Zochitika zazikulu zapoyera, kuyambira pa misonkhano ya ndale zadziko ndi nyimbo ku mapwando a mpikisano ndi zionetsero, zimakoka zikwi za oseŵera ndi openyerera. Kuchirikiza chisungiko chapoyera pa misonkhano yotero kumagwera kwambiri apolisi a boma, amene ayenera kuyang'anira makamu opotoka, okwiya kaŵirikaŵiri akumalemekeza ufulu wa anthu. Ziyeneretso zalamulo zolamulira apolisi a m'nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa gulu zazikidwa pa malamulo, zitetezero za malamulo, malamulo, ndi malamulo a milandu. Ziyezo zimafuna kuti akuluakulu ayang'anire ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuyang'anira gulu lonse. Kuzindikira malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kwambiri kaamba ka kuyang'anira, olinganiza zochitika, akatswiri a zalamulo, ndi kutsimikizira ufulu wa osunga ufulu.

Maziko a Malamulo a Kulamulira Gulu

Malamulo Abwino Atatu okonza zinthu n’ngofunika kwambiri: Kuteteza msonkhano wamtendere kwa First Amendment, malamulo a Lamulo Lachinayi loletsa kufufuza ndi kudwala, ndiponso chitsimikizo cha Jeneth Amendment cha kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenera ndi chitetezo chofanana.

Kusintha Koyamba Kochita Zinthu Koyenera Kusonkhana

First Amendment ikunena kuti “kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhana mwamtendere, ndi kuchonderera Boma kuti libwezere mavuto [1] sikudzatsekedwa. Kuyenera kumeneku kumafikira ku madera a anthu monga misewu, makwalala, ndi mapaki, zimene zimaonedwa kukhala zachikhalidwe kwa anthu onse. Pa zochitika zazikulu, apolisi sangaletse msonkhano chifukwa chakuti kusonkhana n’kokulira kapena kukangana. Komabe, boma lingapereke nthaŵi yabwino, malo, ndi njira yotetezera, malinga ngati ziletsozo zili zokhalamo ndi ziganizo zopitidwa ndi zinzake, zopangidwa mopanda malire, zotsekanira, zotsekera, ndi kusiya njira zina zotsegulira mawu. Mwachitsanzo, chiyeneretso kapena chitsutso choikidwa chilo chalamulo chilonetso chikaloledwa ngati chikugwira ntchito ndi kusagwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito kamodzi. Pamene apolisi akugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito kagulu kagulu kagulu, ntchito kaluso, ntchito kaluso koyenera kuteteza kantchito kawiri, monga ngati kantchito kawiriririri pa ntchito pa ntchito pa ntchito pa ntchito pa ntchito pa zochitika.

Kusintha Zinthu kwachinayi Kofufuza, Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu

Demendment Yachinayi imateteza nzika ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. M'nkhani zonse zolamulira gulu, magwiriro alionse amene amaletsa ufulu . Kaya kuima kwachidule, kuima, kapena kumangidwa . (kuyenera kulungamitsidwa ndi kukayikira kapena chifukwa chothekera. Apolisi sangatsogolere “Terry imatseka" kapena kufunafuna anthu popanda kukayikirana kwaumwini. [Kugwiritsa ntchito gulu] [[FLT:]] Terry v. [[FLT:]] [1968]]) Apolisi sangalole kuti asiye ndi kuchititsa munthu wina ngati ali ndi chikayikiro chakuti munthuyo ali ndi zida ndi ngozi, koma makhoti achenjezo otsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lonselo. Momwemotere, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kudziletsa kwa anthu. [Fra:] [Fra: [3] [3] A.

Kukonzanso kwa Nambala 14 – Kuteteza Koyenera

Mpando wa 14 Demendment umapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka. AST Proces Claus amaletsa ntchito zokakamiza ndipo amafuna kuti malamulo a apolisi ndi zochita zawo zikhale zogwirizana ndi zolinga za boma zovomerezeka. Makhoti a Unimetic Protection Claus amaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati apolisi nthaŵi zonse amagwiritsira ntchito njira zankhanza zolamulira anthu motsutsana ndi kutsutsa kotsogozedwa ndi gulu la fuko linalake, khalidwe lotero lingayambitse kuyang'aniridwa ndi kulakwa. Makhoti aunyiti azindikiranso njira yoyenerera yoyenerera yoyenerera kuyenerera ku umphumphu wathupi, imene ingaswedwe mwa kuletsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwamphamvu mopambanitsa.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Miyezo ya Gulu ndi Maluso Olamulira Gulu

Apolisi a boma ali ndi mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kutetezera anthu, koma muyezo walamulo wa gulu lotero uli womvekera bwino: uyenera kukhala woyenerera, woyenerera, ndi woyenerera pansi pa mikhalidwe. Njira zolamulira anthu kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo zida zochepera monga mpweya wa kulira, kupopera piripiripiri, zipolopolo, ndi kuphulitsa kwa mphira; lamulo lawo limadalira pa mmene amaperekera ndi kaya zosankha zawo zopotoza zikhalepo.

Kulingalira Moyenera

Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] Graham v. Connor inakhazikitsa kuti kukakamiza kopambanitsa kuyenera kuweruzidwa ndi lingaliro la woyang’anira wolingalira pa chochitikacho, popanda kuwonekera kwa kachezedwe. Zochititsa zimaphatikizapo ukulu wa chiwopsezo, kaya ngati nkhaniyo ikulimbana ndi kapena kuthaŵa, ndi ukulu wa upandu umene ulipo pa nkhani. M’gulu la anthu, mkulu wa asilikali ayenera kupenda khalidwe la munthu aliyense mmalo mwa kutchula zochita za anthu oŵerengeka ku msonkhano wonse. Kugwiritsira ntchito bomba la gumba lamoto kuchotsa khwalala lokhala loteretsa anthu ambiri kungawonekere kukhala kosayenera, pamene akuimbidwa motsutsana ndi gulu loponya ntchito yosonkhezera pa mamentikomentiko angapiti ayende.

Kuletsedwa Mwalamulo pa Njira Zina

Njira zingapo zolamulira khamu la anthu zakhala nkhani ya zitokoso za lamulo ndi kusintha malamulo:

  • Zotengera zamphamvu (gasi, tsabola): Dera Lachinayi lakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ounikira popanda chenjezo kapena motsutsana ndi anthu opanda chiwawa kungapange mphamvu yopambanitsa. Madipatimenti ambiri tsopano amafuna nduna kupereka machenjezo ndi kulola nthaŵi yabwino ya kuchotsa.
  • Zida zopanga (zipolopolo za m'maluwa, beangg ): Makhoti apeza kuti kuyendetsa zida zimenezi kumutu kapena torso kumawonjezera upandu wa kuvulala kwakukulu ndipo kungaswe muyezo wa kulolera kwa cholinga. Njira zabwino koposa zimakhudza pokhapokha ngati mphamvu yakupha iloledwa.
  • Malamulo ozembedwa: Lamulo la kufalitsa liyenera kukhala lomveka, lomveka, ndi lotsagana ndi nthaŵi yabwino yomvera. Kugwidwa kwa kulephera kufalitsa kumafuna kuti onse aŵiri amve lamulolo ndi kukana kutsatira popanda chifukwa chomveka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Klettling (kuzungulira ndi kukhala ndi makamu): [[FLT :1] Njira imeneyi imaletsa anthu kuchoka m'dera, kuchititsa kugwidwa ndi njirisi. Mabwalo onga Ninth Forgate mu ACLU of Nevada v. City of Las Vegas [1] [FLT] [2020] adakhulupirira kuti kugwetsa popanda kukayikira kwa munthu aliyense kuswa Lamulo Lachinayi pokhapokhapokha ngati itsagana ndi lamulo lalamulo ndi njira yotulukira.

Mabungwe ambiri apolisi alanda kupitirizabe kwa mphamvu kumene kumafuna kuti apolisi ayese kuchepetsa ndi kuloŵerera m'mavuto asanaloŵe usilikali. Pamene gulu lankhondo ligwiritsiridwa ntchito, lamulo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri limalamula tsatanetsatane wa kusimba ndi chisamaliro chamankhwala kwa aliyense wovulazidwa.

Miyezo ya Malamulo ya Kumangidwa ndi Kulephera pa Zochitika Zazikulu

Apolisi ayenera kugwira ntchito mkati mwa chochititsa chothekera cha Kusintha kwa Foursement pamene akuyang’anira zitsenderezo za kutsendereza kwa anthu ambiri, oyenda ndi galimoto.

Chochititsa Choyenera cha Munthu Mmodzi

Kaamba ka kumangidwa kololedwa, ofisala ayenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti munthu weniweniyo anachita upandu. Kugwidwa kwa Misa . "kumene magulu onse amagwidwa chifukwa chakuti analipo panthaŵi ya chipwirikiti [“wakhala akumenyedwa nthaŵi zonse ndi makhoti. Hasell v. Henkel [2029], D. chigawo chinakhulupirira kuti akagwira otsutsa onse pamalo pamene ena anachita kuswa Lamulo Lachinayi chifukwa chakuti panalibe maziko a munthu aliyense payekha a kutsekedwa. M’malo mwake apolisi ayenera kuzindikira munthu amene anaswa lamulo, pogwiritsa ntchito makamera, maumboni, kapena umboni wina wokwanira kuchuluka kwa ntchito ntchito.

Terry Stoms ndi Pat- Down mu Khamu

Kutsekera kopeka kotsekeredwa pansi pa Terry v. Ohio [1] Amaloledwa pamene apolisi ali ndi kukayikira koyenera kwakuti upandu ngwosatsatizana. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito Terry kwa khamu lonse n’kosawoneka. Mwachitsanzo, mu Brown v. Mzinda wa New York (2011], khoti linakhulupirira kuti mzindawo “ima ndi frisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zofunika Kulemba ndi Kusunga Zolembedwa

Kutsimikizira kuti adziŵerengera mlandu, maboma ambiri amafuna kuti lamulo lizilembedwa nthaŵi iliyonse imene gulu likuchita ntchito. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo maziko a kuima, kufufuza kulikonse kochitidwa, ndi zotsatira zake (kutumiza, kutumiza, kumangidwa). Kulephera kusunga zolembedwa zoterozo kungatsogolere ku mavuto oonekera m'milandu ya ufulu wa anthu. Kuwonjezera apo, makamera a bungwe ayenera kupangidwa pa nthaŵi ya kuyang'anizana ndi gulu, ngakhale kuti malamulo amasiyana pamene kujambula kungathetsedwe. Malamulo ena a boma amalamula kuti makamera akhalepo m'machitidwe alionse ankhondo kapena a kumangidwa.

Kuŵerengera Mwalamulo

Apolisi a boma akapitirira malire a boma polamulira gulu, pali njira zingapo zodziŵerengera mlandu.

Nkhani za M’dzikomo ndi Kupenda Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito

Mabungwe ambiri apolisi a boma ali ndi magulu amene amafufuza madandaulo a kukakamiza kopambanitsa, kumangidwa konyenga, kapena kusatsatira malamulo. Komabe, kupambana kwa kupenda kwa mkati kumadalira pa chikhalidwe cha mabungwe ndi kuonekera kwa. Pambuyo pa zochitika zotsutsana ndi gulu, maboma ena anapanga mabodi oyenderapo ndi anthu wamba. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Colorado’s Peace Provice Service and Training (POST) lingachotse kapena kuimitsa zikalata za apolisi amene amaswa malamulo monga chiletso kapena ntchito yoloŵererapo.

Zilamulo za Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Ziikidwa Pansi pa Chigawo cha 1983

Chithandizo chachikulu cha boma cha kuswa lamulo kwa apolisi ndi 42 U.S.C.193. Ovutika ndi mphamvu yopambanitsa, kumangidwa, kapena kubwezera chifukwa cha ufulu wa kulankhula angasunge akuluakulu a boma paokha. Komabe, chiphunzitso cha maofesala oyeneretsedwa otetezera zikopa ngati khalidwe lawo silinaswe “zodziŵika bwino kapena ufulu walamulo. Anthu olamulira, amatanthauza kuti ngati khoti silinatsutsepo njira inayake yokhayo yochitira zinthu mwaufulu, yochitira chiwembu monga wopereka chitsutso wosakhala wachiwawa amene akukakamidwa ndi maofesi. Otsutsawo anganene kuti kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa kuyang’anizana ndi maulamuliro otchuka. Otsutsa akuchititsa kuti kulimba kwa apolisi oweruza oweruzawo, pamene osunga malamulo ambiri amanena kuti litetezero la kugaŵa zigawa. Mabungwe ambiri avomereza lamulolo oyenerera popereka lamulo la kuletsa lamulo la kuletsa lamulo la ku Mexico 201.

Kachitidwe Kofufuza Kochitapo Kanthu

Dipatimenti ya Zachilungamo ya United States ingafufuze makampani apolisi a boma kaamba ka “chitsanzo kapena kuchitapo kanthu". Kuswa lamulo pansi pa Chilamulo cha Chigamulo ndi Lamulo la Malamulo mu 1994. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo kufufuza kwa DOJ mu Dipatimenti ya Apolisi ya Minneapolis pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa George Floyd ndi ku Louisville Metro Police pambuyo pa imfa ya Breonna Taylor. Kufufuza kumeneko kaŵirikaŵiri kumavumbula nkhani za dongosolo ndi kuyang'anira gulu lalikulu ndi kutsogolera kuvomereza malamulo ofuna masinthidwe, maphunziro, kupititsa patsogolo, ndi kuyang'anira kwaumwini.

Kulakwa kwa Upandu

M’nkhani zoipitsitsa, oweruza a boma kapena a boma angabweretse milandu pa akapitawo amene amagwiritsira ntchito mopambanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, ofesala amene amayatsa chipolopolo m’gulu lopanda chiwopsezo chowonekera angaimbidwe mlandu wa kuukira kapena kuikidwa pangozi. Kupeza chigamulocho kumafuna kutsimikizira kuti wapolisiyo anachita ndi cholinga cha upandu chotsimikizirika mosakayikitsa kwenikweni, makamaka pamene mkhalidwe wachiwawa wa chochitika chachikulu ungayambitse kulakwa kwake.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kulangiza Apolisi a Boma

Apolisi ayamba kutsatira malamulo ndipo ayamba ndi maphunziro okhwima ndiponso malamulo omveka bwino.

Kuchepa kwa Ntchito ndi Mavuto

Maboma ambiri tsopano amafuna kuti akuluakulu ayesetse maluso a kuchotsapo ndalama asanatumikire m'magulu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukambirana mawu, njira za nthaŵi ndi njira zolankhulirana, ndi kuzindikira pamene anthu afuna kuti aime mwaluso mmalo mwa kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu. International Association of Shills of Police (IACP) yafalitsa malamulo achitsanzo ogogomezera kuti adindo ayenera kuona kuyendayenda monga njira yomalizira yopezera njira yolankhulirana.

Kufutukula Mwalamulo ndi Maseŵera Olimbitsa Thupi

Chifukwa chakuti kuyang'anira lamulo kwa gulu kukusintha ndi kuwona zinthu [1] Makamaka pambuyo pa zochitika zazikulu . Olamulira alamulo ayenera kukonza nthaŵi zonse maphunziro a sukulu. Kuphunzitsa kozikidwa pa ndandanda kumene kutsanzira kutsutsa kwakukulu kosintha chiwawa kungathandize apolisi kugwiritsa ntchito chothekera kaamba ka kumangidwa kwa munthu aliyense, kupereka malamulo otsatsa kulakwa kwa lamulo, ndi kusankha njira zoyenera. Kumeneku kumalimbitsanso ntchito kuloŵerera: lamulo la boma m’zigawo monga Minnesota ndi California tsopano likufuna kuti adindo aletse mnzawo kuleka kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu mopambanitsa, lamulo limene limagwira ntchito mwachindunji kutsendereza zochitika za anthu kumene kutsendereza chiwawa.

Kuthandiza Anthu ndi Kusintha Malamulo

Kuthandiza anthu kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo oyendetsera ntchito pa Intaneti komanso kuchita misonkhano ndi olinganiza zinthu asanabwere kungachepetse ngozi. Kuyang’ana bwino malamulo monga kumene otsutsa angasonkhanitse, pamene malamulo a kuchotsapo, ndi kuti zida zokhala ndi zida zochepa zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito . Zingapangitse nzika kukayikira malamulo oletsedwa m’khoti ndi umboni wabwino. Mabungwe ena apolisi akhazikitsa mabungwe amene amafufuza zochitika ndi kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Lamulo la Mlandu

Makhoti ambiri anakakamiza makhoti kufotokoza bwino malire a ufulu wa anthu pa nkhani ya malamulo a boma lachinayi pa nkhani ya malamulo a boma.

Mu ACLU wa ku Oregon v. Mzinda wa Portland (2021), chigawo cha Ninth Courty chinavomereza kuti apolisi a boma omwe anagwiritsira ntchito gasi wokhetsa misozi ndi ziyambukiro zotsutsana ndi otsutsa amtendere ambiri anaswa Masinthidwe Oyamba ndi Achinayi. Khotilo linaona kuti boma silingathe “kuletsa mphamvu yolimbana ndi anthu popanda kukayikirana chifukwa chakuti ali mbali ya gulu limene limaphatikizapo mamembala angapo osamvera. Chigamulo chimenechi chatchulidwa ndi makhoti a khoti monga chitsogozo cha kuyang'anira ntchito yapolisi mkati mwa makamu ogaŵana.

Mu Maxell v. County ya San Diego (2022), Bwalo la Apilo la California linagamula kuti akazembe amene anagwiritsira ntchito “kugonjera” adagwira wotsutsa wakhama amene anali kutseka chitseko koma osaletsa kumangidwa anaswa chiletso cha boma pa zoletsa za carotid ndi mphamvu yopambanitsa. Chigamulocho chikusonyeza kuti ngakhale kutsekereza kwapamwamba sikumalungamitsa njira zolamulira zopweteka pokhapokha ngati pali chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga cha kuvulazidwa.

Mayiko ena apereka malamulo oletsa gulu la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, SB20-217 ya Colorado imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa misozi, tsabola, ndi ziwiya za pineti pokhapokha ngati woyang'anira walola ntchito yake ndipo kokha pambuyo poti khamu lapatsidwa lamulo lololedwa kuti libalalitse ndi kutsata nthaŵi yabwino. Lamulo la Colorado limaletsanso kutsekedwa kwa malo ndipo limafuna nduna kuti zigwiritsire ntchito njira zotetezera ngati zili zotetezeka. Malamulo owonjezera a boma aika thayo kupyola miyezo ya malamulo a boma.

Zochitika zina zodziŵika zimaphatikizapo kupangidwa kwa mabungwe apadera monga New York State Attorney General’s Office of Special Investigation, imene yachitika pa milandu yokhudza kupha kwa gulu. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ya United States yalengezanso chitsogozo chatsopano ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito zida zocheperapo, ikugogomezera kuti kuperekedwa kwawo kuyenera kuchitiridwa monga kugwiritsira ntchito kowopsa kofuna kulungamitsidwa.

Kumaliza

Apolisi a boma amachitapo kanthu pa zochitika zazikulu mogwirizana ndi malamulo ovuta, alamulo, ndi malamulo. Malamulo Oyamba ndi Achinayi amakhazikitsa malire omveka: apolisi ayenera kulemekeza kuyenera kwa kusonkhana, ayenera kuzika kapena kumangidwa pa kukayikira kwa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi, ndipo ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imodzi imene ili yabwinopo pansi pa mikhalidwe. Malamulo oŵerengera mlandu mwalamulo. Malamulo ovomereza mlandu walamulo, milandu, ndi milandu yaupandu imafufuza kuchitiridwa nkhanza, ngakhale kuti njira ya kuweruza imakhala yovuta kwa mikholeredwe yambiri. Pamene njira ya kulamulira ndi miyezo yalamulo ikupitiriza kutembenuzidwa, kusungidwa m’malangizo, malamulo omvekera bwino, ndi kuyang’anira koonekera bwino kudzakhala kofunika kutsimikizira kuti apolisi angasungire chisungiko poyera popanda kulongosola ufulu wa anthu a ku America.