumvetsetsa mbiri imeneyi kumathandiza opanga malamulo, ophunzira, ndi nzika kuyamikira kuthekera kwa maluso a madolansi ndi kuti chithandizo chachilendo, pazaka zake zisanu ndi zitatu, sichili chothandiza koma sichirikitsa chodalirika m'dziko lokhazikika. Monga momwe mavuto atsopano amasinthasintha, kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri, ndi kupikisana kwa United States, ndi kupikisana kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu, kumanga malamulo ake amodzi.