Konsichushoni Monga Chilamulo Chapamwamba cha Dzikolo

United States Constitution si chikalata cha mbiri yakale chabe; ndi mapangano a moyo amene amapangidwa ndi malamulo onse a boma, boma, ndi boma lakwawo. Ilo limakhazikitsa boma, imalongosola maulamuliro a nthambi iliyonse, ndi kutchula zoyenera za anthu. Lamulo lililonse la akuluakulu a boma, kachitidwe ka malamulo, ndi lamulo la chiweruzo ziyenera kubweretsa ulamuliro wake ndi kukhalabe wogwirizana ndi Malamulo. Lamulo limeneli la ulamuliro wa malamulo limatsimikizira kuti palibe boma kapena bungwe lolamulira limene lingagwire ntchito kunja kwa malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi boma. Pamene mabungwe a boma akhazikitsa malamulo, pamene atsutsana ndi malamulo opereka ndalama, kapena pamene pulezidenti asonyeza pangano, mfundo za malamulo sizili kwenikweni kuchokera ku kachitidwe kachitidwe ka zigamu.

Kuzindikira mmene boma limagwiritsirira ntchito Konsichushoni kupanga zosankha nkofunika kwa nzika zimene zimafuna kuŵerengera oimira awo. Malamulo saali mpambo wa malamulo achikhalire; amamasulira, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo nthaŵi zina amasinthidwa kuti athetse mikhalidwe yatsopano. Kusintha kumeneku ndiko mphamvu yake ndi magwero a mkangano wopitirizabe ponena za ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa boma.

Ntchito ya Malamulo m’Kupanga Malamulo

Malamulo amadalira pa Konsichushoni kutsimikizira kuti malamulo onse atsopano akugwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo. Pamene chiŵalo cha Congress chipereka lamulo, Nyumba kapena khonsati imapenda lembalo motsutsana ndi Malamulo kutsimikizira kuti muyezo wa maulamuliro otchulidwa a Congress pansi pa Mfundo I. Mwachitsanzo, Commerce Claus (Chikalata I, Chigawo 8, Clause 3) wakhala maziko a madera aakulu a malamulo a boma, kuchokera ku malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ku miyezo ya chilengedwe. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Kusintha kwa Khumi kumagwira ntchito monga chikumbutso chimene mphamvu za boma sizikuperekedwa kwa nzika kapena anthu, kuika chenjeni pa malamulo a boma pa opotopeka.

Opanga malamulo amalingaliranso za zoyenera za lamulo popanga malamulo. Lamulo limene limaletsa ufulu wa kulankhula, limakhazikitsa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo, kapena limachititsa gulu lachipembedzo lina kugonjetsedwa kapena kumenyedwa ndi makhoti. Bill of Rights, makamaka ya Woyamba, yachinayi, ndi ya Eight, ndi ya Eighth Reformationstion, limasintha mwachindunji malamulo ololedwa. Ndiponso, kusiyanitsa mphamvu za malamulo kumafuna kuti lamulo lililonse la malamulo likhale lokhudza ndalama zimene zikuchokera m'Nyumba ya Oimira, ndi kuti ndalama zikhale ndi zingwe zonse ziwiri zisanaperekedwe kwa pulezidenti. Zoletsa zimenezi ndi zogwirizana ndi zokakamiza: zimachedwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo asonyeze kuti malamulo azikhala ndi mfundo zikuluzikulu za kanthaŵi kochepa chabe.

Kupyola pa mlingo wa boma, makhonsati a boma amagwiranso ntchito m'miyambo yalamulo. Malamulo a Boma ayenera kugwirizana ndi Lamulo la U.S. pansi pa Supremacy Claus . Malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi zitetezero zalamulo za boma . Mofanana ndi aja amene amasankhana pa fuko kapena kugonana . Ndi oyenera kutsutsidwa ndi makhoti a boma. Motero, Lamulolo limapereka malo ofanana a ufulu ndi gawo la mphamvu zimene zimapanga chigamulo chilichonse cha lamulo m'dziko lonselo.

Mphamvu Yokhala ndi Chiphunzitso

Chiyeneretso chachikulu cha lamulo pa kupanga malamulo ndicho chiphunzitso cha maulamuliro oŵerengedwa. Boma la bomalo lingangopereka mphamvu zake mwachindunji ku Malamulo (kapena zimene ziri “zofunika ndi zoyenera” kuti zikwaniritse maulamuliro amenewo). Lamulo limeneli linatsimikiziridwa kumayambiriro kwa Mcloch v. Maryland . [1819], kumene Khoti Lalikulu linakhulupirira kuti Court liyenera ndi Loyenerera Classiae liloleza Nyumba za Malamulo kusankha njira zilizonse, ndipo osati zondandalitsa mphamvu zake, kuti zichitepo kanthu, malinga ngati njirazo siziletsedwa ndi kalata ndi mzimu wa malamulo. Chigamulo chimenechi chinapangidwa kuti chikhale chothandiza kuyang'anira, koma cha maziko a lamulo: Lamulo lalamulo lamakono. Kulamulira kwaumoyo, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a zamalonda, kapena kuyendetsa malamulo a zamalonda.

Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo: Makhoti Monga Mabungwe a Malamulo

judiary amachita mbali yaikulu m'kumasulira tanthauzo la Konsichushoni m'nkhani zina. Mwa mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo . Madison [FLT: 1] . (1803) makhoti a boma angapereke malamulo, zochita zapamwamba, ndi malamulo a boma opanda kanthu ngati aswa malamulo. Ulamuliro umenewu ndi maziko a kukhoza kwa boma kudzilungamitsa pamene liposa malamulo. Pamene munthu wotchuka atsutsa kachitidwe ka boma monga wosagwirizana ndi malamulo, khoti lidzapenda malemba ogwirizana ndi malamulo, zolinga za madetime, kachitidwe ka mbiri yakale, ndi zochitika za m'mbuyo.

Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S., monga womalizira wa mafunso a lamulo, limaika mafotokozedwe ogwirizana amene makhoti onse ndi oseŵera a boma ayenera kutsatiridwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu Brown v. Board of Education [ (1954), Khoti linamasulira kutetezera Kayendedwe ka Malamulo kolinganiza kwa Draneti kuti aletseredwe ndi anthu a mitundu ina m’masukulu a boma, kugwetsa “kufanana ndi kulingana kwa". Chigamulo chimenechi chinalamula maboma kuti achotse malamulo a zalamulo ndi kuti nthambi ikakamize kusungitsa dese countation. Momwemo, [FLD2:] Ogges . . Hodges . v. [2011], Courts Clated ndi Classivesss) inatsimikizira kuti Azindikiridwa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenerera, ndi kukonza mapangano a ukwati, projenya, ndi mapulopuloma, mapuloma.

Mantha a Malamulo si kumasulira kofanana. Zoweruza ndi oweruza zimatengera mafilosofi osiyanasiyana . Chiyambi cha chiyambi, kulembedwa kwa mawu, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo alamulo . Kusintha kwa mmene amagwiritsirira ntchito chikalatacho ku mikhalidwe yatsopano. Kusiyana kwa filosofi kumeneku kumatulukapo pa nkhani zoyambira pa kuchotsa mimba (kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi pansi pa Gwero la Active Amerekation Claus) kuyang'anira (kutetezeredwa kwa Fourth Amendment mu nyengo ya makono). Mosasamala kanthu za njirazo, makhoti amagwira ntchito za malamulo ndi ntchito zapamwamba zimene zingapotopetse ufulu walamulo kapena kupitirira ulamuliro walamulo.

Chiphunzitso Chogwirizana ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Bill of Rights poyambirira inagwira ntchito ku boma la boma. Komabe, pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Apperment ya 145 ya Acticess Process Claus inakhala chiwiya cha “kugwirizanitsa” zambiri za zitetezero zochokera ku maboma ndi malo. Mwa zogamulidwa za Khoti Lapamwamba, ufulu wonga kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu ku boma. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti ufulu wa malamulo wa malamulo umagwirizana ndi dziko lonse ndi kuti mlingo wonse wa boma ulemekeze ufulu umodzi. Pamene malamulo a boma a kayendetsedwe ka upandu kapena malamulo a maphunziro, ayenera kuŵerengera kaamba ka ufulu umenewu woikidwa, umene umasungidwa m’khoti.

Zosankha Zaukulu ndi Malamulo

Nthambi yapamwamba, yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, imagwiritsira ntchito mfundo yachiŵiri ya Malamulo. Maulamuliro a pulezidenti amaphatikizapo kutumikira monga Mtsogoleri wa Kalonga wa magulu ankhondo, kukhululukira, kukambirana mapangano (ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yogwirizana), kukhazikitsa oweruza a boma, ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo aperekedwa mokhulupirika. Komabe, maulamuliro ameneŵa si opanda malire. Malamulo amayang'anira ntchito yapamwamba, monga zimene amafunikira kuti mapangano alandire chilolezo cha mabwalo aŵiri ndi kuti akhazikidwe ndi Khoti ya pulezidenti. Mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo ndi Congress, osati preziden, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri mapresidenti akhala akugwiritsira ntchito nkhondo popanda chilengezo chalamulo cha ulamuliro kapena chodziwitsa mwalamulo kukhazikitsa.

Malamulo a akuluakulu ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri chosinthira malamulo popanda malamulo atsopano, koma ayenera kukhala ndi maziko alamulo kapena a malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Prezidenti Truman 1952 kulanda zitsulo zachitsulo kuti apeŵe kuukira kwa chigamulo pa nkhondo ya Korea anakantha ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu ] achinyamata mee à per & Tube Co. V. Saayter chifukwa chakuti ntchitoyo siinali ndi lamulo lalamulo lalamulo kapena lamulo. Khoti linalimbikitsa mfundo yakuti pulezidenti sangathe kupanga lamulo popanda kuweruza dala. Posachedwapa, malangizo apamwamba onena za kusamukira m'dziko, malamulo a malo ozungulira, ndi kuvomereza ntchito zatsutsidwa m'khoti, kaŵirikaŵiri popatutsa ufulu wa anthu kapena kusiyanitsa ufulu wa anthu.

Mapresidenti agwiritsanso ntchito malamulo a maiko ena ndi maulamuliro a chitetezo amene amayesa malire a lamulo. Mabungwe a za Chigamulo, maprogramu ofufuza pansi pa malamulo a Foreign Intelligence Surveildance Act (FA), ndi kugwiritsira ntchito gulu la asilikali popanda chilolezo cha lamulo zonse zimadzutsa mafunso a lamulo. Nthambi yaikulu imafunsa nthaŵi zonse ku Dipatimenti ya Ofesi ya Chilungamo cha Malamulo kuti itsimikizire zochita mogwirizana ndi malamulo. Njira imeneyi yopendera mwalamulo ndiyo njira yofunika yosungira zosankha zaudindo m’kati mwa zigamu za malamulo.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika m’Chitsanzo

Dongosolo la malamulo la kupima ndi kulinganiza sili njira yachidule; ndi njira yamoyo imene imaumba pafupifupi chigamulo chachikulu cha boma. Nyumba ya Malamulo imayang'anira prezidenti mwa kulamulira bajeti, mapangano otsimikizira, kukhazikitsa, ndi [1]in zochitika zoipitsitsa [1] kulangiza ndi kuchotsa. Pulezidenti amafufuza Nyumba za Ufumu mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya kuyang'anira malamulo. Manthambi onse aŵiri a judicary mwa kupenda malamulo alamulo ndi zochita zapamwamba. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingalamulire ndi kuti zosankha zifunikire kugwirizana kapena kuyendetsa zinthu.

Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho njira ya vhato: pulezidenti angakane kusaina lamulo, koma Congress angaike chivoti pa zigawo ziŵiri ndi zitatu. Olamulira ameneŵa akukambirana ndi kulolera. Chitsanzo china ndicho kutsimikizira zigamulo za Supreme Court, kumene uphungu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi mphamvu yovomereza imachilola kuletsa anthu amene amaonedwa kukhala kunja kwa gulu la milandu. Chiwopsezo cha kupenda malamulowo chimawafunsa mafunso alamulo panthaŵi ya kuweruza ndi kubwezera zikalata kuti apeŵe kuswa. Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku pakati pa nthambi, zotsogozedwa ndi malemba alamulo ndi mwambo, zimasunga boma kukhalabe zogwirizana.

Dongosolo limafikira pa kukhazikitsa nkhondo. Pamene Congress subpoenas maphepha a nthambi kapena umboni, kaŵirikaŵiri pamabuka mikangano pa mwaŵi waudindo ndi ulamuliro. Kulimbana kwa lamulo kumeneku kumathetsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kukambirana, koma nthaŵi zina kumatsogolera ku kuvomereza (m., United States v. Nixon, 1974). Mbali ya Khoti Lapamwamba m'mikangano imeneyi imachirikiza malo a jajinizo monga kuimira komalizira kwa mikangano ya malamulo.

Lamulo Losintha: Mmene Lamulo Lolamulira Limasinthidwira

Boma limagwiritsiranso ntchito Konsichushoniyo kupyolera m'zochitika zake za kusintha, kumene kumalola masinthidwe alamulo ku chikalatacho. Mfundo ya V imapereka njira ziŵiri zosonyezera kukonza: mwa mavoti aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress kapena ndi msonkhano wa malamulo wotchedwa ndi mabungwe aŵiri a malamulo atatu. Kusintha kumeneku kumafuna malamulo atatu kapena anayi a mapangano a boma.

Kusintha kwa 27 kwasintha kotsatira malamulo kumasonyeza mmene malamulo asinthira kuvomereza ku chisalungamo cha m’mbiri, masinthidwe a tekinoloji, ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu. Mkhalidwe wa Kusintha kwa [135] unachotsa ukapolo; Demendment ya 19th Amendment inapereka ufulu wovota kwa akazi; Mapempho makumi aŵiri ndi asanu ndi limodzi anachepetsa zaka zovota kukhala 18. Kukonzanso kulikonse kofunikira kwa zaka za udzu, kukambirana kwa mapangano, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kukonzanso njirayo kuli chigamulo chopangira ufulu wa akazi: pamene nthambi zandale ndi chikole cha judiary sizingathetse nkhani yalamulo, anthu angathetse lemba kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo zatsopano. Kukambirana kwa malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo pankhani ngati za ndalama, ndawala, ndi ufulu wolingana ndi ufulu wa akazi kupitirizabe kutsutsana ndi ufulu wa Abungwe lalikulu posachedwapa, ngakhale kuti athere kukambirana za malamulo otchuka.

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, kusinthako ndi kuyang'anira milandu yozengedwa. Ngati Khoti Lapamwamba limamasulira Konsichushoni mwanjira imene Nyumba za Malamulo ndi maboma sizigwirizana nayo, iwo angasinthe kumasulirako. Zimenezi zachitika kamodzi kokha (Phinda la khumi ndi limodzi pa chisanu pa lamulo CHHOLM v. Georgia [1]

Mafuko ndi Mbali ya Dziko

Malamulo amagawa mphamvu pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma, ndi ulamuliro uliwonse wogaŵikana. Kakonzedwe ka ulamuliro wa mbali ziŵiri, kodziŵika monga boma, kamafuna kuti magawo onse aŵiri a boma apange zosankha m'mbali zawo. Mtengo wa Tenuth Amendment umatsimikizira kuti boma lili ndi maulamuliro onse amene sapatsidwa ku boma. Chifukwa chake, maboma apanga malamulo awo pankhani monga maphunziro, katundu, mapangano, lamulo laupandu, ndi thanzi ndi chisungiko. Komabe, Supremacy Claus amatsimikizira kuti pamene lamulo la boma litsutsana ndi lamulo lovomerezeka la boma, lamulo la boma likulamulira likupezeka.

Federalism imasonkhezera kupanga chigamulo m'madera monga ngati malamulo a malo okhala, chamba, ndi kutsata anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Mwachitsanzo, maboma angalembetse chida chaching'ono chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kapena zokondweretsa m'malire awo, koma lamulo la boma likupitirizabe kugawa ngati Phuro I. Kupsinjika kumeneku kumayambitsa mkangano wa lamulo wachikhalire pa mkhalidwe wa Commercial Claus ndi chiphunzitso cha kuchotsedwa kwa anthu. Mofananamo, malamulo a boma amene amachepetsa kugwirizana ndi maulamuliro a boma a anthu oloŵa m’dzikolo akudzutsa mafunso okhudzana ndi malamulo oletsa kuyendetsa zinthu. Chigawo cha Supreme Court in [FLT:] printz. United States [1] [FLT:] (1997) ndi zochitika zina zatsimikizira lamulo lotetezera lamulo lokhudza ufulu.

Bwanamkubwa ndi opanga malamulo a boma amapenda mosalekeza malire a lamulo ameneŵa popanga malamulo. Ayenera kutsimikizira kuti zochita za boma sizikuswa Chitetezo cha Ecult Claus, Commerce Claus, kapena ziletso zina za lamulo. Chotero Constitution imapereka ponse paŵiri pansi (kuyenera kwa munthu) ndi denga (kukulira) mkati mwa kumene kupanga zigamulo kumagwira ntchito.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense Payekha: Mfundo Yokhudza Ufulu wa Munthu ndi Zoposa

Malamulo apamwamba a boma amathandiza kwambiri kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Buku la ufulu lakhazikitsa ufulu waukulu umene boma lingathe kuugwiritsa ntchito. Boma likapanga zosankha mwalamulo, dongosolo la akuluakulu a boma, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo, liyenera kulemekeza chitetezo cha First Amendment, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi kuchonderera; ufulu wa Second Amendment wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida; Lamulo la Four Amendment loletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kudwala; Chitsimikizo chachisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiŵiri cha kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenera ndi kuweruza kolungama; ndi kuletsa kwa Kuletsa kwa Malamulo Achisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chimodzi kwa kuletsa chiletsogoli cha kupambanitsa ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo.

Ufulu umenewu suli wokha; boma lingawalamulire ngati lingasonyeze chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kuti lamulolo nlolinganizidwa pang'ono (kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane m’nkhani zambiri). Mwachitsanzo, ziletso pa kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko, zopereka, ndi machitachita achipembedzo zonse zaikidwa kulongosola malamulo alamulo. Boma limagwiritsira ntchito Konsichushoni monga chitsogozo chopanga zosankha mwakutsimikizira kuti kuswa ufulu kulikonse kulungamitsidwa ndi chikondwerero chachikulu cha boma ndipo kumachitidwa m’njira yosamalitsa.

Bungwe la 14 Demendment’s Expandement la Secument Claus lakhala lapadera kwambiri pogwirizanitsa zosankha za boma pa kusankhana ndi kusankhana. Fuko, kugonana, mtundu, ndi mitundu ina yokayikiridwa inayamba kuonekera kwambiri pa milandu. Olemba ntchito a boma, mayunivesite, ndi mabungwe ena ogwirizana ndi boma ayenera kupanga malamulo amene apulumuka. Motero malamulowo amalimbikitsa kuti ntchito zitheke, mamepu a chigawo osankha, ndi mapindu a antchito. Ndiponso, bungwe la Trans Procession Clausle limateteza ufulu wapamwamba wonga ukwati, kulera ana, ndi ufulu wa anthu, zimene khoti lanena kuti “malamulo akufuna chitetezo chapadera.

Malamulo amakono a malamulo akupitirizabe kuwonjezera njira zotetezera zimenezi ku zinthu zatsopano, monga ngati kubisa mawu achinsinsi pakompyuta, kudziwika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi, ndi nzeru zongopeka. Pamene luso la zopangapanga likusintha, boma liyenera kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a malamulo a boma pa zochitika zatsopano.

Lamulo la M’dziko Lomwe Lilipo Ndiponso Nkhani Zomasulira

Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu a Konsichushoniyo amakhazikika, kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kumasintha mwa kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Sukulu ziŵiri zomasulira zambiri zimalamulira nkhani za lamulo la America: Chiyambi ndi malamulo amoyo. Oyambirira amatsutsa kuti zinenero za malamulo ziyenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake lapoyera panthaŵi ya kutchuka. Akatswiri a malamulo amatsutsa kuti mawu aakulu a chikalatacho monga “mchitidwe wapanthaŵi yake,” ndi“ chitetezero chofanana,” ndi “chitetezo ndi chachilendo .

Kusiyana kwa filosofi kumeneku kumatsogolera ku kuswa malamulo ophatikizapo ukwati wa kugonana, kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, ndi ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Boma, lonse, silimagwiritsira ntchito njira imodzi yomasulira; nthambi iliyonse imatchula za iyo. Mapresidenti angagwiritsire ntchito kusaina mawu awo kulongosola bwino tanthauzo la lamulo; Nyumba za Malamulo zingapereke malamulo otsimikizirika ndi zopezedwa bwino kuti zichirikize malamulo a boma; makhoti amalengeza malingaliro awo mwa malingaliro. Kuchuluka kwa mawu kumapangitsa kupangidwa kwa malamulo a malamulo koma kumachititsanso mikangano ndi kusatsimikizirika kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi zina.

Pomalizira pake, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Boma kuli kachitidwe kogwira ntchito, kopitirizabe. Sikumaphatikizapo kokha makhoti komanso opanga malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, mabungwe oyang’anira, ndi anthu iwo eni. Chigamulo chirichonse cha boma chimene chimakhudza ufulu kapena mphamvu ndimwaŵi wa kuvomereza ndi malemba a Malamulo, mbiri, ndi malamulo. Kukhulupirika ku ulamuliro wa malamulo ndiko kutsimikizira kuti dziko la democracy la America likhalabe lozikidwa pa lamulo ndi kuŵerengera malamulo ake.