Unansi wapadziko lonse ndi maphunziro a mmene maboma adziko, mabungwe a boma, opanga makampani, ndi makampani a mitundu yonse amagwirira ntchito pamodzi padziko lonse. Kumvetsetsa kugwirizana kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse kuvuta kwa mageopolitike amakono, kugwirizanitsa chuma, kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kuvuta kwa chitetezo.

Miyezo Yomwe Ili Pansi pa Maunansi Amitundu Yonse

Asanaloŵe m’nthanthi ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, kuli kofunika kudziŵa malingaliro enieni amene amatumikira monga maziko a maunansi apadziko lonse.

Ulamuliro

Uchifumu ndi lamulo lakuti boma lili ndi ulamuliro wonse pa gawo lake ndi zochitika zapanyumba, popanda kudodometsedwa ndi kunja. Ndilo maziko a dongosolo ladziko lamakono, lokhala ndi maziko mu Treaty of Westphalia [1] (1648). Kulingana kotheratu kumatanthauza kuti maboma onse, mosasamala kanthu za ukulu kapena mphamvu, ngolingana mwalamulo m'malamulo a dziko lonse. Komabe, ulamuliro umatsutsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kuyendetsa dziko lonse lapansi, kuloŵerera kwa anthu, ndi ziwopsezo zapadziko lonse monga uchigaŵenga ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.

Mphamvu

Mphamvu mu maunansi a mitundu yonse imatanthauza kukhoza kwa boma kusonkhezera ena ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zake. Nthaŵi zambiri imagaŵidwa kukhala mphamvu yolimba (kukakamiza kwankhondo ndi kwa zachuma) ndi mphamvu (kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, makhalidwe, ndi mayanjano). Kugawidwa kwa mphamvu pakati pa magawo . "61] unpolarpolation, bipolar, kapena mipangidwe ya dongosolo la dziko lonse.

Diplomacy

Kulankhulana ndi luso ndi kachitidwe ka kukambirana pakati pa oimira mayiko. Ndi chida chachikulu chothetsera mikangano, kupanga zigwirizano, ndi kupanga mapangano a mayiko. Kugwirizana kwamakono kumaphatikizapo njira zamwambo zoimira ambare . Malo apamwamba, misonkhano yamitundu yambiri, ndi “Mpata wa aŵiri” zolankhulana ndi oseŵera osachita za boma.

Chikondwerero cha Dziko

Boma lililonse limalondola zolinga za dziko, zomwe zingaphatikizepo chisungiko, chuma, chisonkhezero cha maganizo, ndi kutchuka. Odziŵa za moyo amanena kuti dziko limakonda kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo ndi mphamvu, pamene kuli kwakuti anthu omasuka amagogomezera mapindu a kugwirizana ndi makhalidwe ofanana.

Njira Zapadziko Lonse Ndiponso Kuchepa kwa Magulu

Dongosolo lapadziko lonse limadziŵika ndi kusoŵa kwa ulamuliro wapakati . ndi mkhalidwe wodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0] archy . Zimenezi sizitanthauza chipwirikiti, koma kuti palibe boma ladziko loti likhazikitse malamulo. Anarchy akufotokoza chifukwa chake maboma ayenera kudalira pa MPAMBIRA, zigwirizano, ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse kuti ayang'anire zochita zawo.

Mafakitale Opanga Mafuleji

Akatswiri a sayansi apeza njira zitatu zothandizira anthu ovutika kumvetsa zinthu zimene zikuchitika padziko lonse.

Kuona zenizeni

Dialism imasumika pa mpikisano, kusagwirizana kwa mayanjano apadziko lonse. Imalingalira kuti iwo ali otchuka m'maseŵera, kuti ali olingalira osonkhezeredwa ndi [1] kukondana, ndi kuti dongosolo lapamwamba limawakakamiza kuika patsogolo chisungiko ndi mphamvu. Masinthidwe aakulu amaphatikizapo [ kuwona kwenikweni kwa munthu (malingaliro a munthu amatsogolera ku mkangano), kuchirikiza mphamvu (makonzedwe a dongosolo amasankha khalidwe), ndi [[FLT:] kusiyanitsa zenizeni ndi kuchirikiza (kulingalira kapena kuchirikiza mphamvu za kupambana kapena kutsimikizira mphamvu ya kupambana).

Kumasuka

Literalism imagogomezera kuthekera kwa kugwirizana ndi mtendere. Imagogomezera mbali ya mabungwe apadziko lonse, kudalirana kwa chuma, ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase pochepetsa mikangano. Masinthidwe aakulu amaphatikizapo kulolera kwaufulu (kulimbikitsa mtendere), kulolerana [[FLT]] kulolera kulolerana [[FLT:]] ] [mapangano] [mapangano]] [mapangano]] (akulunjika] (akulu samenyana kaŵirikaŵiri), ndipo [FTLT:4] kulolera kugaŵana [mabungwe] (mabungwe adziko onse amathandiza). [FLT:] Union Union [FFFFLD:]

Kumanga

Chikalata chothandizira kumanga chikalata cha makampani a boma chinanena kuti maluso a ndale za padziko lonse amapangidwa mwachikhalidwe osati mwa zinthu zimene amawapatsa. Malamulo ndi zikondwerero za maboma amapangidwa ndi malingaliro, miyambo, ndi zochitika za m’mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, kutha kwa Nkhondo ya Mawu kumafotokozedwa ndi akatswiri okonza zinthu monga kusintha masinthidwe, osati kungosintha mphamvu. Chigwirizano cha boma chimathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chimene mayiko akutengera malamulo onga ngati udindo wa kuteteza (R2P) kapena chifukwa chake zida za nyukliya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana ndi zida zina zakupha anthu ambiri.

Nkhani Zovuta ndi Zoposa

Postpartorianism, feminist, Marx, ndi pambuyo pa 97astralralism zimapereka malingaliro ena. Amatsutsa malingaliro a boma, a Western centrics a ziphunzitso zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, nthanthi yodalira pa imatsutsa kuti dongosolo la zachuma lapadziko lonse limalimbikitsa kusalingana pakati pa malamulo apakati ndi a chigawo. Fiministism ubale wa padziko lonse [[] .

Maziko a Kupenda m’Maunansi a Mitundu Yonse

Akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana pofufuza zinthu zimene zachitika padziko lonse. Mtengo wa munthu aliyense umakhudza kwambiri atsogoleri a mayiko komanso anthu amaganizo. Mkhalidwe wa boma umafufuza ndale za m’banja, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko.

Oseŵera Masewera a M’bwalo Lapanyanja

Pamene kuli kwakuti maiko adakali oseŵera apakati, akanema osiyanasiyana osagwirizana ndi chigawocho tsopano ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu.

Magulu Apadziko Lonse

Mabungwe a boma (IGOS) monga ngati United Nations[FLT :1], [[FT:2] World Trade Organization , North Atlantic Treaty Organization [Nunity , ndi [FLT] International Monetary Fund [[] imapereka mapangano a mgwirizano, kukhazikitsa, ndi kutsutsana. Bungwe lachitetezo la UN Security limakhala ndi thayo lalikulu la kusunga mtendere ndi chisungiko cha padziko lonse, pamene kulibe masukulu apadera a zaumoyo, ntchito, ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe.

Mabungwe Oona za Malo (NGO)

NGOS , Amnesty International, Dokotala Wopanda Borders, ndi Greenpeace ochirikiza zoyenera za anthu, chithandizo cha anthu, ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala. Zimakhudza boma mwa kukweza malamulo a anthu, kukopa maboma, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'misonkhano yamitundu yonse. Zina za NGO zafunsa za malo pa UN, kuwapatsa iwo kukhoza kukambitsirana za malamulo.

Mabungwe Ochokera M’mayiko Ambiri (MNCs)

Makampani monga Apple, Shell, ndi Toyota amagwira ntchito m’malire a dzikolo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi bajeti yaikulu kuposa mayiko ambiri. Ma MNC amaumba maunansi a zachuma mwa kusungitsa ndalama zachilendo, kupereka unyolo, ndi kukopa. Akhozanso kukhala olamulidwa kapena kuchita ntchito za mpikisano, monga momwe zikuonekera m’miyambo ya zauntchito ndi za makampani.

Aliyense payekha

Zitsanzo za Mahtma Gandhi, gulu la Mikhail Gorbachev lopanda chiwawa lokhala ndi ufulu, kusintha kumene kunathetsa Nkhondo ya Mawu, ndi chisonkhezero cha Greta Thunberg pa kumenyera nyengo.

Malo Ochezera a Dziko ndi Ayuda a ku Palestina

Al̆Qaeda ndi ISIS amasonyeza mmene oseŵera osagwirizana ndi boma angatsutse ulamuliro wa boma. Magulu a Palestina kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera nyumba ndi maboma, kusonkhezera malamulo achilendo, ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zimene zimayambukira chuma chomakula.

Ntchito Zothandiza za Maunansi a Padziko Lonse

Nazi mbali zazikulu zimene malingaliro aunansi wapadziko lonse amagwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Kulankhulana Kochititsa Chidwi

Kulankhulana kuli njira yaikulu yoyang'anira maunansi a chigawo. Zingakhale zachikazi, monga mu U.S.C.C.C.C. nkhani za malonda, kapena madera ambiri, monga ngati Paris Climate Adminitive Kukambirana. Kupambana kumadalira pa kukambirana mphamvu, kukhulupirirana, luso la zaunenere, ndi kukhalapo kwa zikondwerero zogwirizana. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relation (1961) imagwirizanitsa malamulo a za kutetezera ndi mautumiki a za boma.

Chigamulo Chotsutsana ndi Kumanga Mtendere

Anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga:

  • Mtengo: [1] Chigawo chachitatu chosaloŵerera m'nkhani. Maofesi abwino a UN agwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhondo kuchokera ku Yemen mpaka Syria.
  • Kusunga mtendere: [[FLT :1] Asilikali a Bluerhected akuikidwa kuti aone kuzima kwa moto, kuteteza anthu wamba, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha kwa ndale zadziko. Maulendo amakono amaphatikizapo MITUSMA ku Mali ndi UNIFIL ku Lebanon.
  • Kupereka chilango: Zilango zachuma zimayang'anizana ndi anthu, magawo, kapena chuma chonse kusonkhezera kusintha khalidwe. Zilango za U.S. pa Iran ndi ziletso za UN ku North Korea ziri zitsanzo zazikulu.
  • Kulamulira ndi Kuwononga: Mapangano onga pangano la Nyukliya Nonà Proliferation Treaty (NPT) ndi Chipangano cha Zida za Mankhwala cholinganiza kuchepetsa zida zoopsa.
  • Post à Confublict Reconstumon: Pambuyo pa kutha kwa mikangano, chithandizo cha mitundu yonse, machitachita a chilungamo (m' lekuatiso, International Criminal Court), ndi kumanga malo kumathandiza kuletsa kubwereranso.

Kudalirana kwa Ndale Zadziko Lonse (IPE)

IPE akufufuza kudutsana kwa ndale ndi zachuma. Nkhani zazikulu zimaphatikizapo mapangano a zamalonda (m., USMCA , CPP), kuyendetsa chuma padziko lonse (IMF, World Bank), chithandizo cha kupititsa patsogolo zinthu, ndi kukwera kwa utundu wa zachuma. Khreton Woods imakhazikitsa dongosolo la zachuma lapambuyo pa 76WWII, pamene zikhalidwe zaposachedwapa monga devration ndi kutumiza kwa [1] kutsutsa chivomerezo chachuma.

Ntchito ya Chilamulo cha Padziko Lonse

Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri anthu amatsutsa malamulo chifukwa cholephera kukhazikitsa malamulo, chifukwa choyembekezera kuti zinthu zidzachitika, chifukwa choona kuti malamulowo ndi oyenera, ndiponso chifukwa choti anthu akugwirizana.

Magwero a Chilamulo cha Mitundu Yonse

  • ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''. Zipangano zolembedwa pakati pa mayiko, monga la United Nations Charter kapena Geneva Asses. Amangolemba pa zikwangwani zokha.
  • Lamulo la Malamulo la Mitundu Yonse: Machitidwe amene amanena kuti amatsata motsatira lamulo la lamulo, monga ngati lamulo la lamulo la kutetezera mayanjano kapena kuletsa kupululutsa fuko.
  • Mfundo za Chilamulo za General Princes: Zikudziŵika m'madongosolo a zamalamulo a m'dziko, monga ngati chikhulupiriro chabwino ndi kulinganizika.
  • ['Zigamulo za `''' ndi Zolemba za Akatswiri: zinagwiritsidwa ntchito monga magwero achiŵiri kumasulira lamulo.

Makhoti Aakulu a Padziko Lonse ndi Mabwalo Amilandu

  • Khoti la Internationalork of Justice (ICJ): Chiŵalo chachikulu chachiweruzo cha UN, kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma ndi kupereka malingaliro otsutsa.
  • International Criminal Court (ICC): imatsutsa anthu kaamba ka kupululutsa mtundu wa anthu, upandu pa mtundu wa anthu, ndi upandu wankhondo.
  • World Trade Organization Dispute Secrite Body : Mayeso a mikangano ya malonda pakati pa maiko a m'bungwe.
  • Khoti la Arabitio: Imapereka mautumiki a kuchotsapo mikangano ya m'mayiko.

Mavuto Okhudza Chilamulo cha Padziko Lonse

Kugwirizana kumasiyanasiyana. Mayiko amphamvu anganyalanyaze malamulo apadziko lonse (m’chitsanzo, chigamulo cha ICJ pa Nicaragua ndi United States). Kukwera kwa maboma a authoritarianism ndi kusagwirizana kwa malamulo kumafooketsa malamulo ambiri. Komabe, malamulo apadziko lonse adakali chida chofunika kwambiri chothandizira kugwirizanitsa khalidwe pa nkhani zonga mlengalenga, lamulo la nyanja, ndi zochita za pa Intaneti.

Kulamulira ndi Mabungwe Padziko Lonse

Kulamulira kwa padziko lonse kukunena za kuyang’anira kwa magulu a mavuto a maiko onse kupyolera m’magulu osiyanasiyana amwambo ndi amwaŵi.

  • G7 / G20: Mafoshomu kumene chuma chachikulu chimagwirizanitsa malamulo a zachuma.
  • [[ML:0] World Health Organization (WHO): ikuvomereza ku ngozi zaumoyo za dziko lonse.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA): imagwirizanitsa malamulo a zamagetsi otetezera.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito Kankhondo Kantchito (FATF): Amakhazikitsa miyezo yolimbana ndi padera ndalama.

Akanema osagwirizana ndi dziko la Finland, mayanjano a anthu onse, ndi madongosolo a oyendetsa mabanki (m’chitsanzo, oyang’anira banki) amadzaza mowonjezereka mipata imene kulibe mapangano alamulo. Osuliza amanena kuti ulamuliro wapadziko lonse uli ndi kupereŵera kwa demokrase, popeza kuti maboma amphamvu ndi mabureaucrate osasankhidwiratu ali ndi chisonkhezero chosapeŵeka.

Zomwe Zikuchitika Zikululuza Maunansi a Mitundu Yonse

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zikusintha mmene mayiko amagwirira ntchito.

Mpikisano Wamphamvu

Nkhani za mpikisano wa mayiko wa United States, China, ndi Russia zikuchuluka kwambiri masiku ano.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kusasangalala Kwake

Ngakhale kuti kudalirana kwa mayiko kwachotsa umphaŵi wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ndipo kwalimbikitsa kusintha chikhalidwe, kwachititsanso kusalingana kwa anthu, kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito, ndi kusokonezeka kwa chikhalidwe. Kuwonjezeka kwa mabungwe a malonda, Brexit, ndi amalonda oteteza dziko lapansi kukusonyeza kuchepa kwa dziko. Mliri wa CHOVID .

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kutetezeka kwa Malo

Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chiwopsezo cha mayiko ambiri. Kukwera kwa nyanja, nyengo yoopsa, ndi kusoŵa kwa chuma zosamuka, nkhondo, ndi mavuto a anthu. [FLT: 0] Paris Adment (2015] ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwa padziko lonse kuchepetsa kutentha, koma kukwaniritsa zinthu. Nkhani zina zikuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu, kudula mitengo, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi.

Kutetezeka ndi Maulamuliro a Makompyuta

Kuukira kwa ICANN , ndi makampani ofufuza za masankho, zachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi nkhaŵa yaikulu yokhudza chitetezo cha pa Intaneti. Mayiko akuyambitsa chikhalidwe ndi luso la nkhondo za pa Intaneti, pamene kutsutsana pa za utsogoleri wa ICANN ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo za m'dzikolo kukusonyeza kusagwirizana pakati pa kumasuka ndi ulamuliro. Gulu la Boma la Boma lapanga malamulo a boma [

Kusamuka Ndiponso Kutetezeka kwa Anthu

Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amadutsa malire chaka chilichonse kuti apeze mwaŵi wa zachuma, kugwirizanitsanso mabanja, kapena kuthaŵa chiwawa ndi chizunzo. 2018 Mabungwe a Expands a Mivery anayesa kuwongolera kugwirizana, koma kusamuka kumakhala kogaŵanitsa ndale zadziko. Ubwino wa anthu umakulitsa chitukuko kuchokera ku chisungiko cha boma ku chisungiko ndi ulemu wa anthu, kuphimba nkhani zonga kugulitsa, miliri, ndi kusungika kwa chakudya.

Kusokonezeka kwa Zipangizo

Kupita patsogolo kwa nzeru zongopanga, sayansi ya sayansi ya zinthu zamoyo, kufufuza mlengalenga, ndi kuchuluka kwa makampani kukuyambitsa mipata ndi maupandu atsopano. Mpikisano wa AIP umakhudza zinthu zambiri, pamene kukonza majini kumayambitsa mafunso ofunika padziko lonse.

Kumaliza

Unansi wapadziko lonse ndi mbali yaikulu yodziŵira mphamvu zimene zimaumba dziko lathu. Kuyambira pa maziko a mfundo za ulamuliro ndi mphamvu mpaka pa mikangano yowononga yokhudza kusadalirika kwa Intaneti ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, chilango chimathandiza kusanthula njira zokhalitsa ndi kusintha kofulumira. Ophunzira, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika zimene zakhala zikumvetsa mfundo zimenezi, zikhoza kuwongolera bwino kwambiri ndale za dziko lonse, ndipo zimalimbikitsa kuti pakhale dongosolo lamtendere komanso lokhazikika padziko lonse. Pamene mavuto a zaka za zana la 21 akuwonjezeka ndi kupikisana kwa mphamvu zamphamvu kuti zikhale mliriri wokonzekeretsedwa.