Ziphunzitso zandale ndizo maziko a ulamuliro wamakono, kuumba chirichonse kuchokera ku mmene malamulo amalembedwera ku mmene nzika zimawonera ufulu wawo ndi mathayo . Choposa dzina la "ochokera kumanzere" kapena "kumanja" zimenezi zogwirizana za zikhulupiriro zimapatsa magalasi amene timamasulira mavuto a anthu ndi kuona mtsogolo. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira kolimba kwa malingaliro andale zadziko sikuli kokha kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro kwa anthu ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lerolino.

Kodi Lingaliro la Zandale Nlotani?

Mfundo zandale ndizo njira yosasintha ya zikhulupiriro zonena za mmene anthu ayenera kulinganizidwira. Imayankha mafunso ofunika kwambiri: Kodi ntchito yoyenera ya boma ndi yotani? Kodi chuma chiyenera kuyambika kuti? Kodi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi udindo wake wogwirizana sukhala chabe malingaliro; iwo ali maziko a zimene zimanena za zimene ziyenera kukhala, zonena za mmene dziko limagwirira ntchito, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri masomphenya a chitaganya chabwino.

Asayansi andale zadziko amatchula mipambo itatu m’chiphunzitso chilichonse. [[FLT:] Kafukufuku amalingalira za mkhalidwe wa anthu . Ndiwo kugwirizanika kwachibadwa, kupikisana, kapena kukakamizidwa ndi kudzikonda? [[FLT:]] ukulu wosonyeza njira zopitira kutsogolo, kaya mwa kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono, kusintha kwamphamvu, kapena kutetezera mkhalidwe. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kumathandiza anthu aŵiri omwe adzitcha kuti "ufulu, dongosolo, kapena mwambo. [[FLT: 4.]] Kusintha kwaumwini kungasiyane ndi maluso awo, koma kukhoza kukwaniritsa njirazo, kaya mwa kusintha kwapang'kamodzi, kapena kulongosola mkhalidwe. Kulongosola kumeneku kumathandiza chifukwa chake anthu aŵiri omwe amatchula kuti "alybolo"; koma iwo angagaŵane pa miyezo yawo ya makhalidwe a anthu.

Ziphunzitso za kugonetsana zirinso zamphamvu, zosinthira ku zochitika za m'mbiri, kusintha kwa zachuma, ndi kusuliza kwanzeru. Mwachitsanzo, kulolera kwamwambo kwa m'zaka za zana la 19, kumene kunagogomezera boma laling’ono ndi laulere, pang’ono ndi pang’ono kutengera ku ufulu wamakono, umene umavomereza mbali yaikulu ya boma m'kutsimikizira ubwino wa kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti lingaliro silikuletsedwe; silikutsutsidwa ndi kufotokozedwanso.

Ziphunzitso Zazikulu za Ndale: Kuzama ndi Kusoŵa Chochita

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani yoyambayo inandandalika mfundo zazikulu zisanu ndi chimodzi, imodzi imaphatikizapo makambitsirano ambiri a mkati mwa munthu ndi zikalata zambiri zapansipansi.

Kukonda zinthu mopambanitsa

Conservatism, monga chiphunzitso chogwirizana, inatulukira m’chivomerezo cha Kusintha kwa Falansa. Wokhulupirira wotchuka wotchuka kwambiri woyambirira, Edmund Burke, ananena kuti anthu amasintha ndi zinthu ndi kuti kusintha kwakukulu kwa mwadzidzidzi kumawononga mabungwe ndi miyambo imene imapatsa bata. Chigwirizano chamakono chakhala chogaŵanika m’zosiyanasiyana.

[[FLT: 0] Thronational corality [[FLT: 1] imagogomezera ulamuliro, chipembedzo, ndi kusungidwa kwa maufumu a anthu otchuka. N’zokayikitsa za ziphunzitso zongoyerekezera za ufulu ndi zimene zimasinthasintha motsatira zopindulitsa. [[FLT:] Sacolicism [[[FLT:]] Constantialism [[5] yotchuka [yapamwamba] mu United States], imasumika maganizo pa kusungitsa makhalidwe abwino, kaŵirikaŵiri pa nkhani zonga kuchotsa mimba ndi kapangidwe ka banja. [FLT:] Economicism [[FLT:]] [5] (kapena n'kuchirikiza chigawa cha , kuchepa kwa boma, ndi malonda aulemake, [Foctive], [Fenetic]] [5] kutuluka m'zaka za zana lakumapeto kwa ulamuliro wa kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wa dziko lachilendo, kuwonjezera chigawansi kwa ulamuliro cha dziko la dziko la dziko lakuwonjezera.

Anthu a ku Ulaya osunga mwambo nthaŵi zambiri amavomereza boma lamphamvu la zaumoyo, pamene kuli kwakuti kusungitsa chuma ku United States kumayenderana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a zachuma ochirikiza chuma. Zitsanzo zamakono zimaphatikizapo British Conservative Party ndi Chipani cha ku United States, ngakhale kuti onse aŵiri aona makambitsirano a mkati mwa anthu osunga mwambo ndi ochirikiza kutchuka kwa anthu.

Kusuliza Kukhulupirira Zolakwa

Anthu otsutsa amanena kuti kuteteza ufulu wa anthu kukhoza kulepheretsa anthu kupita patsogolo, kuponderezana, ndiponso kudalira miyambo kuti ithandize anthu kusiyanitsa anthu.

Kumasuka

Liberéism ndilo chiphunzitso chandale zadziko chofala m'maiko a Kumadzulo lerolino, koma tanthauzo lake lasintha kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Kusintha maganizo kwa Classical, kofotokozedwa ndi John Locke ndi Adam Smith, kozikidwa pa ufulu wa munthu payekha, katundu waumwini, ndi boma lokhala ndi malire. Ntchito yaikulu ya boma inali kutetezera moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma, kusiyira chuma chochepa kwambiri.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, akatswiri onga John Stuart Mill ndi T.H. Green anayamba kunena kuti ufulu weniweni umafuna osati ufulu wa kukakamizidwa, koma kukhoza kwabwino kuchitapo kanthu . zimene zinafuna kuti boma liloŵetsepo maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi muyezo wa moyo. Lopatula ufulu wamakono (kaŵirikaŵiri] (otchedwa kulolera kwa chikhalidwe kunja kwa U.S.) amavomereza chuma chosanganiza kuyendetsa zinthu zachuma ndi ubwino, kuti akonzere kusagwirizana kopangidwa ndi chipani choletsedwa. Zifunsinsinsi za ntchito yake zamakono zimaphatikizapo Franklinst. Rooselt ndi New Creagement ya ku Western Europe.

Lerolino, kulolera kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchirikiza zoyenera za anthu, LGBTQ+ kulingana, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi mbali ya boma yokangalika m’kuchepetsa kugaŵanikana kwa chuma. Komabe, imakhala yosiyana ndi socialism m’kugogomezera kwake kopitirizabe pa njira za chuma chaumwini ndi za malonda monga oyendetsa magalimoto aakulu a kulemera.

Kusuliza Kumasuka

Otsutsa ochirikiza ufulu anena kuti ufulu wamakono wafutukula boma kupyola malire ake oyenera, kutsendereza ndi kupanga kudalira.

Socialism

Socialism, m’lingaliro lake lalikulu koposa, imachirikiza kukhala ndi gulu kapena anthu onse a mwini njira zopangira zinthu [1] makampani, nthaka, chuma chachilengedwe . Liwulo likuphatikizapo kugaŵa chuma kosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku chikomyunizimu cha Karl Marx ndi Vladimir Lenin ku socializimu ya demokrase ya anthu onga Bernie Sanders ndi British Labour Party pansi pa Jeremy Corbyn.

Socialism yolamulira ya democratic imalingalira kusintha kwa kamodzikamodzi, kwamtendere ku chuma cha socialism kupyolera mwa masankho ndi kusintha kwa nyumba za malamulo. Imachirikiza kwenikweni chisamaliro cha onse cha umoyo, maphunziro aulere, ndi maukwati amphamvu, pamene ikusunga kuchuluka kwa ndale zadziko ndi ufulu wa anthu. Mayiko a Nordic, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "Socialism" m'nkhani yotchuka, amaphatikizanadi chuma ndi maboma amphamvu a kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kabwino .

[[FLT : 0] Csocialism ya chisinthiko (kapena komkitsa) imatsutsa kuti kapitalizimu ingapangitsidwe kokha kupyolera mwa kusintha kwa makalasi ogwira ntchito, kumene pambuyo pake boma lidza "kuchoka " zokumana nazo za 20 za Soviet Union, China, ndi Cuba zachititsa ambiri kukayikira kuthekera kwa chitsanzo chimenechi, kupatsidwa zikhoterero za ufumu wa authorist zimene zinawonekera. Komabe, Marx adakali ndi chisonkhezero m'maphunziro, makamaka m'nthanthi ya za mayanjano ndi masuliridwe.

Kusintha kwatsopano, [[FLT: 0] kuyanjana ndi anthu [[FLT: 1], kumagwirizanitsa kudalirana kwa chisosholizimu ndi nkhaŵa za malo okhala, kunena kuti kulondola phindu sikugwirizana ndi kusungika kwa malo okhala.

Kusuliza Socialism

Osuliza kuchokera ku kuyenera akuchenjeza kuti socialism mosapeŵeka imatsogolera ku kuchepetsa kwachipambano cha zachuma, kuchepetsa kuyambika kwa zinthu, ndi kutayikiridwa kwa ufulu wa munthu. Iwo amatchula ku zitsanzo za mbiri yakale za chuma chothamanga cha boma chimene chinatulutsa kupereŵera ndi kusokonezeka. Otsutsa omanzere, nawonso, amatsutsa kuti socialism ya democratic sinapite pamlingo wokwanira m’mphamvu ya makampani otokosa.

Kukhulupirira Chibande

Kukhulupirira ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha kumaona kukhala phindu lalikulu kwambiri la ndale. Imachirikiza boma lothekera kwambiri / (kaŵirikaŵiri lolekezera kwa apolisi, makhoti, ndi kuchinjiriza dziko) ndi ufulu wochuluka ponse paŵiri pankhani zaumwini ndi zachuma. Oyang’anira malo a malonda amakhulupirira kuti mabizinesi aufulu ndizo njira zolungama ndi zokhoza kulinganiza chitaganya.

Mantha aakulu aŵiri alipo. [[FLT: 0] Azaumboni amalingalira za lamulo laling'ono "usiku woyang'anira" limene limatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense koma silimachita china chilichonse. Akharto-kaputorist amakana boma kotheratu, kutsutsana kuti mautumiki onse, kuphatikizapo chisungiko ndi chigamulo, zingaperekedwe ndi makampani achinsinsi opikisana pamsika waulere. Asayansi onga ngati Murray Rothd ndi Robert Nozick asonkhezera kwambiri mwambo umenewu.

Chipani cha Libertrianism chimagwirizana ndi kulolera kwa anthu koma chimasiyana ndi kuumirira kwake pa kusaukirana ndi kutsutsa kwake kwakukulu msonkho. M’kulondola, Gulu la Libertarian Party la United States limalimbikitsa mankhwala osokoneza upandu, kuchotsa, ndi malonda aufulu, pamene kuli kwakuti likugwirizana ndi ufulu wa anthu pankhani zonga ukwati wauchiŵanda. Komabe, gululo likulimbana ndi mafunso a mmene angachitire ndi zinthu za anthu onse, monga misewu ndi mpweya woyera, zimene zimavuta kuipitsa.

Kusulizidwa kwa Kukhulupirira Ufulu Wakusunga

Otsutsa amanena kuti chitaganya cha anthu ongopereka ufulu chimasiya osauka, odwala, opunduka / opanda chitetezo. Amatsutsanso kuti misika yopanda ulamuliro ingatulutse malo okhala, kuwononga malo okhala, ndi kusalingana kwa dongosolo kumene kumawononga osunga ufuluwo.

Fascism

Fascism ndi chiphunzitso cha ufumu wa authoritarianism, cha dziko lonse chimene chinabuka kuchiyambi kwa zaka 20 za Ulaya. Imakana demokrase yaufulu, kudziimira paokha, ndi Chimake Marx, mmalo mwake kukondwerera mtundu kapena fuko monga gulu limene liyenera kugwirizanitsidwa pansi pa mtsogoleri mmodzi, wotsendereza. Maulamuliro a Chifasizizimu amapondereza kutsutsa, kulamulira atolankhani, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito chiwawa cha asilikali kusungitsa ulamuliro.

British Mussolini’s Italy anali chitsanzo choyambirira, koma National Socialism ya Adolf Hitler ku Germany idakali chitsanzo choipitsitsa, kuwonjezera kutsutsa kowopsa ndi ulamuliro wa fuko. Fascism inayambitsanso Spain wa Franco, Salazar's Portugal, ndi m'maulamuliro ankhanza osiyanasiyana ankhondo ku Latin America. Mosiyana ndi Cobataism, imene imafuna kusungitsa mabungwe omwe alipo, Fascism imasintha zinthu [1] cholinga chake cha kuyambitsa "munthu watsopano" ndi kukonzanso chitaganya.

Lerolino, liwu lakuti "fascism" limagwiritsiridwa ntchito momasuka kutsutsa gulu la authoritarianism kapena lautundu. Komabe, akatswiri akugogomezera kuti, kuphatikana kwenikweni kumaloŵetsamo kupembedza kwa mtsogoleri, nthano ya kubadwanso kwa mtundu, ndi kufunitsitsa kugwiritsira ntchito chiwawa monga chiŵiya. Magulu apamwamba ku Ulaya ndi United States kaŵirikaŵiri amalingaliridwa kukhala otchuka kapena okonda dziko mmalo mwa kutsata kwambiri chiphaso, ngakhale kuti ena amafanana mosokoneza.

Kusuliza Chifasizimu

Kulephera kwa makhalidwe abwino a chipembedzo cha Fascism kumatsutsidwa padziko lonse m’nkhani yaikulu ya ndale chifukwa cha mbiri yake ya kupondereza ufulu wa anthu, kupululutsa fuko, ndi nkhondo.

Kuwononga Malo

Kumalo okhala, monga lingaliro landale zadziko, kumaposa pa kusungidwa kwa zinthu kuti kutsutse malingaliro a kukula, kuwonjezereka kwa maindasitale amakono. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti anthu ali mbali ya chilengedwe chakuthupi ndi kuti ntchito zachuma ziyenera kulemekeza malire a chilengedwe. Kagulu kamakono ka malo okhala kanakula ndi Rachel Carson Silent Spring [1] (1962) ndi Tsiku loyamba la Dziko lapansi mu 1970.

Mkati mwa kuteteza malo okhala, nsalu zingapo zimapikisana. [[FLT: 0] malo a malo okhala akugwirizanitsa mphamvu ya chilengedwe ndi mphamvu ya akazi, akumapempha kukonzanso madongosolo a makolo. [[FLT:] Kaŵiri] ndale zachiwisi [[FLT:] [2] zokhala ndi chibadwidwe zimagwirizanitsa mphamvu ya chilengedwe ndi ulamuliro wa akazi, kupempha kuti akonzeretu dongosolo la makolo. [[FLT: 4.] zandale zachiwralitsi ndi zonga za anthu monga Grün mu Germany, kukonzanso mphamvu, kukonzanso kwa democracy, kukonzanso misonkhoma, ndi kukonzanso.

Kumalo okhala kumakhudzanso malingaliro ena. "Green Cowatalisism" imavomereza zothetsera zozikidwa pa malonda a malonda onga malonda a malonda, pamene kuli kwakuti "kukonda chikhalidwe cha anthu" imalimbikira kuti kapitalizimu sangathetse vuto la nyengo. Kufulumira kwa kutentha kwa dziko lonse kwachititsa nkhaŵa za malo okhala ku m'mikangano ya ndale zadziko, kupangitsa iwo kukhala nkhani yothetsa nkhani yaikulu imene palibe gulu lalikulu lingainyalanyaze.

Kusuliza Zachilengedwe

Anthu ena amakayikiranso mfundo yakuti kusintha kwa nyengo n’koipa kwambiri.

Ntchito ya Ziphunzitso za Ndale Zadziko m’Sosaite

Malingaliro andale zadziko sali malingaliro ongoikidwa m'mabuku ophunzirira; amachita mbali yaikulu m'kuumba malamulo, mapulatifomu a parti, ndi magulu a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, New Decro [FLT: 0] New New ku United States inali chisonyezero chachindunji cha ufulu wamakono, kupanga chitetezo cha Social Security ndi antchito. Regan Revolution [ ya ma 1980 adalemba a malingaliro otsalirapo ndi ochirikiza kudula misonkho, dereguate makampani, ndi kuchepetsa mkhalidwe wa zaumoyo. Lerolino, mikangano yokhudza zaumoyo, kusamuka, ndi malamulo a za nyengo ndi nkhondo ya za boma za boma.

Ziphunzitso za kugonja zimathandizanso nzika kumvetsetsa nkhani zovuta. Zimapereka nzeru yachidule yomvetsa kumene wandale kapena wa chipani ali, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingatsogolerenso ku kupambanitsa ndi kutha kwa mademokrase athanzi. M'mademokrase athanzi, mpikisano wa malingaliro umasonkhezera kusintha kwa malamulo ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Komabe, pamene malingaliro akhala ziphunzitso zokhwima, angaletse kulolera ndi kuchirikiza kulolera molakwa.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo pakati pa kuyera kwa maganizo ndi ulamuliro wa pragmatic. Atsogoleri ambiri andale amagwirizanitsa mfundo za m'maganizo osiyanasiyana kuti apange zinthu. Zimenezi zili choncho makamaka m'madongosolo osiyanasiyana amene maboma ali ndi malamulo ogwirizana. Chifukwa chake, kuzindikira maganizo, sikumatanthauza kuganiza kuti malamulo alionse amayendera maganizo; kaŵirikaŵiri, kulingalira kwapamwamba kumanyalanyaza malamulo opeka.

Kumvetsetsa Chipwirikiti cha Ndale: Zitsanzo ndi Maluso

Kusiyanasiyana kwa kumanja kwa ndale zadziko kozoloŵereka, ndi socialism kumanzere ndi fascism kumanja, kunayambira mu Msonkhano wa National National wa mu 1789, kumene ochirikiza mfumu anakhala kulamanja ndi ochirikiza kusintha kumanzere. Mafanizo a m'zinenerowa adakali othandiza koma amaonedwa kukhala osakwanira. Amagwetsa mipambo iŵiri yosiyana ya zinthu ndi malamulo a zachuma ndi a kakhalidwe ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Zitsanzo Zina

Chati ya Nolan [[FLT :1] (imatchedwanso kampasi ya ndale) imasiyanitsa ufulu wa zachuma ndi ufulu wa munthu, kuika osunga ufulu wa munthu m'zachuma ndi zapamwamba, a a a authoritarian , ndi ochoka kumbali ya kumbuyo. Chitsanzochi chimathandiza kulongosola chifukwa chimene munthu wina onga Milton Friedman (wokonda chuma, womasuka mwamakhalidwe) amasiyanirana kwambiri ndi wokonda mwambo wa anthu monga William F. Buckley (wosunga mwambo wa zachuma, wa pro-maket komanso ulamuliro wa m'zankhulire).

Nthanthi ya mahatchi imapereka lingaliro lakuti kutali ndi kumanja, mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwakukulu kwawo, zingagwirizane m'zolinga zawo za ufumu wa authoritarian ndi machitachita a democratic. Ngakhale kuti amatsutsana, yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kufotokoza kufanana pakati pa Stalinism ndi Nazism. Otsutsa amatsutsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zolinga (mayanjano opanda chitaganya. udongo wa fuko).

Njira ina, democture yachikwangwani , imagwiritsira ntchito kupima kwambiri kozikidwa pa zofufuza zoikapo malingaliro pamalo ocholoŵana. Mwachitsanzo, zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti, chuma chasiya / kukongola ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu n’chogwirizana modekha, ndi kuti m’maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, chikhalidwe chakhala chosiyana kwambiri ndi chachuma m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.

Njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana ndi kuzindikirabe kuti pali zinthu zina zimene sizingachitike.

Mfundo Zokhudza Kusintha kwa Zinthu Padziko Lonse

Malingaliro andale zadziko saali okha kumanga kwa Kumadzulo. Magulu ambiri osakhala a Wester adapanga miyambo yawoyawo, kaŵirikaŵiri akuphatikiza miyambo yakumaloko ndi malingaliro otengedwa kuchokera Kumadzulo. Mwachitsanzo, Confician ku Asia amalimbikitsa atsogoleri achipembedzo, kupembedza kwa makolo, ndi malo abwino omwe amayenderana ndi mfundo zina za chikhalidwe ndi zachikomyunizimu, koma amasiyana m’kukana kwawo chipembedzo chimodzi. Ku India, Hinduvava [1] ndi malingaliro a mtundu amene amayesa kulongosola chizindikiritso cha Aindiya kudzera mwa chikhalidwe cha Chihindu, ponse paŵiri kugwirizana ndi chidani cha anthu.

Malingaliro achipembedzo [1] onga ngati Islam (Aslamu ya ndale zadziko) [1] Kufuna kupanga boma ndi malamulo mogwirizana ndi mapulinsipulo a chipembedzo. Magulu a Chisilamu amasiyana kuyambira ku kugawana kwa Chibale cha Chisilamu ku Igupto (pambuyo pa kupondereza kwake) kufikira chiwawa cha jihadadist cha ISSIS. Mofananamo, zipani za democracy ku Ulaya ndi Latin America zimaphatikiza makhalidwe achipembedzo ndi malamulo apamwamba kapena apamwamba achuma.

Pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa dziko ndi kutsutsa ulamuliro wa dziko, monga ngati Chipani cha Plan-Africa [1] ndi . , chidacho cha dziko lonse lapansi , chinayamba kukhala ngati chivomerezo cha kudyererana. Atsogoleri onga Kume Nrumah ndi Julius Nyere anasintha malingaliro a socialism ku mikhalidwe ya mu Africa, kugogomezera kukhala ndi kudzidalira kwa munthu aliyense. Lerolino, chiphunzitso chonga kufalikira kwa maphunziro a zamaphunziro ndi mayanjano osulitsa.

Kuvomereza kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu padziko lonse kumachititsa kuti anthu a kumayiko a kumadzulo asakhale ndi maganizo ovuta pankhani zandale, komanso kuti anthu ambiri azitha kusamuka, kugulitsa malonda padziko lonse, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono popanga malamulo a zandale.

Kumaliza

Malingaliro andale sindiwo zotsala za zolembedwa zakale kapena za anthu wamba; iwo ali maziko amene amaumba mmene timadziŵira dziko ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Mwakuphunzira mozama . Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa m’kati mwa dziko, mbiri yakale, ndi kusintha kwa dziko lapansi, ndi maluso apadziko lonse, kungasunthe kuposa mawu ndi mawu otsata. Kumvetsa kwambiri maganizo kumasonkhezera maganizo ofufuza, kumakonzekeretsa nzika kupenda malamulo opikisana, ndi kulimbitsa maziko a kukhala ndi phande kwa democracy. Pamene dziko landale likukula ndi kucholoŵa m’kapo ndi kucholoŵana, kukhoza kupenda ndi kuyerekezera malingaliro kuli kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale.

[[ML:0] Kuŵerenga kobwereza: