Raje Sabba, , wodziŵika mwalamulo monga Msonkhano wa ku United States, amatumikira monga nyumba yapamwamba ya nyumba ya malamulo ya India ya bidamaral . Ili ndi mbali ya mwambo chabe, imachita mbali yaikulu m'kuumba malamulo a dziko, kuteteza malamulo a boma, ndi kukhazikitsa pulatifomu ya kugamulapo. Mbiri yake ndi chisinthiko zimayenderana kwambiri ndi mfundo za demokrase ya India, kusonyeza kusagwirizana pakati pa ulamuliro wapakati ndi boma, komanso kufunika kwa malo osungirako zinthu amene amachepetsa malingaliro a Lok Sabba.

Chiyambi ndi Malamulo Osiyanasiyana

Nkhani Zochititsa Nkhawa Zochititsa Chidwi

Malingaliro a malo achiŵiri ku India anali ovuta. Pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa Malamulo, Msonkhano wa Konsonanti unatsutsana mwamphamvu ponena za kufunika, kupangidwa, ndi mphamvu za nyumba yapamwamba. Zithunzi zazikulu zonga Dr. B.Ambedkar, Gopal Swayyar, ndi K.Munshi adatsutsa kuti boma linafunikira chipinda choimira maboma, mofanana ndi U.S. Nyumba ya Malo kapena Nyumba ya Ambuye ya ku Britain. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti nyumba yosankhidwa mwachindunji (Lokhaha) idzakhala yokhoterera ku pulist, ndi yosankhidwa ndi malo osankhidwa motsimikizirika, ingachite ntchito monga kuyang'ana, kutsimikizira kuti lamulolo mosamalitsa. Komabe, chikhoterero chachiŵiri chingakhale chochenjezedwa kaamba ka kugamu yachiŵiri, ndi kuvomereza kwa chivomerezo cha chiwiri cha chiwindi cha chiwindi cha chiwindi cha Syam. Syahabirne, chigalamu chachikhalire chogwirizana ndi njira yachikhalire cha kukhazikitsa chikalata cha Symo.

Kuyambitsa Mabungwe mu 1952

Rajiya Sabraha adakhala woyamba pa 13 May 1952, m'Nyumba ya Palamente ku New Delhi. Poyamba, nyumbayo inali ndi ziŵalo 216, zoimira maboma ndi magawo a mgwirizano, ndi ziŵalo zoŵerengeka zokhala ndi mamembala. Woyamba anali Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, yemwe analinso wotumikira monga Vice-Presidenti wa India (kale wa ku Poland ndi person). Zaka zoyambirirazo zinasonyezedwa ndi mzimu wa kugwirizanitsa ndi kumanga ndi kukongola, ndi mamembala ochokera ku mayambiriro osiyanasiyana a . .

Makonzedwe a Malamulo ndi Makonzedwe

Kusankha

Mfundo 80 ya ku India ya Malamulo imatchula kupangidwa kwa Raje Sabba. Mphamvu yaikulu ndi mamembala 250: 238 oimira maboma ndi magawo a mgwirizano, ndi mamembala 12 osankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti. Oimira boma amasankhidwa ndi mamembala osankhidwa a bungwe la Regionaltion pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosankhira yoimira yokha. Chisankho chimenechi chosakhala chachindunji chimatsimikizira kuti Rajiya Sabba auniversity a boma mmalo mwa chivoti cha dzikolo, kuchirikiza mkhalidwe wa boma la Union. Magawo a Union amaimiridwanso ndi mipando yocheperapo poyerekezera, Delhia ndi Puuchryry ali ndi oimira ena pamene kulibe.

Mawu Oletsa Kupuma Pantchito, ndi Kusintha

Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabha, yomwe imasungunuka zaka zisanu zilizonse (pokha ngati yakhala yosaiwalika) , Raje Sabha ndi chipinda chosatha. Ziŵalo zimatumikira mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi osakhazikika, ndi mbali imodzi pa zitatu ya anthu amene amapuma zaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti pamene mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko wa dzikolo ungasunthe, Rajiya Sabba amasunga chikumbukiro ndi kukhazikika. Zimatanthauzanso kuti boma la tsikulo silimalamula ambiri mu Rajiya Sabba, makamaka ngati linapangidwa ndi gulu losiyana limene sililamulira malo ambiri. Kusokonezeka kumeneku kuli mbali ya boma.

Ziŵalo Zokhala ndi Mkono

Pulezidenti asankha mamembala 12 a Raje Sabba kuchokera kwa anthu amene ali ndi chidziŵitso chapadera kapena chidziŵitso chogwira ntchito m’mabuku, sayansi, luso, ndi ntchito ya kakhalidwe ka anthu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa, ouziridwa ndi Irish Senate ndi Nyumba ya Ambuye ya Briteni, ali ndi cholinga chobweretsa anthu otchuka m'dongosolo la malamulo. Osati nthumwi zakhala zikuphatikizapo katswiri wa mafilimu Shabana Azmi, katswiri wa zachuma Amartya Sensea, mtolankhani Rajadeesai, ndi katswiri wa za masewera Jaya Bachchan. Komabe, nthaŵi zina mphamvu za kuletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu andale kapena akatswiri oona za zachuma m’dziko m’malo mwa akatswiri oona mtima.

Maulamuliro ndi Ntchito

Mbali ya Malamulo

Ntchito yaikulu ya Raje Sabba ndi kuyang'ana ndi kumaliza mafaindi operekedwa ndi Lok Sabha. Pamene kuli kwakuti Lok Sabhaha ali ndi mawu omaliza pa ndalama (Artle 110), Rajiya Sabhaha angachedwe kuzizengereza kwa masiku 14. Mapepala wamba, Rajaya Sabba angalandire, a mpheke, kapena kukana; ngati atsutsa lamulo, kukhala ndi nyumba zonse ziŵirizo pansi pa Mfundo 108 kuti zithetse. Pochita zimenezi, kukhala pamodzi n’kodwa n’kosoŵa. Chotsatira chinali mu 2002 chifukwa cha Kuteteza Uchigaŵenga (POTA). Rajahaha adakhalanso ndi mphamvu yoyambitsa malamulo (pangika ndalama), malamulo ambiri (pansipansi pa ndalama), ndi malamulo ambiri monga ngati a National Act Act of Foograph Act.

Malamulo Okonzedwanso ndi Maulamuliro Apadera

Raje Sabra ali ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi Lok Sabba m'kusintha Malamulo. Kusintha kwa lamulo kuyenera kuperekedwa ndi anthu aŵiri atatu m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri zosiyana (ndi kupeka ndi theka la makhomageti a boma kaamba ka kukonzanso kwina). Chifuniro chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti nyumba yapamwamba, yoimira maiko, ili ndi mawu m'masinthidwe aakulu a kapangidwe ka boma. Kuwonjezerapo, Raja Sabba angapangitse chigamulo pansi pa Mfundo 312 kuti apange utumiki wa Indiya , monga ngati Indiya nkhalango, kapena kusamutsira nkhani kuchokera ku Chigwirizano cha Boma ku Chigwirizano cha Boma (Palame 249) m'dzikolo la Sab.

Ndalama (Malipiro Ochepa a Ndalama)

Ngakhale kuti Lok Sabha ndilo limakhala lapadera kwambiri, Raje Sabha Sabha angakane za bajeti ya chaka ndi chaka ndi malamulo ena a zachuma. Ikhoza kupereka zivomerezo, koma nyumba yaing’ono siiyenera kuzilandira. Komabe, Rajiya Sabba amagwira ntchito yofufuza makomiti a zachuma (konga ngati Komiti ya Public Accounts Komiti , ndi Komiti Yolingalitsira [1] ili yofunika, pamene mamembala ake ambiri akutumikira m’mabungwe oyang’anira ameneŵa.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuyang’anira

Ziŵalo za Raje Sabba zingafunse abusa, kuchititsa zigamulo, ndi kukhala ndi phande m'nkhani za nkhani zofunika za anthu. Nyumbayo ili ndi mphamvu ya kutsutsa Pulezidenti, kuchotsa oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi Bwalo Lalikulu, ndi kuvomereza kuikidwa kwa maofesala ena a malamulo (m., Comptroller ndi Pictical General ikufuna kumangidwa ndi nyumba zonse ziŵiri). Komabe, Raja Sabhaha sangapose kuvomereza kukana kukana kugonjera boma, monga Bungwe la Atumiki a boma lili ndi thayo lokha la Lok Sabha (Artle 75).

Unansi ndi Lok Sabha

Unansi pakati pa nyumba ziŵirizo umadziŵika ndi kusokonezeka kwa zinthu. Lok Sabha amalingaliridwa kukhala malo amphamvu kwambiri chifukwa cha kulamulira kwake ndalama, njira zake zodalirana, ndi chisankho chake chachindunji kwa anthu. Rajiya Sabba, pamene ali wofanana m'nkhani zambiri za malamulo, amalinganizidwa kukhala malo ochitira zinthu ndi kutsekera. Akatswiri andale kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosola chipinda cha Raja Sabba monga "chipinda chakugona" chimene chimalola kupendedwa mozama kwambiri. Komabe, pamene gulu limodzi kapena mgwirizano wa , Rayya Shabha imalamulira nyumba zonse ziŵirizo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene otsutsawo akukhala ndi ambiri m'malamulo a [1]

Kusinthika kwa Zinthu ndi Kusintha Kokulirapo

Kulimbana ndi Defection ndi Chilango cha Pagulu (1970s-19980s)

Kuyambitsidwa kwa Tentith Shedyl (Chilamulo Chopereka Chiyeso) mu 1985 kudzera pa Firstment ya 52th Deference inathandiza kwambiri Rajiya Sabba . Cholinga chake chinali kuletsa kupanduka kwa ndale zadziko mwa kulepheretsa ziŵalo zimene zinasiya modzifunira kapena zikoti za chipani chosamvera. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulolo linachepetsa kupanduka kotseguka, linachepetsanso kudziimira kwa Rajiya Sabba, kuwagwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi mizera yachipani.

Kusintha Zinthu Mogwiritsa Ntchito Malo Oyera ndi Abwino (2003)

Kuchiyambi kwa ma 2000, Raje Sabba anayambitsa masinthidwe angapo kuti awonjezere kuonekera ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Zimenezi zinaphatikizapo kuvumbula kwa lamulo kwa chuma ndi zopinga kwa ziŵalo, malamulo okhwima a kachitidwe, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Komiti ya Malamulo. Komiti yoyamba yotero inakhazikitsidwa mu 1997, koma inapeza mano pambuyo pa kusintha kwa 2003. Komabe, kupambana kwa njira zimenezi kunafunsidwa, makamaka pambuyo pa "cash wofunsa mafunso" wochititsa manyazi mu 2006 pamene ziŵalo zingapo zinagwidwa pa vidiyo kufunsa mafunso m’nyumba.

Nkhani za Kuimitsa ndi Kuimira

Kuitana kaamba ka kusintha kulembedwa kwa Rajiya Sabba kwachokera ku malo ambiri. Ena amatsutsa kuti chiŵerengero cha mipando pa boma limodzi chiyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu, monga momwe zilili kwa Lok Sabha, kutsimikizira kulinganiza. Ena amavomereza kuti asankhire mwachindunji Rajiya Sabba mamembala a anthu, mofanana ndi bungwe la United States, kukweza mlandu wa demokrase. Kulingalira koyenera ndiko kuchepetsa ukulu wa nyumbayo kapena kuyambitsa dzina loikidwiratu la Vice-Pirperson (Chimakepeirson). Monga 2025, mikangano imeneyi imakhala yosathetsedwa, ndi boma limene kaŵirikaŵiri limayang'anitsitsa masinthidwe amene angasokoneze kulinganiza kwa boma.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa (200-2025)

Raje Sabba wayang'anizana ndi kusulizidwa kowonjezereka kwa kusokonezeka kwa zinthu m'ma 2010, ndi kutsala kwanthaŵi zambiri kotsogolera kutaya nthaŵi. Poyankha, nyumbayo inayambitsa njira zonga ngati chidziŵitso chopita patsogolo cha mafunso, kusungidwa kwa zero, ndi kupangidwa kwa makomiti oima a munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi , amene tsopano akupenda pafupifupi malamulo onse asanafike poyenda. Kugwiritsira ntchito "gullotine" kudutsa popanda kutsutsana kwakhala kofala, kuchititsa nkhaŵa ponena za ntchito ya Rajiya Sabba’s delibrary. Kumbali yolimbikitsa, nyumbayo yaona kukwera m'makambitsirano apadera, monga mmene amachitira posintha nyengo, dongosolo la za pulogalamu, ndi makompyuta, kusonyeza ntchito yake monga pulogalamu a papulatensi ya pulogalamu.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Kumanga Malo Opatulira ndi Kuphunzitsa

Chimodzi cha zisulizo zopitirizabe nchakuti Raje Sabba wakhala malo otsekereza osokoneza. Maboma osoŵa ambiri m'nyumba yapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri amapeza kuti malamulo awo atsekerezedwa, kutsogolera ku kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo (Arpic 123) kapena kugwirizana. Chitsutso, chotsatira, chimaimba mlandu boma la kutseka nyumba kapena kugwiritsira ntchito unyinji wake wa malamulo kutsutsana ndi mphepo.

Kusoŵa kwa Kulamulira kwa Democratic ndi Kuŵerengeredwa

Chifukwa chakuti Raje Sabba amasankhidwa ndi misonkhano ya boma, iwo alibe lamulo lachindunji kwa anthu. Osuliza amanena kuti zimenezi zimawapangitsa kukhala osaŵerengeredwa ndi osavuta kwa mabwana a chipani. Dongosolo la kusatsa malonda lodabwitsalo limatanthauzanso kuti wobatizidwa angasankhidwe kaamba ka mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ngakhale ngati chipani chawo chataya chisankho cha dziko lotsatira, chotsogolera ku "demokrase". Anthu, makamaka, aimbidwa mlandu wa kukhala oikidwa m'ndale mmalo mwa akatswiri odziimira paokha.

Kupenda Kwabwino

Ngakhale kuti malamulo amathandiza kuti nyumbayo ikhalenso yogwirizana, Raje Sabha mobwerezabwereza amalephera kuyang'anira mosamalitsa malamulo. Mapepala ambiri amaperekedwa popanda kutsutsana kwatanthauzo, ndipo komiti ya komitiyi yasintha. Nthaŵi yokwanira yothera pa malamulo ku Rajiya Sabba yachepa zaka zambiri, kuyambitsa nkhaŵa za kutsika kwa malamulo ake. Lipoti la 2023 lolembedwa ndi PRS Legislative Research linatchula kuti 25% ya ndalama zotsala m'zaka khumi zapitazo zinatha popanda kukambitsirana kulikonse mu Rajiya Sabha.

Kumaliza: Kubwereranso Kwachisungiko kwa Raje Sabba

Raje Sabba wasintha kwambiri kuchokera ku chiyambi chake kuma 1950. Yayang'anira mavuto andale, yogwirizana ndi ndale, ndipo inapulumuka kufunidwa kwake kuti ithetsedwe. Ngakhale kuti si yangwiro, idakali mzati wofunika kwambiri wa boma la Indiya. Ntchito yake monga woimira zikondwerero za boma, malo a malamulo, ndi kupenda malamulo mopupuluma n’kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse m’nyengo ya kusintha kwa mayanjano ndi zachuma. Masinthidwe monga kulimbitsa dongosolo la komiti, kuonetsa kuonekera, ndi kutchula za kupereŵera kwa nkhani . Mbiri ya Rajya Sabba si nkhani yongosinthasinthasinthasintha kwa malamulo; ndi yokhudza mmene ana amapangira dongosolo la zachuma ndi kuyendetsa, kulamulira kwa bungwe la boma.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani [[FLT: 0] Constitution of India [[FLT :1] pa Msonkhano wa ku United States, Santiad (Parliament of India) – Rajya Sabba , ndi malipoti ofotokoza za [FLT: 4.] PRS Legislative Research [ pa ntchito ya nyumba yapamwamba.