Boma la United States lili ndi mbiri yaitali komanso yovuta ya njira zoyang’anira zokhala ndi cholinga chotsimikizira kuti mabungwe a boma adzayang'anira, kuonekera kwake, ndiponso kugwira ntchito kwake bwino. Njira zimenezi zasintha m'kupita kwa nthawi posintha ndale, zofuna za anthu, ndi zochitika za m’mbiri. Kuyambira pa kupenda ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a zamakono, uyang'aniro udakali maziko a ulamuliro wa demokrase. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'chisinthiko cha U.S.

Makina Otsogola Kuyamba: Maziko a Lamulo

Kupima ndi Kulinganizika Monga Njira Yoyambirira Yoyendera

M’zaka zoyambirira za United States, njira zoyang’anira zinali zongopeka koma zamasomphenya. Oyang’anira a Malamulo anakhazikitsa njira ya macheke ndi kulinganiza pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma: malamulo, mabwana, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo. Dongosolo limeneli linalinganizidwa kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kuti isapeze mphamvu yochuluka. James Madison adatsutsa motchuka mu [FL:0] Fiderast No. 51 kuti "chikhumbo chiyenera kupangidwa kuti chiletso cha uyang'aniro," kuyala maziko a ufilosofi wa boma.

Kufufuza kwa Mabungwe ndi Kulephera

Congress anatulukira mwamsanga. Kufufuza koyamba kunachitika mu 1792 pamene Nyumba ya Oimira inayang'ana kugonjetsedwa kwa Kazembe Arthur St. Clair ndi mphamvu za Initive America. Lamulo linapatsanso Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu ya kulephera, chida champhamvu chogwiritsira ntchito kamodzi koma ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu. Nyumba ya Oimira Aumessages imakhala ndi mphamvu yokha yotsutsa, pamene Nyumba ya Camp imayang'anira ziyeso.

  • Kubwereranso kwa JWic [[FLT :1] kokhazikitsidwa mu [FLT :2] Marbury v . Madison (103] anapatsa makhoti mphamvu ya kuswa malamulo amene amaswa malamulo, kupanga kufufuza kotsutsa pa zochita za malamulo ndi za akuluakulu a boma.
  • Malo a Treasury [[FLT :1] (1789) anapereka mlandu wa zandalama poyambirira kupyolera m'chiyeneretso chakuti zowonongedwa zonse zinenezedwe ku Congress.

Kukula kwa Nkhondo Zapambuyo pa Chikole: Kukonzanso ndi Mautumiki Atsopano

Usilikali wa Ofesi ya Freedman ndi Ufulu wa Chibadwidwe

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, kufunika kwa uyang'aniro wowonjezereka kunaonekera. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana omwe cholinga chake chinali kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu ndi kulimbikitsa mlandu wa boma. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865-1872) adalengedwa kuti ayang'anire kusintha kwa anthu amene kale anali akapolo m’chitaganya, kuyang'anira mapangano a ntchito, maphunziro, ndi chitetezo chalamulo. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi zaka zochepa, inakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha boma cha kuloŵerera m’malo oyang’anira ufulu wa anthu.

Kufutukuka kwa Lamulo la Maboma

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Department of Justice mu 1870 cholinga cha kuthetsa ziphuphu ndi kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo a boma, makamaka pambuyo pa kuyang'anira kochititsa manyazi kwa a Grant . Dipatimentiyo inapanga maloya oyamba a boma ndi ofesi ya Solitoritor General . Kuwonjezerapo, Pendeton Civil Service Reformation Act ya mu 1883 Ilone fact ya bungwe loyang'anira ntchito la United States, kuchepetsa ziphuphu za ndale m'dziko ndi kukhazikitsa bungwe la U. Civil Servil Service monga bungwe loyang'anira.

  • Interstant Commerce Act (1887) adapanga Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), bungwe loyamba lodziimira, kuyang'anira mlingo wa njanji ndi zochita.
  • Sherman Antisty Act (190) anapatsa boma mphamvu kuti lithetse maufumu onse, olamulidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo.

Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo ndi Kuŵerengera Kowonjezereka

Kulamulira ndi Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Kudalirana

The Erroprocement Era (1890s mpaka 1920) inazindikiritsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa uyang'aniro wa boma wowonjezereka. Ochita zaumoyo onga Upton Sinclair ndi Ida Tarbell anavumbula nkhanza za makampani ndi ziphuphu za boma, zimene zinatsogolera ku chitsenderezo cha anthu kaamba ka kusintha. Pulezidenti Theodore Roosevelt anachirikiza kulengedwa kwa mabungwe a gulu ochirikiza boma monga ngati FEDALTC Commis (FLC) [FLT: 1] mu 1914, imene inapatsidwa mphamvu yofufuza ndi kuletsa machitidwe osalungama a zamalonda. Food Ad Drugtion (FLD)) [196] ndi kukhazikitsanso kwa chakudya ndi Drugsur Ad Administration (FD) (FD)

Ofesi Yoŵerengera Mlandu ya Boma (GAO)

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Office ya Umbatiso wa Government (GAO) mu 1921 . Pansi pa Balbin ndi Aunting Act inali nthaŵi yotha. Poyamba yotchedwa General Accounting Office, inapangidwa kuŵerengera ndalama zimene boma limapereka, kufufuza chinyengo, ndi kugamula malingaliro alamulo. GAO anakhala woyang'anira wosagawana amene akusimba mwachindunji ku Msonkhano, kupereka cholinga cha maprogramu a boma. Lerolino, GAO imagwiritsira ntchito zikwi zingapo za ofufuza ndi ofufuza.

  • Federal Reserve Act (1913) anapanga banki yapakati yokhala ndi mathayo a kuyang’anira kaamba ka malamulo a ndalama ndi kukhazikika kwa banki.
  • Mdyerekezo wa Oil ontirestent coge (1911) anasonyeza mphamvu ya uyang'aniro wa bwana kuchotsa malo oikidwiratu.

Kulimbana Kwatsopano ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II

Kuwonjezeka kwa Mautumiki Aunyinji

New Dec (Nyengo ya New Dec) inayambitsa maprogramu ndi mabungwe atsopano a boma, kutsutsa njira zina zoyang'anira. Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt adapanga mabungwe monga Uturaties ndi Exchange Commission (SEC) mu 1934] kuyang'anira msika wa masheya pambuyo pa ngozi ya mu 1929, ndi gulu la National Labor Force Board (NLB) mu 1935 kuyang'anira mikangano ya antchito. Maganiase Autholity (VA) [1]

Uyang’aniro Wangozi wa Nkhondo

Zitokoso zoperekedwa ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II zinatsogolera ku malo owonjezereka oyang'anira. [[FLT:] Act ya pa 1941 [FLT :1] inalola Nyumba ya Malamulo kuyang'anira zowonongedwa zankhondo ndi kugwirira ntchito. Office of Price Administration (OPA) inayang'anira mitengo ndi kugawa pamene inali yopendedwa. Komiti ya Truman [ (mwachidule Komiti yapadera yopereka Ikazetsa malonda a National Defection) inavumbula kutayitsa ndi chinyengo m'kutulutsa nkhondo, kusunga mabiliyoni ndi kulimbitsa ntchito yauyang'enga.

  • Commission Hoover Commission (1947) inavomereza kulinganizanso nthambi ya mkulu kuti iwongolere kugwira bwino ntchito ndi kuyang’anira.
  • Administrative Procedure Act (1946)[FL:1] yoikidwa ndi kulembedwa kwa malamulo ndipo inafuna kudziŵitsidwa ndi anthu ndi ndemanga, kukulitsa kuonekera.

Nkhondo ya Mawu ndi Uyang’aniro Walamulo

Uyang’aniro wa Anthu Anzeru

Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Mawu, njira zoyang’anira zinakhazikitsidwa mu 1976 kuyang'anira chitaganya, makamaka poyankha ziwopsezo zowonedwa za chisungiko cha dziko. Makomiti a Congregation anakhazikitsidwa kuyang'anira mabungwe a luntha ndi ntchito zankhondo. Sate Komiti Yosankha Komiti ya Umboni [7]] Inachita kafukufuku wa nkhanza kuphatikizapo kuzonda nyumba, ziwembu, kupha, ndi kuyang'anira kosakhala kwa lamulo, kutsogolera ku [FLT: 4.] ASTIONTIONS ) ACTIVILET (IS) ya 1978 [FFFFF:5]

Ofufuza Atsogoleri a Boma ndi Malamulo Oyenera

Mbadwo wa pambuyo pa Watergate unasintha makhalidwe. [[FLT: 0] Act ya Boma ya 1978 [FLT: 1] inafuna kuulula zandalama kwa akuluakulu a boma ndi kukhazikitsa Office of Government Ethics (OGE). General Sect ya 1978 adapanga ofufuza odziimira paokha m'mabungwe a boma kuti afufuze ndi kusanthula, kupha, ndi kuipitsa. IGS imeneyi tsopano imagwira ntchito m'mabungwe a boma oposa 70, ikutulutsa malipo ochepera ku Court.

  • Ufulu wa Chikalata cha Information Act (FOIA) (666 , yolimbitsidwa 1974)] anapatsa anthu ndi kusindikiza zolembera za boma, chiŵiya chofunika chosonyezera.
  • Act [19974] anatetezera zolembedwa za anthu zochitidwa ndi mabungwe a boma.
  • Act ya Balbajenti (19974)] adapanga Congregational Baccoration Ballet Office (CBO) yopereka uyang'aniro wa bajeti yaumwini.

Makina Oyendera Amakono (1980-2020)

Zitetezero za M’madzi ndi Zonena Zabodza

Uyang'aniro wamakono wasumika kwambiri pa kugwiritsa ntchito mapilo. Wistle pulpher Act ya 1989 chitetezo chowonjezereka kwa antchito a boma amene akusimba kusaona mtima. Maganizo achinyengo (FLA) [FLT ,] , adadutsa poyamba pankhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, analimbikitsidwa mu 1986 kulola olirawo kuti asunge mlandu pa boma ndi kulandira mlingo wa ndalama zopezedwa. Zimenezi zachititsa mabiliyoni a madola m'kachiwonjezedwa chifukwa cha chinyengo chotsutsana ndi boma.

Kuyendetsa Makompyuta

Kukula kwa tekinoloji ndi intaneti kunachititsa mavuto atsopano ndi mipata ya uyang'aniro. Federal Information Security Management Act (FASIS) ya 2002, yokonzedwa mu 2014 monga Fidereal Information Security Act , ikupanga maziko a kuyang'anira madongosolo a chidziŵitso a boma. Ofesi ya Nduna ya Department ya Desertment [[FL:]] ndi mabungwe ena tsopano akuchititsa maseŵero., kuphatikizapo Goverdatement Actablement Office (OK) Yosalk- Highorception program], ndi yosanja la .

  • Chilengedwe cha Office of Inspector General (OIG) m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana a boma kuchirikiza chipambano ndi kuŵerengera.
  • Kutsatira kwa Federal Information Security Management Act (FASTA)] kuyang'anira madongosolo a chidziŵitso a boma.
  • KUSEMBEKA.gov yoperekedwa mu 2007 kupereka kwa anthu zonse zofunikira za boma.

Kuyang’anira Kogwirizana m’Nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Masamu

Zaka za zana la 21 zakhala ndi kuyambika kwa kugamula milandu kwa bungwe loyang'anira, makamaka pa nkhani monga mavuto a zachuma, kuyang’anira boma, ndi kulabadira kwa mliri. Conforial Tountment Assel Committee (2008-2011) adayang'anira program Yothandiza (PARP). PEN] PRENC Komiti Yoona za Umboni (PRAC) [FT:] adalengedwa mu 202020 thililiyo kuyang'anira ndalama za ku CHOVID-19. Uyang'anira wamakononso amayang'anira mphamvu zapamwamba, zoika m'maumboni za nthambi za nthambi.

Mavuto a Kuyang’anira

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kutsekereza

Mosasamala kanthu za njira zogawira zokhazikitsidwa, zovuta zikupitirizabe. Nkhani zonga ngati kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko, kulephera kwa bajeti, ndi kusintha kwaluso kungasokoneze uyang'aniro wothandiza. Kuwonjezereka kwa kugaŵana kungadodometse zoyesayesa za uyang’aniro, monga momwe kuwonekera m'mikangano ya apapa ndi umboni m'ma 2020. Pamene kukhulupirika kwa gulu kuchotsa kuyang'anira, uyang'aniro ungaloŵe m'nkhondo ya mayiko ambiri mmalo mwa kuyambitsa mfundo zenizeni.

Malamulo Oletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama

Kuchepetsa bajeti kungachepetse zinthu zimene zilipo kuti zikhale zoyang'anira. Makampani monga GAO ndi IGS amayang'anizana ndi ndalama zopanda ntchito ngakhale pamene ntchito zawo zikukula. Mwachitsanzo, antchito a GAO atsika ndi pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu kuyambira 2010, pamene chiŵerengero cha maprogramu amene amaŵerengera chikupitirizabe kukwera. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopezeka m’makampaniwa kukhoza kuchepetsa ukulu ndi nthaŵi ya malipoti a oyang’anira.

  • Kuwonjezedwa kwa tsankho kungalepheretse ntchito zauyang’aniro.
  • Maderesi a mtengo angachepetse zinthu zimene zilipo kaamba ka ntchito zauyang'aniro.
  • Mwayi woperekedwa ukunena kuti m'maulamuliro aposachedwapa watsekereza kupezeka kwa msonkhano ku zikalata ndi mboni.
  • Kupitira kwa luso lamakono kumafuna mabungwe oyang'anira kuti apange ukatswiri watsopano (m’chitsanzo, makhalidwe abwino, kutetezera pa Intaneti).

Kuphwanyika kwa Malo ndi Malo Oyera

Chitokoso china ndicho kuwonongeka kwa malamulo a kuonekera kwa nthaŵi yaitali, monga kutulutsidwa kwapanthaŵi yake kwa zolembedwa za pulezidenti, kukana kugwirizana ndi kufufuza kwa mabungwe, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito kugamulapo kutetezera chidziŵitso kwa anthu. Prestidential Records Act [FLT:] [1978] Kubwezera zokhalako zayesedwa ndi mikangano yokhudza kupezeka kwa zikalata. Kulinganiza pakati pa chitetezo cha dziko ndi mlandu wa anthu kudakalibe vuto losatha.

Tsogolo la Kuyang’anira Boma la United States

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo Zamakono

Monga momwe United States akupitirizira kusinthika,nso njira zake zoyang'anira. Kufunikira kwa kuonekera, kuŵerengera, ndi kuyendetsa kogwira ntchito kuchititsa kusintha kwa mtsogolo ndi masinthidwe m'njira zatsopano za ukapitawo. Kusintha kungaphatikizepo kugwiritsira ntchito kwa luso la zopangapanga kuwongolera uyang'anira. Mwachitsanzo, luntha lapadera (AI) zida zikuyendetsedwa ndi GAO kupenda masamu aakulu opezera ndi kuŵerengera. Zipangizo zamakono zingawonjezere kuwala kwa mapangano aunyinjika m'dziko. Mapulatifomu onga [[FLT:]. ndi [FL:] FFFF:F] FFF:5]

Kulimbitsa Mitembo Yodziimira Payokha

Kulimbitsa mabungwe oyang'anira odziimira paokha kuti awonjezere kuŵerengera kwabwino. Masinthidwe olinganizidwa amaphatikizapo kupatsa IG kudziimira kokulira kwa mabungwe, kupereka ndalama za zaka zambiri zowatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko, ndi kupanga bungwe loyang'anira IG. Akatswiri ena amachirikiza Féderal Oversal Commission [1] yonga Komiti ya Udindo wa Udindo [[FLT] , koma ndi mphamvu za Apitorigue kuti athe kuyang'ana nkhani zofanana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kusintha kwa nyengo, pulotesita, ndi kuchuluka kwa miliri.

  • Kusintha kwapadera kungaphatikizepo kugwiritsira ntchito kwa luso la zopangapanga kuwongolera uyang’aniro.
  • Kulimbikitsa mabungwe oyang’anira aufulu kukulitsa kuŵerengera.
  • Kudziwitsa chitetezo cha kulira kwa mpheto kuphimba omanga ndi kusiyanitsa kubwezera monga upandu wa boma.
  • Kusintha Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) [1] kuti apereke Nyumba za Malamulo za ukatswiri pa nkhani zimene zikubuka.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali Pagulu ndi Boma Lotseguka

Mtsogolo mwa uyang'anira kumadaliranso pa pangano la uyang’aniro. Malingaliro onga [[FLT: 0] Otsegula Boma Gawo Gawo Gawo ndi [[FLT:] Challengengv. Choonjezera. Chotetezera cha nzika [ chimalimbikitsa kuloŵetsamo ndi kusonkhezera malingaliro auyang'anira. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [4] Kutetezera Chikole cha 2012 kuwonjezera chitetezo, koma kusintha kowonjezereka nkofunika kutetezera obwezera kubwezera. Kufikira ku mabodza a boma kudzera [FLT:] [FFFF:]] [FF]]. "[12]

Pomaliza, mbiri ya kuyang’anira boma la United States ikusonyeza kuti pali khama lopitirizabe lofuna kulinganiza mphamvu ndi kutsimikizira kuti boma liziyang'anira nzika zake mogwira ntchito. Kuchokera ku malamulo oyendetsera macheke ndi malamulo amakono oyendetsera makompyuta, uyang’aniro wasintha kuti uyang’anire zinthu zatsopano. Pamene mavuto akubuka, kulephera kwa bajeti, kapena kusokonezeka kwa luso la zopangapangapanga zinthu, chikalata chamakono chidzalembedwa ndi opanga malamulo a za boma, olondera zinthu, ndi nzika zimene zimaumirira kuti boma likhalebe ndi mlandu kwa anthu.