Dongosolo la masankho a meya mu United Kingdom lili ndi mbiri yotchuka imene imaonetsa ulendo wa dziko wautali wa ulamuliro wa demokrase, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. Kuyambira pa mapwando a lipansi ndi mapangano a bungwe kufikira pa bwalo lapamwamba lamakono, osankhidwa mwachindunji ndi maulamuliro aakulu, kusinthika kwa masankho a m'boma ku UK kuli nkhani ya kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono koma kwakukulu. Nkhaniyi imatsata kuti mbiri yakale kuchokera ku mizu yake ya m'zaka zapakati mpaka ku dziko lamakono, kusanthula kusintha kwa masinthidwe, makambitsira andale, ndi masinthidwe a nyumba amene aumba mmene atsogoleri a dzikolo amasankhidwira ndi kuŵerengera.

Magwero a M’zaka za M’ma 500 ndi M’ma 1500 a Mayoralty

Ofesi ya meya ku England inayamba zaka za zana la 12 ndi 13, pamene Mfumu inapereka matchati ku matauni ndi mizinda, kulola iwo kukhazikitsa mabungwe odzilamulira okha. Meya woyamba wolembedwa anasankhidwa ku London mu 1189, kutsatira layansi ya Mfumu Richard I. Mameya oyambirira ameneŵa anasankhidwa ndi gulu laling'ono la akulu kapena aburgesses / amalonda ndi eni nthaka kuposa anthu wamba. Ntchito yogwirizana ya uyang'anira, komiti ya komiti, ndi ntchito za mwambo, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira bwalo lamilandu la mzinda, kusunga dongosolo, ndi kuimira tauni m'kambitsirano ndi mfumu.

M'nyengo za m'zaka zapakati, njira yosankha inali yosiyana kwambiri. Matauni ena anagwiritsira ntchito njira ya "kusankha," kumene meya wochoka anasankha woloŵa mmalo wake, wovomerezedwa ndi bungwelo. Ena anatenga ma franchise ochepera, ndi ongopatsidwa katundu okha oyenerera kuvota. M'matauni monga York, Norwich, ndi Bristol, masankho akakhala otchuka, ndi magulu opikisana opikisana. Komabe, anthu ambiri a m’dzikolo sanathe kunena kuti ndani anakhala meya wawo. Dongolo linalinganizidwa kutetezera mphamvu ya nduna ndi mabungwe a kumaloko, osati kusonyeza chivomerezo chotchuka.

Mkulu wa Mayo ku London: Mlandu Wapadera

Mzinda wa London unayamba mwambo wawo wosiyana ndi . Lord Mayor wa London amasankhidwa chaka chilichonse ndi makampani a mzindawo (mabungwe otsatizana) ndi Common Common Council, njira imene yakhala yosasintha kwambiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Chisankho chimenechi, chomwe chinachitidwa pa Michaelmas Day (September 9,), chimaphatikizapo "kuonetsa manja" ku Guildhall, kutsatiridwa ndi chilengezo chalamulo. Pamene ntchito ya Lord Mayor tsopano ili pafupifupi mwambo (ndi mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa Great London Authority), kalelo kalelo kaperekedwe kake ka moyo ku Chiyambi cha Nyengo Zapakati.

Pofika zaka za zana la 18, makampani a m'makampani a m'makampani a m'dziko osadziŵa ntchito anali atadziŵika ndi chiphuphu, kupatsana ndalama, ndi kulamulira kwa oligarch. Salata za Mayora [ m’matauni ambiri anagamulidwa bwino lomwe ndi mamembala angapo a bungwe lodzisintha lokha. Kukakamiza koyamba kaamba ka kusintha kunachitika kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19, kusonkhezeredwa ndi kufunidwa kwa demokrase ndi kuwonekera bwino.

Zaka za Zana la 19: Kusintha kwa Makampani ndi Kukula kwa Chisankho Chotchuka

Bungwe la Malamulo la Malamulo la Nazi inali nthaŵi yosokonezeka ya boma lakumaloko ku England ndi Wales. Inachotsa makampani akale, otseka ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo lofanana la mabungwe osankhidwa a tauni. Pansi pa Act, maboraugh adafunikira kuchita masankho a chaka ndi chaka a akazembe, amene kenaka akanasankha meya pakati pa chiŵerengero chawo. Kwanthaŵi yoyamba, meyayo anasankhidwa mwachinsinsi ndi oimira amene iwo eni adasankhidwa mwa opereka ndalama. Zimenezi sizinali kutsogolera demokrase, koma zinali njira yaikulu yosiyana ndi ulamuliro wa makampani apamwamba.

Act inafutukulanso lamulo la amuna onse opereka ndalama (pambuyo pake yofutukulidwa kuphatikizapo opereka ndalama za akazi pansi pa Campuzic Franchise Act 1869). Zimenezi zinatanthauza kuti mavoti a maodal [, ngakhale kuti sanadziŵike, tsopano anali oikidwa pa maziko a pulogalamu yosankhidwirapo. Ntchito ya meyayo inakhalabe ya mwambo ndi ulamuliro, misonkhano ya bungwe ndi kutumikira monga woimira boma. Koma lamulo la kuŵerengera mlandu wa demokrase linakhazikitsidwa.

Kusiyana Kusiyana M’mayiko a ku United Kingdom

Scotland anatsatira njira ina. Act ya Royal Burghs (Scotland) inayambitsa kayendetsedwe ka bungwe losankhidwa la matauni, koma "provost" (wofanana ndi meya) si wosankhidwa mwachindunji. Mmalomwake, mabungwe anasankha munthu mmodzi pakati pawo, kachitidwe kamene kanapitiriza bwino kwambiri mpaka m’zaka za zana la 20. Ku Northern Ireland, dongosololo linatsanzira lija la England ndi Wales pambuyo pa kugaŵidwa, ndi malo osankhidwa ndi mabungwe kuyambira 1922 kupita patsogolo.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, kusankhidwa kwa meya kwapadera kunakhala muyezo wa UK. Kawirikawiri malowo anali dzina la chaka chimodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri losinthana pakati pa akuluakulu a akazembe. Mameya ambiri anali olemekezeka akomweko . Opanga ndalama, kapena andale omwe anasiya ntchito. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito ofesi kupititsa patsogolo kunyada kwa boma ndi zoyambitsa za anthu. Komabe, otsutsa anatsutsa kuti kusoŵa lamulo lachindunji kunachititsa amogule kukhala osaŵerengeka ndi odalira kwambiri pa makina a gulu.

Zaka za Zana la 20: Kukakamizidwa Kusankha Zochita Zachindunji

M’zaka za zana la 20, mapempho a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi a kusankhidwa kwa oyang’anira a mzinda, makamaka m’mizinda yaikulu kumene meya wa mwamboyo anali ndi mphamvu zochepa pamene anali kupanga zosankha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi makomiti a bungwe la akulu ndi maofesala aukatswiri. Kupangidwa kwa ma statiotir ndi Greater London Council (GLC) mu 1960 ndi 1970 kunawonjezera mlingo ndi kuchocholoŵana kwa boma la kumaloko, kuyambitsa mkangano wofunikira kwa utsogoleri wamphamvu, wooneka.

Kuchotsedwa kwa GLC mu 1986 kunachoka ku London popanda ulamuliro umodzi wa mzinda wonse, kusonkhezera kufunidwa kwa woyang'anira mzinda watsopano, wosankhidwa mwachindunji kuti ayang'anire zoyendera, kulinganiza, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chuma kuzungulira likululo. Lingaliro limeneli linalandira thamo mu 1990, lochirikizidwa ndi andale zadziko a Labour ndi Liberal Democrat omwe anaona chitsanzo cha boma monga njira yosinthira democracy ya kumaloko ndi kupereka nsonga yowonekera bwino ya kuŵerengera mlandu.

Kubadwa kwa Mmaya Woyambirira Wophunzitsidwa Molunjika

Mu 1997, boma losankhidwa chatsopano la Labour pansi pa Tony Blair linafalitsa pepala loyera, [FLT: 0] Boma Lapamkhaleyo: Polankhula ndi Anthu , limene linalingalira kuti lilole mabungwe kutengera maulamuliro atsopano, kuphatikizapo meya wosankhidwa mwachindunji wokhala ndi maulamuliro aakulu. Zimenezi zinatsatiridwa ndi Boma la Boma la Loferalo, limene linapereka maulamuliro a kumaloko ku England ndi Wales chosankha cha kutumiza mameya. Mayeso oyamba amenewo anakhalapo mu 2001, ndipo nduna yoyamba yosankhidwa mu UK (kuchokera ku London) inasankhidwa mu 2002 kaamba ka chigawo ka [FFOK:] Mdbroughts. [FF]

Pakati pa 2002 ndi 2010, matauni ena angapo ndi mizinda zinatsatira, kuphatikizapo Hartlepool, Doncaster , ndi North Tyneside . Kufufuza koyambiriraku kunakopa chidwi cha ofalitsa nkhani, mwapang'ono chifukwa cha anthu okongola amene anatuluka, monga Ray Mallon (amene kale anali mkulu wa apolisi wosankhidwa ku Middlesbaught) ndi Stuart Drummond (ankathamanga ngati "Answans" mascot ndi kupata ku Hartlepool). Nkhani yosiyana ya mamayawo oyambawa inakhala ndi chipambano m'mautumiki ndi kukweza maluso a mzindawo, ena anakwiya m'makangano .

Njira Zamakono za Mayoral: Mabande Aŵiri

Lerolino, UK imagwira ntchito madongosolo aŵiri osiyana a chisankho cha mavoti . Choyamba, nduna ya boma , idakali yofala m’matauni ambiri ndi mizinda ing'onoing'ono. Pansi pa dongosolo lino, meya amasankhidwa chaka chilichonse ndi bungwelo kuchokera pakati pa mamembala ake. Mbali yakeyo si yapadera, imakhala yozikidwa pa misonkhano yapampando, imapezeka pa zochitika za boma, ndipo imaimira chitaganya. Mameya a Ceremonial sanafike mphamvu zaudindo, ndipo chisankhoti chawo ndicho chilolezo chovomerezeka cha gulu la anthu osagwirizana kapena cha mtanda.

Mayaya Ophunzitsidwa Molunjika

Dongosolo lachiŵiri, meya wosankhidwa mwachindunji [[FLT: 0], tsopano amagwira ntchito m'chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha mizinda yaikulu ndi maulamuliro ophatikizana. Meya wa mameya ameneŵa amasankhidwa ndi voti yotchuka ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu zophera pa boma la kumaloko, kuphatikizapo kulinganiza bajeti, kulinganiza bwino, kunyamula, nyumba, ndi kutukuka kwa chuma. Osankhidwa mwalamulo amatumikira mameya a zaka zinayi zoikika, ndipo masankhoti awo amayendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito SPreeting Vote syste (kape, chifukwa cha olamulira onse, kutembenuza kwa njira yoyamba ya Prept form systep).

Chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri ndicho [[FLT: 0] Mayr wa London , wokhazikitsidwa ndi Great London Authority Act 1999. Chosankha choyamba chinachitidwa mu May 2000, ndi Livingstone [[FLT:] Ken] Livingstone [ wopambana monga wofunsira wodziimira. Kuyambira pamenepo, mzinda wa London wadera lakhala imodzi ya maokhate kwambiri mu UK, ndi kulamulira ndalama zambiri zoikidwiramo, Metropolitan Police, kuyendetsa London, ndi ntchito zazikulu za kukonzanso. Meyalate , Familystone, [[FL:] Brosonson , [FFFFF:], [FT]

Akuluakulu a Ulamuliro Aphatikizidwa

Pambuyo pa chipambano cha chitsanzo cha London, boma linafutukula lingaliro la meya wosankhidwa mwachindunji ku maulamuliro ogwirizana . Mabungwe a bungwe loyang'anira zinthu zogwirizana. Mametro a meya asankhidwa mu 2017 kuphatikiza madera aakulu monga Manchester, Liverpool City Rearement, West Midlands, ndi Tees Valley. Mameya amenewa ali ndi mphamvu pa zoyendera, maluso, nyumba, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma m'madera awo.

Kusankha kwa ameya a metro kwapatsidwa mbiri ya kuwonjezereka kwa kuwoneka kwa chigawo ndi kukopa malonda, koma osuliza amawona wovota wotsika (kaŵirikaŵiri pafupifupi 30%) ndi kusokonezeka ponena za kubwerera kwa meya koyerekezera ndi atsogoleri a bungwe ndi a MP. Komabe, chikhoterero cha osankhidwa mwachindunji amapitirizabe, ndi boma likulingalira za kuchotsanso chisinthiko chimene chimalamulira chitsanzo cha woyang'anira.

Chiyambukiro pa Maulamuliro a Malo ndi Demokrase

Kusintha kwa oyang’anira malo osankhidwa mwachindunji kwakhala ndi chiyambukiro chokhoza kufalikira pa ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Ochirikiza amanena kuti kumapatsa [[FLT: 0] kuŵerengera kwachindunji : ovota amadziŵa amene apereka chilongo kapena kuimbidwa mlandu wa zosankha, ndipo meya angadule kupyolera mwa mameya wa mulu wa utaliaucria kuti asinthe. Mwachitsanzo, Meyarece Wamkulu wagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zochepetsa mphamvu kuyambitsa njira ya "basi fransching" ndi kugwirizanitsa mayankhidwe a chigawo ku mliri wa CHOVAID-19. Meyarey Wauer Valley wachirikiza mkhalidwe waule ndi ntchito zina.

Komabe, dongosololi limasokonezanso. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu mwa munthu mmodzi kungafooketse ntchito ya akazembe ndi kupanga "malamulo" a ndale zimene zimalepheretsa kugwirizana. Osuliza amanena za zochitika zimene mameya atsutsana ndi atsogoleri a bungwe kapena kunyalanyaza malingaliro otsutsa, zimene zimatsogolera ku milandu ya kulephera kwa apolisi. Ndiponso, kusoŵa kwa njira yamphamvu yoyendera kapena kukumbukira (kusiyapo m’mikhalidwe yapadera) kumatanthauza kuti meya wosakondedwayo sangachotsedwe pakati pa nthaŵi popanda ntchito yokwera mtengo ya Nyumba Yachifumu.

M’mawu a magetsi osankhidwa , masankho a meya nthaŵi zonse amawona kukhala ochepera kutengamo mbali kuposa masankho wamba, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amaposa masankho a bungwe lakwawo. Chisankho cha 2024 cha London chimajambula 42% ya kutsegulidwa, kuyerekezeredwa ndi 60% m'masankho a boma 2024. Izi zimapereka lingaliro lakuti pamene masankhoti akukopa, iwo akuyang'anizanabe ndi chitokoso m'kuloŵetsamo chisankho chonse cha voti.

Kupenda Nkhani: Bungwe la Mayoralty la ku London

Meya wa London limapereka chitsanzo choonekera bwino kwambiri cha mmene [FLT : 0] amasankhira moŵa wosankhidwa mwachindunji wasinthiranso ulamuliro. Kuyambira 2000, meya aliyense wabweretsa njira yosiyana ndi malamulo. Ken Livingstone anayambitsa chilolezo cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kuyambitsa khadi la Oyster, ndi kusungidwa kwa ndalama za Crossroll. Boris Johnson anayang'anira maseŵera a Olimpiki 2012, nawonjezera njira yogwirira ntchito, ndi kupititsa patsogolo ku madera a ndege. Sadiq Khan wayang'anira nyumba, kukongola kwa ndege (Ultra Low Eging Force), ndi zoyendera za anthu.

Maulamuliro a meya wa London ndi aakulu koma ngopanda malire. Msonkhano wa London umayang'anitsitsa ndi kukonza bajetiyo ndi anthu atatu atatu. Malo ambiri, monga ngati maphunziro ndi chisamaliro cha anthu, amakhalabe ndi a zigawo. Magawo ameneŵa a thayo nthaŵi zina achititsa mavuto, makamaka pa anthu osoŵa nyumba ndi zosankha. Komabe gawo la donala watsimikizira kukhala lolimba: masankho onse anayi a London awona opambana, ndipo ofesi yakhala bungwe lolemekezedwa.

Zomwe Zidzachitike M’tsogolo mwa Mayoral Eult

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, mikhalidwe yambiri ingaumbe mtsogolo mwa chisankho mu UK. Choyamba, kufutukuka kwa metro metro face kukuoneka kuti kukuchitika, boma likufufuza mapangano osintha zinthu a mapangano monga Hampshire, Suflain, ndi Cumbria. Zimenezi zikufuna kuti meya wosankhidwa mwachindunji akhale mkhalidwe wa ndalama ndi mphamvu. Zimenezi zayambitsa mkangano wakuti kaya ngati kudalira pa zinthu zapadera kumachititsa mapangano a kuchuluka kwa malo osakondweretsa monga Hampshire, Suflody , ndi Cumbria kufuniratu.

Chachiŵiri, njira ya magetsi ya oyang'anira amatsalabe kukambitsirana. SPRIGUENT Vote (SV), yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa oyang'anira osankhidwa kwambiri, inaloŵedwa mmalo ndi First Past Post (FPPP) kaamba ka olamulira onse pambuyo pa 2022 Evolutions Act. Osuliza amanena kuti FP imafuna kupambana ndi chichilikizo chochepera pa 50% ndi kuti dongosolo lowonjezereka (monga ngati Lammodzi Vote lotumizidwa) likawonjezerabe kuyenerera. Palibe boma limene ladziperekabe ku kusintha koteroko.

Chachitatu, kutsutsana kwa mphamvu za [[FLT: 0] kukupitirizabe. Ochirikiza ena amafuna kuti "metro Meyator" akhale ndi mphamvu zoperekera msonkho (monga msonkho wa ndalama zimene amakhoma kapena kampani) kuti asonkhetse maprojekiti a chigawo. Ena akuchenjeza kuti kupereka ufulu wochuluka kukhoza kuwonjezera kusiyana kwa chigawo. The Serting Up White Pap (222) yolonjeza kuti ikhale "iloleza ndi kufutukula" koma kupita patsogolo kwakhala kochedwa.

Pomalizira, meya wa mwambo [[FLT: 0] akuyang'anizana ndi tsogolo losatsimikizirika. Pamene kuli kwakuti matauni ambiri ndi mizinda asunga mwambowo, pali chitsenderezo chomakulakula cha kulinganiza kapena kuchotsa ntchitoyo, makamaka monga mabungwe akulimbana ndi bajeti. Ena achotsa malowo ndi "Mpheto ya bungwe" (Akazembe amene amayang'anira misonkhano popanda dzina laulemu), akumasunga mtengo wa zovala ndi zochitika za anthu. Ena aisunga koma achita kukhala yosakhala ya nyukiliya, yotembenuka pakati pa mabungwe onse.

Kuona Zinthu Moyenera Ndiponso Kuziyerekezera

UK's akumana ndi chisankho cha meya ndi maiko ena. Ku United States, maloya osankhidwa mwachindunji ali mwambo wa mizinda yaikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri okhala ndi maulamuliro aakulu ndi chivomezi champhamvu. Ku Germany, malo a meya amasankhidwa mwa chivoti chachindunji m'maiko ambiri, ndi mawu a zaka zisanu ndi zitatu. France wakhala atasankhidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku lamulo la m'mamzinda wa 1884 , ndi Meya wa Paris ali munthu wamphamvu. UK wabwereka anthu ku madongosolo onsewa koma wapanga chitsanzo cha mtundu wa mtundu wa wirini, kuphatikiza miyambo yamwambo ndi ulamuliro wamakono wa akuluakulu.

Kumaliza

Mbiri ndi chisinthiko cha masankho a meya ku United Kingdom zimasonyeza ulendo wautali kuchokera ku kusankhidwa kwapamwamba kufikira ku kuŵerengera mlandu kwa anthu. Meya wa m'zaka zapakati, wosankhidwa ndi chigawo cha ching'onong'ono cha kuburgesses, analoŵa m'malo mwa kusintha kwa 19 kwa kachitidwe ka zigamulo zosadziŵika zimene zinayambitsa masankho opereka ndalama mwa makampani osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 kubweretsa oweruza oyambirira osankhidwa mwachindunji, ndipo zaka za zana la 21 zawona kuwonjezereka kwa mwamsanga kwa chitsanzocho m'maulamuliro onse.

Lerolino, chisankho cha UK ndi msanganizo wa mwambo wakale ndi demokrase yamakono. Meya wa mwambo adakali munthu wokondedwa m'madera ambiri, pamene wosankhidwa mwachindunji meya wakhala udindo wamphamvu wa ndale zadziko ku London, Manchester, Midlands, ndi kutsogolo. Pamene devolution ikupitirizabe ndi mikangano ya ulamuliro wa kumaloko, mameya adzakhalabe njira yotsimikizira kuti atsogoleri a kumalo amasankhidwa ndi, ndipo amaŵerengera kwa anthu amene amatumikira.

Chitokoso chopitirizabe ndicho kulinganiza kufunika kwa utsogoleri wamphamvu, wowoneka ndi malamulo a kugawana kwa democracy , [[FLT :2] kulolera [1], ndi macheke ndi mapikicasi [1]. Nkhani ya masankho a doyal ... imalembedwa ndi pulogalamu iliyonse.

[[ML:0] Kugwirizanitsa:[[ML:1]