Zipani za ndale zadziko ndizo zinzake za demokrase yamakono. Zimasintha maganizo a anthu kukhala mfundo zogwirizana, kulembetsa ndi kutsogolera, ndi kupatsa nzika chosankha chowonekera bwino m'bokosi la pepala. Popanda zipani za ndale zadziko, ulamuliro wa democracy ungakhale chisokonezo cha anthu paokha ndi kugwirizana kosinthasintha. Kumvetsa mmene ntchito ya magawowo siiri yofunika kwa ophunzira a sayansi yandale komanso kwa nzika iliyonse yogawana. Kufufuza kumeneku kumachititsa kuti anthu asiye ntchito zazikulu, zomangamanga nyumba, zitoko, ndi ziyembekezo za magawo andale a m’madongosolo a demokrase.

Kufotokoza Mipando Yandale

Chipani cha ndale zadziko si chipani chongosonkhanitsa anthu oganiza mofanana. Chili gulu lolinganizidwa limene limafuna kulamulira madongosolo a boma mwa kupambana masankho ndi kukhala ndi udindo wa anthu. Malinga ndi wasayansi wandale zadziko .Giovanni Sartori , chipani ndi "gulu lililonse landale limene limadziŵika ndi chizindikiro cha boma chimene chimaperekedwa pa masankhoti, ndipo chikhoza kuika pa masankhoti, oyembekezera ntchito yapoyera, oimira pa udindo wa onse." Matanthauzo ameneŵa amagogomezera mbali zitatu: [[FLT:] palct: [[2] (dzina ndi projekiti)], [FLT:], [FLT:]

Chiyambi cha zipani zandale zamakono chinayamba m'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18, pamene magulu a nyumba zoyaluza anayamba kulinganiza malingaliro opikisana a kulamulira . Mwachitsanzo, Federalist ndi AntiFedalist ku United States, kapena Whigs ndi Tories ku Britain. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, magulu anachoka ku magulu a malamulo opatulidwa a nyumba za malamulo kukhala magulu aunyinji okhala ndi antchito achikhalire, kusonkhetsa ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa makampani ocholoŵa m’kati mwa mahotela.

Mapwando amasiyana ndi magulu achifuniro kapena magulu a kakhalidwe m’njira imodzi yosuliza: iwo amathamanga oyembekezera masankho ndi kulandira thayo la kulamulira. magulu achikondwerero amavomereza malamulo akutiakuti; magawo amalinganiza pulatifomu yatsatanetsatane ndi kuyesayesa kuigwiritsira ntchito kupyolera mwa mphamvu ya boma ndi ulamuliro.

Ntchito ya Core mu Democracy

Ntchito iliyonse imathandiza kuti anthu asakhale ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zina, imathandiza kuti anthu asakhale ndi mlandu, ndipo imathandiza kuti pakhale mpikisano wamtendere wa ndale.

Chithunzi

Amapereka zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana, mfundo, ndi zosankha za osankhidwa m'malamulo oyeneretsedwa. Amatchula mawu ku mbali zosiyanasiyana za chitaganya . "atmat, mabizinesi, alimi, afuko, a mafuko aang'ono, ndi kutembenuza mawu ameneŵa m'zifuno za malamulo. M'madongosolo ambiri, chipani chilichonse chimaimira mbali yochepa ya mavoti a mageographin; m'madongosolo aŵiri, magulu amakhala ogwirizana omwe amayesa kukopa “auventi."

Kusintha ndale ndi Maphunziro

Mapaleshoni amaphunzitsa nzika za nkhani, malingaliro, ndi njira yosankhira. Mwa misonkhano, mapepala, makampani oulutsira nkhani, ndi kukambirana khomo ndi khomo, iwo amapeputsa mikangano yovuta ya malamulo ndi kuthandiza osankha kupanga zosankha za chidziŵitso. Ntchito imeneyi imakhala yofunika kwambiri makamaka m'mademokrase achichepere kumene maphunziro a boma angakhale otsika. Mapalipi amathandizanso monga malo ophunzitsira atsogoleri amtsogolo, kuphunzitsa anthu, kulankhula poyera, ndi njira zandale.

Kusankha Atsogoleri

Democracy iriyonse imafunikira phalepoti ya oyenerera ku ofesi ya boma. Paries adziŵitse, mlangizi, ndi kuchirikiza anthu amene amagwirizana ndi makhalidwe awo. Njirayi ingakhale masankho aakulu, misonkhano yachigawo, kapena mathirakiti. M'maiko ambiri, maphwando amathandizanso kupima, kuchotsa otsutsa kapena osadziŵa ntchito asanafikitse ofunsira. Ntchito imeneyi imachititsa kuti ovota akhale ndi ndandanda ya zosankha zodalirika.

Kusintha Kayendedwe ka Mankhwala

Mabungwe akupanga mapulatifomu ofotokoza bwino zimene akufuna kukonza pothetsera mavuto a dziko. Amachititsa kufufuza, kufunsa akatswiri, ndi kukambirana zogwirizana pakati pa magulu awo a m’kati mwa dziko. Magulu opambana kenaka amagwira ntchito kupanga mapulatifomu ameneŵa kukhala malamulo. Lamulolo limapatsa ovota kuzindikira bwino zimene chipani chidzachita ngati chigamulocho chisankhidwa ndipo chimapatsa magulu lamulo la kuchitapo kamodzi m’maofesi.

Kugwidwa ndi Anthu ndi Kutuluka kwa M’madzi

Chisankho cha democratic chimadalira pa kutenga nawo mbali. Mabungwe amasonkhanitsa ovota kudzera m'masatsa, zochitika, kutsatsa malonda, ndi kutumiza anthu pa Intaneti. Mabungwe amphamvu angawonjezere kwambiri kubwerera kwawo, makamaka pakati pa magulu a anthu otsika. Ntchito imeneyi imaphatikizaponso kulimbikitsa nzika kuti zipite ku maholo a tauni, kukumana ndi oimira, ndi kuchita mbali zina za kugawana kwa boma pakati pa masankhoti.

Chikondwerero ndi Kusamalira Kusamvana

M'zitaganya zosiyanasiyana, magulu amathandiza kuyang'anira nkhondo mwa kupikisana ndi anthu opikisana. Mmalo mwa kumenyana m’makwalala, magulu amapikisana m’bokosi la mapepala. Mapartia amagwiranso ntchito monga ololera, kulolerana pakati pa malumbiro osiyanasiyana. Ntchito imeneyi imakhala yaikulu kwambiri m'madera ogaŵanika kwambiri. Monga aja okhala ndi mafuko, chipembedzo, kapena zinenero .

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kachisi pa Ndale

Akatswiri ambiri amasiyanitsa magulu andale ndi ena m’njira zosiyanasiyana:

Mapwando Onse

Magulu onse, mawu opangidwa ndi Otto Kirchheimer, cholinga cha kuwonjezera chisonkhezero cha voti mwa kupita ku malo apakati a ndale zadziko. Amapeputsa malingaliro osasinthika ndi kutengera malamulo amene amakopa mtanda waukulu wa ovota. Magulu aakulu m'magawo aŵiri . Mofanana ndi ma Democrats ndi Republicans . Nthaŵi zambiri amagwira ntchito monga kugwira magulu onse, ngakhale kuti iwonso amasunga maziko a maganizo. Mphamvu zawo zimangosinthasintha, koma otsutsa amatsutsa kusankhana kofunikira ndi kuletsa kusudzutsa pulogalamu ya shikiti.

Mapwando Osangalatsa (Mapwando Apadera)

Maphwando a kadare amatsogozedwa ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu apamwamba . . . . . . . . . . . . . maphwando ameneŵa anali ofala m'zaka za zana la 19. Ndipo akuonekerabe m'mayiko ena osagwirizana kwenikweni. Iwo amapambana masankho pochita nawo mbali yaikulu.

Mapwando Aakulu

Magulu ambiri anatulukira ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mamembala kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20: Amakhala ndi ziŵalo zazikulu, zokangalika, kaŵirikaŵiri zotengedwa ku gulu la anthu kapena gulu lapadera (m’chitsanzo, magulu a socialism oimira antchito a makampani). Magulu a Misa amadalira pa mangawa a mamembala ndi antchito odzifunira, ndipo amasunga maunansi amphamvu ndi magulu ogwirizana onga maukwati a antchito, kugwirizana, kapena mabungwe achipembedzo.

Mapwando a Mmodzi

Magulu ameneŵa amasumika maganizo pa mbali imodzi yaikulu ya malamulo . monga ngati kutetezera malo okhala, kuletsa kusudzulidwa, kapena kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti samapambana ambiri, magulu a anthu amodzi angasonkhezere anthu onse kuvomereza malo awo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo magulu a Green ku Ulaya ndi a Pirate ku maiko ena. Kukonda kwawo kwakukulu kuli ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi malire.

Michezo Yolingalira

Magulu a zikhulupiriro za anthu osadziŵa za m’dziko amamangidwa ndi zikhulupiriro zogwirizana kwambiri . N’zoona kuti anthu amavutika kukhazikitsa zikhulupiriro zawo, kupembedza, kuumirira mwambo wachipembedzo, ndipo amaika mfundo zachikhalidwe pa mfundo zosankhidwa.

Mapwando Ofuna Kudzisankhira

Magulu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi zinthu zofooka mkati mwawo ndipo amatumikira monga galimoto za mtsogoleri. Ali ofala m’maboma a zigaŵenga ndi mademokrase achichepere, kumene kukhulupirika kwa mabungwe kuli kopanda maziko.

Mapwando a Zandale ndi Madongosolo Opambana

Makonzedwe a gulu la zipani amasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi dongosolo losandutsa masankho logwiritsiridwa ntchito m'dziko. Lamulo la Thuverger , mfundo za sayansi yotchuka, imanena kuti madongosolo a sayansi amodzi a chigawo chimodzi (monga U.S. ndi UK) amapanga mipikisano iŵiri ya magawo, pamene kuli kwakuti kuimira (PR) kumapanga madongosolo ambiri a zinthu. Mfundo: pansi pa chigawo cha , timagulu tating'onoting’ono “timavoti; pansi pa PR, ngakhale timagulu tating'onoting angapambane mipando.

M'mabungwe aŵiri, zipani zimakhala “mahema aakulu” amene ayenera kukopa magulu osiyanasiyana. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku malamulo a zandale komanso kugaŵikana monga magulu akunja akumenyerana mphamvu. M'maboma osiyanasiyana, maboma amagwirizana ndi amene amafuna kuti anthu agwirizane ndi kulolerana pambuyo pa masankho. Mayiko onga Germany, Netherlands, ndi India akusonyeza mphamvu za mpikisano wa magawo ambiri, ndi magulu opanga mapangano ndi mphamvu.

Malamulo a m'malamulo amakhudzanso kusankha munthu wofuna kubatizidwa, ndawala, ndi makhalidwe a lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, madongosolo otsekereza a PR amalimbikitsa atsogoleri a zipani kuyang'anira kuikidwa kwa anthu, pamene madongosolo otseguka amapereka chisonkhezero chowonjezereka pa ofunsira. Kumvetsetsa makanikalikali ameneŵa kumathandiza kulongosola chifukwa chake zipani zimasinthasinthasintha pa mademokalaseya.

Mbali ya Mapwando Olamulira

Anthu akapambana masankho, mayiko ena amasintha n’kuyamba kulamulira.

Ntchito ya Malamulo

Mabungwe a malamulo. Amalinganiza makomiti, amakhazikitsa mapulogalamu, ndi mavoti kuti apereke malamulo awo okondedwa. M'madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo, chipani cha anthu ambiri (kapena mgwirizano) chimapanga boma ndi kulamulira kalendala ya malamulo. M'madongosolo a pulezidenti, gulu la pulezidenti silingakhale ndi anthu ambiri, zomwe zimachititsa kuti boma ligawike ndi kufunika kogaŵanitsa malamulo. Gulu la Par. "kufunitsitsa kwa opanga malamulo kuvota ndi gulu lawo //vravesss , kuchokera ku ulamuliro wokhwima wa UK kulowa ku profection in U.S.

Mabungwe a malamulo ndiponso magulu a anthu ofuna kutchuka amadziwa zimene ayenera kuyembekezera kwa anthu a pa chipanicho, malinga ndi zimene zinalembedwa pa chipanichi ndiponso zimene zinalembedwa kale povota.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu kwa Oyang’anira

Magulu otsutsa amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri. Amafufuza zochita za boma, kufunsa abusa, ndi kupereka malamulo ena. M'madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo, magulu otsutsa amapanga kabati "mthunzi" yokonzekera kulanda. Mafomu amphamvu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti zochita za boma zimatsutsidwa nthaŵi zonse, kuchepetsa upandu wa kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anthu a boma ali ndi mlandu kwa osankha awo pa masankho [1]

Kusankha Oweruza ndi Kusonkhezera Mabungwe

Mabungwe a zachiweruzo amakhudzanso mabungwe a milandu ndi odziimira paokha mwa kukhazikitsa oweruza, akuluakulu a boma, ndi oweruza. M'mayiko ambiri, kugamula milandu ndi nkhani zimene zingasinthe tanthauzo la malamulo kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti mpikisano wa maphwando umakhala wautali.

Mavuto Amene Zipani Zandale Zamakono Zikukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti zipani zandale zikugwira ntchito yawo kwa nthaŵi yaitali, zipani zikuyang’anizana ndi ziwombankhanga zazikulu m’zaka za zana la 21.

Kusintha Magetsi ndi Magetsi

M'mademokrase ambiri, magulu ayamba kutengera maganizo opambanitsa, kuchepetsa malo oti athetseretu ufulu wawo. Ku United States, njira za kugaŵikana kwa mayiko zafika pokwera kwambiri m’mbiri, zimene zachititsa boma kuletsa ntchito, kulephera kugwira ntchito kwa boma, ndi kuchepa kwa chikhulupiriro cha anthu. Madongosolo ambiri a zigawo sateteza thupi; kutha kwa nthaka kungagaŵanitse mgwirizano ndi kuyambitsa maboma osakhazikika.

Kuletsa Chipopopulimu ndi Kuletsa Kusungirira

Magulu a populist kaŵirikaŵiri amadzilongosola iwo eni kukhala otsutsana ndi mapwando okhazikitsidwa, kuwaimba mlandu wa ziphuphu kapena kuchirikiza . Atsogoleri a Populist angapose zipani, akumagwiritsira ntchito kulankhulana kwachindunji ndi otsatira kupyolera m'manyuzipepala. Zimenezi zimafooketsa ntchito youlutsa maphwando ndipo zingatsogolere ku zotsatirapo zoipa. Kukwera kwa mapwando onga ngati Alternative for Germany (AfD) ndi Five Star Movement ku Italy kumasonyeza mkhalidwe umenewu.

Chibwana ndi Ziŵalo Zowononga

Ziŵalo za gulu zatsika pa mademokrase okhazikitsidwa. Nzika sizimafuna kugwirizana ndi mapwando, kupezeka pamisonkhano, kapena kuvomerezana ndi dzina la paphwando. Zimenezi zimawononga mphamvu ya maphwando ndipo zimawapangitsa kudalira kwambiri pa opereka ndalama zachuma kapena boma. Kutembenukira pakati pa achinyamata ovota kumafooketsanso kugwirizana pakati pa maphwando ndi osankhidwa.

Ndalama pa Ndale ndi Magulu Ofuna Kupeza Chithandizo

Kukwera mtengo kwa ndawala, kupangitsa mapwando kudalira pa zopereka zazikulu kuchokera ku makampani, maukwati, ndi anthu olemera. Ku U.S., Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu la United [1] Citizens United [1] Chigamulo choperekedwa ndi mapaki apamwamba. Ichi chingayambe ndi anthu opereka mphatso m’malo mwa anthu olemera, kusonkhezera kusuliza ndi chiphuphu.

Kulephera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta ndi Kulankhulana Pamodzi

Makampani a zapakompyuta asintha mmene maphwando amalankhulirana, komanso amapatula mbali za malo ozungulira. Malamulo amapanga zipinda zolankhula, kupangitsa kuti zipani zivutike kufikira anthu ambiri. Mkupiti wa makampani a impersion ukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito masankho. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, zipangizo za magetsi zimalola mamembala atsopano kusonkhanitsa mwamsanga, kuvuta. Mabungwe ayenera kutengera malo amene anthu sapezeka bwino ndiponso amene anthu sakukhulupirira kwambiri.

Kugwirizana ndi Ena Ndiponso Kuloŵererana ndi Ena

Democracism yayang'anizana ndi zoyesayesa za maulamuliro akunja za kusonkhezera masankho, kaŵirikaŵiri mwakuchirikiza kapena kuukira zipani zakutizakuti. Kuloŵerera kwa Russia m'chosankha cha U.S. ndi kuloŵerera kwake m'masankho a ku Ulaya kunasonyeza kuthekera kwa mpikisano wa zipani. Ndalama za kumaiko ena, maakaunti achinyengo, ndi ma email opekedwa zingasokoneze dongosolo la demokrase.

Tsogolo la Mapwando Andale

Magulu ambiri amasintha? Akatswiri ambiri amatsutsa kuti zipani zidakali zofunika, koma ziyenera kusintha. Mabungwe amaphatikizapo kuchepetsa zopinga zoloŵa m'zipani zatsopano, kuyendetsa ndawala za ndalama kwambiri, kuchirikiza demokrase ya mkati mwa dziko (m’ lekuatiso, mapoto a mavoti ndi mamembala a makampani pa mfundo za lamulo), ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mapulatifomu a makompyuta popanga chosankha. Maiko ena ayesa ndi kutsegulira maprigitation [ [kulola osankhidwa ndi odziimira paokha kusankha chipani) ndi [FT:] misonkhano yapadera kuti achite chigamu chowonjezera.

Chikhoterero china ndicho kukwera kwa madipatimenti amene amalinganiza kwakukulukulu pa Intaneti, monga Chipani cha Pirate kapena Podemos ku Spain. Magulu ameneŵa amagwiritsa ntchito ziŵiya zothandizira ntchito zaluso ndi kusankha oyembekezera, cholinga cha kupitirira mwambo wa makolo. Komabe, amalimbana ndi mavuto awo ndi ma troll, kutomerana, ndi kupumira kwa zigamulo.

Ngati anthu saimira nzika za dzikolo, kuchepetsa kutha kwa dziko, ndi kupitirizabe kudziŵerengera mlandu, dongosolo lonse limavutika. Koma zija zimene zimasintha ndi kuonetsanso kuwala, kukonzanso kulimba kwa udzu, ndi kukonzanso udzu, zidzapitirizabe kuchita mbali yofunika imene ali nayo kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kumaliza

Zipani za ndale zadziko sizili zangwiro, koma nzofunika. Zimatumiza zigamulo zotchuka, kulinganiza masankho, malamulo, ndi kuchititsa maboma kuŵerengera. Kumvetsetsa ntchito zawo, mitundu, ndi mavuto kumapatsa nzika ziŵiya zopitira ku kupenda dongosolo lawo la ndale zadziko mochenjera. Pamene democracy imayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano . Kuyambira kutha mphamvu ya makompyuta mpaka kusokonezedwa kwa makompyuta . Kwa awo amene amaphunzitsa ndi kuphunzira za mayanjano, gululo limakhala limodzi la zomangira zofunika kwambiri za kudzilamulira okha.

[[FLT: 0] Ŵerengani mowonjezera: Kumira kwambiri m'madongosolo a zipani, onani kulowa kwa magulu a ndale zadziko . Pa lamulo la Duverger, fufuzani [ STANford Encyclopedia ya Philosophy [[FLT:]]. Kulowa kwamakono, kudalira kwa Boma kumapereka chidziŵitso cha mtengo wake. Pomalizira pake, [[FLT:]]