Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Chiŵerengero cha ku United States

United States Census si chinthu chongoyerekezera. Ndi chipangizo choyambirira cha demokrase, chikalata chamoyo chimene chimagwira mtima wa dziko lonse zaka khumi zilizonse. Mwa kupenda ulendo wa kalembera kuyambira mu 1790 mpaka kuchuluka kwa masamu kwamakono, timavumbula nkhani ya kusintha, kulimbana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kufunika kwa boma. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza kuti chisinthiko ndi kulongosola chifukwa chake nkhani iliyonse ya kayankhidwe ka mafanizidwe, ndalama, ndi malamulo amakono.

Mbiri Yoyambirira ya Chiŵerengero cha ku United States

Chiyambi cha Malamulo ndi Kuŵerengera Koyamba

Chigawo 2 chinalamula kuti “kusankha anthu kukhaleko pakati pa zaka zitatu za msonkhano woyamba wa Konrete ndi zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pake. Cholinga chinali chomveka: mipando yogawira m'Nyumba ya Oimira pakati pa mayiko odalira pa anthu, ndi kugamula misonkho yachindunji (nthankho imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamsanga inayamba mu August 1790 pansi pa Mlembi wa Boma Thomas Jefferson U.S.

Mafunso a mafunso 1790 anali opepuka. Inafunsa mafunso asanu ndi limodzi okha: dzina la mutu wa banja, ndi chiŵerengero cha amuna azungu aufulu pansi pa 16, azungu 16 ndi achikulire, akazi aulere, akazi aufulu onse, ndi akapolo. Chiŵerengerocho chinafika pa 3,9,214, munthu amene sanabwezere msonkho. Kuyesayesa koyambako kunatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi inayi ndipo kunawononga ndalama zokwana $5,000. Ngakhale kuti kunali kosavuta, kuŵerengera kunakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti kuimira anthu kuyenera kuyendera limodzi, lingaliro la kusintha pa nthaŵiyo.

Kuwonjezeka kwa Chikhutiro m’Zaka za Zana la 19

Dzikolo litayamba kukula ndi kutukuka, kuŵerengera anthu kunawonjezeka. Kuŵerengera anthu kwa 1810 kunawonjezera mafunso okhudza kupanga zinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu olima. Pofika mu 1820, magulu a anthu achilendo amene sanabadwe ndi anthu amalonda. Kuŵerengera anthu 1840 kunayamba kuyesa kwambiri kupeza zinthu zopunduka, kufunsa za “anthu opunduka ndi osadziwa za njira zopangira zinthu, ngakhale kuti kulephera kwa njira zamakono ndiponso kuchuluka kwa anthu kunasokoneza ziŵerengero zoyambirira za anthu.

Kalembera wa 1850 anasintha kwambiri. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, munthu aliyense womasuka anandandalika (osati mutu wa banja) pa nthawi yosiyana. Olemba za msinkhu, kugonana, mtundu (White, Black, kapena Mulatto), ntchito, mtengo wa malo enieni, malo obadwira, kaya wokwatira m’kati mwa chaka, ndi zina zambiri. Kusintha kumeneku kunasonyeza kuti boma linkakonda kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi chuma. Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni itatha, zaka za 1870 zinayesa kuŵerengera Aafirika atsopano omasulidwa, ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Africa anangokhala osawakhulupirira ndi osawakhulupirira.

Kuŵerengera anthu mu 1880 kunayambitsa ndandanda yosiyana ya imfa, ulimi, kupanga zinthu, ndi ziŵerengero za anthu. Zimenezi ndi chizindikiro choonekeratu chakuti kalemberayo anali kuchititsa kuti anthu opanga malamulo ndi amalonda alembetsedwe.

Kusintha kwa Njira Zoŵerengera Anthu

Kuchokera ku Mapepala Kufika ku Makadi a Punch

Makina apamwamba kwambiri a zaumisiri anachitika m’zaka za m'ma 1890. Herman Hollerith, yemwe kale anali wogwira ntchito m'Ofesi ya CVS, adapanga makina opangira magetsi amene anagwiritsira ntchito makadi kutumiza zinthu. Kalembera wa 1880 anatenga zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kuti alembetse; ndi makina a Hollerith, chiŵerengero cha anthu oposa 62 miliyoni — chinakonzedwa m’zaka zitatu zokha. Kusintha kumeneku sikunangosunga nthaŵi komanso kunayala maziko a makampani a kompyuta. M’kupita kwa nthawi, kampani ya Holleritith inakhala ya International Business Maches (IBM).

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, bungwe la Census Bureau linapitiriza kukonza njira zake. Mu 1900, bungwe la Census Bureau linakhazikitsidwa. Kuŵerengera anthu kwautali kokhudza malo amene makolo anabadwira, chinenero, ndi kaya munthuyo anali msilikali wa Union kapena wa Ofesi. Kuŵerenga kwa 1940 kunawonjezera mafunso okhudza ndalama, maphunziro, ndi kusamuka, ndipo kunayambitsa mafunso oyamba ofufuza — “mpangidwe wautali” woperekedwa kwa 5% a mabanja. Kusintha kumeneku kunalola chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane popanda kuyankha kulikonse.

Makalata, Makompyuta, ndi Kapangidwe Kachidule

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, mafomu a kuŵerenga anthu anachotsedwa ndi kutengedwa ndi olemba ma ndandanda. Mu 1960, Bureau inayamba kutumiza mapepala a mafunso ku mabanja ambiri, kupempha nzika kuti ziwapatse ndi kuwatumizanso. Kutsika kwakukulu kumeneku ndi ntchito yakumunda. Kuŵerengera kwa mu 1970 kunawonjezera makalata a pamanja a anthu 60% a anthu. Zaka khumi zomwezo zinayamba kulembedwa nkhani za pa kompyuta zolembedwa pa mafunso, pogwiritsira ntchito kuyang'anira makompyuta.

Chiŵerengero cha 1990 chinali choyamba kugwiritsira ntchito mtundu wachidule (kufunsa kokha mafunso ofunika a chiŵerengero cha anthu) kwa 83% ya mabanja, ndi mtundu wautali wotumizidwa ku ndandanda. Komabe, pamene ziŵerengero za chivomerezo zinatsika — kuyambira pa 78% mu 1970 mpaka 65% mu 1990 — Bureau inatembenukira ku kusatsa malonda kwamphamvu ndi kutsata. Chiŵerengero cha 2000 chinapereka mafomu a m'zinenero zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi kuyambitsa kuyesayesa kolipira kuti chifikire anthu ochuluka.

Pofika mu 2010, kalemberayu anali kuchitidwa ndi makalata, ndipo mabanja anali kulandira kabuku kakafupi (kamodzi kokha) kapena, koyamba, bungwe la American Community Survey (ACS) linasiya kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya kalembera ya zaka zosawerengeka.

Chiŵerengero cha Masiku Ano ndi Mbali Yake

Chiŵerengero cha 2020: Kusintha kwa Magetsi

Kalembera wa 2020 anasintha kwambiri pa zaka makumi angapo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mabanja ankatha kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, foni, kapena makalata. Malo a pa Intaneti anathandiza zinenero 13, ndipo bungwe la Census Bureau linayambitsa pulogalamu yaikulu yotsatsa malonda pamodzi ndi mabungwe a chitaganya. Cholinga chinali kulimbikitsa anthu kuti adzichepetsere okha kufunika kogula zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo potsatira anthu ena.

Ngakhale kuti panali mavuto ambiri — kuphatikizapo mkangano womaliza wa unzika (pomwepo wotsekedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu), mliri wa CHOVAD-19, moto wa magetsi, mphepo zamkuntho, ndi kuchedwa kwa ntchito — 2020 anaŵerenga anthu apeza mlingo wa chinsinsi wa 66.5% (kuyambira pa 66.4%) (kuphatikizapo mayankho a pa Intaneti. Komabe, mliriwu unakakamiza Buchareau kuwonjezera ntchito ya ntchito ndi kutsendereza chidziŵitso cha kumbuyo.

Kusonkhanitsidwa kwa Mfundo Zazikulu

Chiŵerengero cha 2020 chinafunsa mafunso aakulu: anthu okhala kapena okhala, kugonana, msinkhu, fuko, ndi kaya mwininyumba anali ndi kapena ali ndi lendi. Kaamba ka fuko ndi fuko, ma 2020 anatsatira miyezo yogwirizana ya Ofesi ya Uyang'aniro ndi Ufulu (OMB), kupereka mafunso osiyana kwa Hispanic / Latino ndi fuko, ndi ma meno atsatanetsatane a m'Asiyania, Eniorday , ndi magulu ena. Makalata atsopano analola ofunsidwawo kutchula chiyambi chonga “Germany, jamaican,” kapena“ African America.

Kuposa pa kuŵerengera kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, bungwe la American Community Survey (ACS) limafunsa mafunso ambiri monga monga ndalama, maphunziro, ntchito, ndalama zolipirira nyumba, inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, makampani, ndi malo a ntchito zanthaŵi yaitali.

Tanthauzo la Kuŵerengera

Kuimira Ndale Zadziko

Chiyambukiro chowonekera kwambiri cha kubalako chiri pa Nyumba ya Oimira. Mfundo I, Gawo 2 imafuna kugaŵidwa kwa mipando yozikidwa pa chiwonkhetso cha anthu onse a boma lirilonse (kuphatikizapo osamukirako mosasamala za malo alamulo; Malamulo amagwiritsira ntchito “anthu,” osati“ anthu a mlingo wa , kuŵerengera, kugaŵa kwa bungwe la Reaunia, ndi mipando imakhala yokha pakati pa maiko. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa 202020 a kuŵerenga anthu, mipando isanu ndi umodzi (Colado, Florida, Montine, North Caroline, Orenavia, Texas) ndi mapauniko asanu ndi aŵiri omwe anatayika (Cenlia, Illian, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia).

Kugaŵana kumeneku sikumakhudza Nyumba komanso Electoral College, pamene mavoti a boma lililonse akufanana mipando ya Nyumba yake ndi mipando yake iŵiri ya nyumba ya akulu a boma. Ngakhale kusintha malo amodzi apadera kungachititse masankho a pulezidenti. Kuwonjezera apo, mayiko amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za anthu popanga mabungwe a boma. Kupanda kulakwitsa kapena kusatsatira mfundo za boma, angatsogolere kukhazikitsa malo a gulu limodzi kapena gulu limodzi lovomerezeka.

Kusamuka kwa Makampani Opereka Malipiro

Ntchito inanso yofunika kwambiri ya kalemberayo ndi kutumiza ndalama zoposa $1.5 biliyoni pachaka. Maprogramu monga Medicaid, Children’s Health Inshuwalansir Program (CHIP), Head , Game 8 , Chigawo 8 nyumba, National School Lunch Program, kukonzekera ndi kumanga, ndipo kukula kwa kumidzi kumapatsa anthu onse mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito njira zoŵerengera anthu. Munthu aliyense anaphonya pa kuŵerengerako, boma lingataye madola zikwi zambiri chaka chilichonse kwa zaka khumi. National Urban League anayerekezera kuti ukonde wa 2010 wa anthu 2.1 miliyoni (kuphatikizapo 1,5 miliyoni) unyinjinga wa anthu onsewo umatha zaka khumi zotsatirapo.

Kufufuza za Malamulo ndi Kulinganiza Thupi

Ofufuza, makampani, ndi osapanga phindu amadalira chidziŵitso cha zinthu zonse kuchokera ku kuneneratu za kusoŵa kwa ogula. Maboma akugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitsocho kulinganiza sukulu, malo ozimira moto, zipatala, ndi njira zoyendera anthu. Kuŵerengerako kumapereka maziko a kuzindikira umphaŵi, ulova, kukhalapo kwa nyumba, ndi chinenero. Popanda chidziŵitso cholongosoka, anthu sangachirikize bwino chuma kapena njira zothandizira anthu kukonza njira zoyendera.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo M’tsogolo

Kuŵerengera Anthu Ovuta Kufika ku Chiŵerengero

Ngakhale kuti zaka mazana ambiri zapita kuwongolera, kubalako sikunakhaleko bwino. Pakadali pano, ana aang'ono, mafuko ndi mafuko ochepa, osamukira kumayiko ena, anthu ochepa olandira ndalama, anthu akumidzi, ndi Eni America omwe anali kumayiko ena, mwachionekere angaphonyedwe. Chiŵerengero cha 2020 chinasonyeza kuti ana ochepera pa 3.3% pa anthu a ku Asia kapena ku Pacific Islands ndipo Aspanic anakwana 5% anthu a ku Spain, pamene anthu osakhala a mtundu wa Ahisipanic anaŵerengedwa ndi 1.1%, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa pa positi ya kugawa kwa ana osakwana 5 . Kuŵerenga kwa ana — kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa “osavuta kusoŵa” — adauluka pafupifupi 5% m’zaka zaposachedwapa.

Bungwe la Census Bureau likuchititsa ntchito zambiri zogwirizana ndi mabungwe a anthu, amithenga odalirika, ndi kulipira kutsatsa malonda kuti athetse kusadalirana, kuletsa zinenero, ndi mavuto a zaumoyo. Komabe, kulephera kwa bajeti, kuloŵerera pandale, ndi kuyesayesa kwakukulu kumachititsa kuti kukhale kovuta kufikira aliyense. Njira imodzi yolingaliridwa ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito zolembera za boma — monga Social Security, IRS, Medicare, ndi zikalata za boma — kukwaniritsa ndi kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kutsata munthu wotsatira.

Kusunga Zinthu Zachinsinsi

Pamene kalemberayu akusintha, nkhaŵa zachinsinsi zikukula. Bureau imalamulidwa ndi lamulo (Tit 13, Malamulo a U.S.) kuti itetezere anthu paokha ndipo siigaŵane nawo ndi mabungwe ena, kuphatikizapo kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo a boma kapena akuluakulu a boma asamukira. Komabe, mu 2018, zaka 2020 zimene anthu a m'madera osamukira m’mayiko ena anayamba kukayikirana, zimene zinachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kukayikira milandu imene inafika ku Supreme Court. Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi inachotsedwa, kuwonongekako kudalirana. Kutetezeranso chinsinsi, Ofera anatengera chinsinsi cha 2020 a makompyuta a kalembera a anthu ofufuza masamu — zinawonjezera phokoso ku matebulo a bungwe laling’onolo amene anaitsutsa kulakwa.

Kuŵerengera anthu kwa m’tsogolo kudzafunikira kulinganiza kuonekera kwa chinsinsi, mwinamwake kupyolera m’malo osungika a chidziŵitso kapena zinthu zopangidwa ndi makina.

Kusintha kwa Luso la Zopangapanga ndi Kuchuluka kwa 2030

Bungwe la Census Bureau likufufuza kale njira zoŵerengera anthu 2030 pa nyengo ya chaka. Malo ofunika akuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera ntchito kuti achepetse chiŵerengero cha mabanja amene amafunikira kukumana mwachindunji, kuwonjezera mlingo wa makompyuta a intaneti kudzera m'makompyuta abwino ndi mafoni, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina kuphunzira kuneneratu madera ovuta kuwerenga ndi kuwonjezera. Akatswiri ena amalimbikitsa “kuchuluka kwa anthu , kumene kusinthidwa kwa anthu kumachitidwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira zamakono, koma kungafunike kusintha kwa malamulo a boma.

Vuto lina ndi kukwera kwa mitundu ya nyumba zosakhala zamwambo — monga RVs, mabwato, ndi malo obwereka ondandalikidwa pa mapulatifomu achidule a ganyu — amene olemba mamembala angaphonye. Chiŵerengero cha 2020 chinayesa kuŵerengera anthu osoŵa pokhala molondola kwambiri mwa kuchititsa “zomangamanga za nyukiliya” pa malo osungirako, makhitchini a supu, ndi malo a kunja. Komabe ochirikiza atsutsa kuti kuŵerengedwako kudakali kopereŵera.

Pomalizira pake, chiŵerengero cha anthu cha 2030 chidzafunikira kulongosola chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha nzika zimene zilibe keyala yoikika kapena zimene zimakhala m’magulu onga chipinda cha kukoleji, ndende, ndi nyumba za anthu odwazika.

Kumaliza

Kuŵerengera anthu kwa U.S. sikuli njira yosasintha ya Malamulo. Ndi njira yosasintha yomwe imasinthasinthasintha. Pamene United States ikulimbana kwambiri ndi kuŵerengera munthu aliyense, kugwirizanitsa kwambiri, ndi kuchititsa anthu oyenda pa akavalo mu 1790 mpaka pa Intaneti, njirazo zasintha, koma mfundo yofunika kwambiri ikukhalabe: kuŵerengera kolondola ndiko maziko a kuimira koyenera ndi kugaŵira chuma kosasintha. Pamene United States ikukhala yosiyana kwambiri, yogwirizana kwambiri, ndi yachinsinsi, Cencasureaual Bure iyenera kupitiriza kuitumizabe pamene ikupitirizabe kudalira anthu. Kumvetsetsa mbiri ndi kufunika kwa kuŵerenga kwa anthu kumalimbikitsa kukhala ndi phande, kuchirikiza kulondola, ndi kuchirikiza mabwalo a democracy. Nthaŵi yotsatirayi mukulandira kalembera kalembera ka . — kapena chikalata cha ku United States Commonst Resocial — Chivotion — Chivotion chanu cha ku America chivomerezo cha kuwona chaumboni cha kuwona kwaumoyo.