Mpumulo Wachinayi: Mphuthu ya Chiweruzo cha ku America

Chisinthiko cha 14 cha ku United States chimakhala chimodzi cha makonzedwe aakulu koposa m'mbiri ya zamalamulo a ku America. Chichirikizidwa mu 1868 mkati mwa Kukonzanso Nyengo ya Chiŵeniŵeni pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, chisinthiko chimenechi chinakonzanso unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma. Chinakonzedwa kutsimikizira kuti akapolo omasulidwa chatsopano ndi anthu onse mu United States analandira chitetezo chonse cha unzika, njira yoyenerera, ndi kuchitiridwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Lerolino, boma likupitirizabe kudalira pa Kukonzanso kwa 147 monga chiŵindo chachikulu chotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kutsutsa machitidwe aupo ndi kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo m'malamulo. Kuchokera ku maphunziro auchigaŵenga, ntchito ya ku ukwati, kukwaniritsa mbali zonse za moyo wa America.

Ufulu wa Unzika: Maziko a Ufulu wa Munthu Walamulo

Demendment ya 14 inayamba ndi chilengezo champhamvu ndi chomvekera bwino: "Anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndi ogonjera ku ulamuliro wake, ndi nzika za United States ndi Boma kumene amakhala. Makonzedwe ameneŵa, odziŵika monga Conutiturationship Claus, anagwetsa chigamulo cha mbiri yoipa [[FL:0] Dered Scott v. Sandford [FL:1] chosankha cha 1857, chimene chinanena kuti anthu a ku Africa sangakhale konse nzika za ku America. Mwa kukhazikitsa unzika, kuwonjezera kutsimikizira kuti unziko sikungakanizidwe ndi fuko, fuko, ukazi, chisembwere, kapena mikhalidwe ina yosayenera.

Mawu ameneŵa akhala ovuta kwambiri m'mikangano yambiri ya zamalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, boma lagwiritsa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti ana obadwa panthaka ya United States ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi unzika. Imaletsanso maboma kupanga mafotokozedwe awoawo a kukhala nzika omwe angachotsepo magulu ena. Kwenikweni, Chidziŵitso cha Claus chimapereka chitsimikizo chakuti munthu aliyense wobadwa ku United States ali ndi ufulu walamulo, ndi ufulu wonse ndi udindo umene nzika zimafunikira, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa kuvota, kusungitsa ntchito ya onse, ndi kupeza phindu la boma.

Kudzitengera Umunthu ndi Kukhala Nzika Zofanana

Kuposa ufulu wa kukhala mwana, kusinthanso kwa zinthu kumakhala ndi mphamvu zokhazikitsa malamulo ofanana a kubadwa, ndipo Malamulo a 14 amatsimikizira kuti munthu akangosanduka nzika yachibadwa, amakhala ndi ufulu wofanana ndi nzika zamtundu. Zimenezi zakhala zofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi tsankho la anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena. Makhoti akhala akutsutsa kuti maboma sangapereke malamulo kapena katundu wina kwa nzika zachibadwa zimene sizimagwiritsira ntchito kwa nzika za kwawo. Boma limagwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi kuteteza anthu kuti asakhale nzika za dziko lachiŵiri lochokera kudziko lachiŵiri kapena njira imene imakhala nzika.

Zimene Zimachitika Pakachitika Claus: Kuteteza Ubwino M’maudindo Ovomerezeka

System Process Claus wa 14th Amendment ilengeza kuti palibe boma limene liyenera "kuchotsa munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo". Chigamulo chimodzi chimenechi chili ndi kulemera kwakukulu. Chimafuna kuti machitidwe onse a boma okhudza ufulu wa munthu achitidwe ndi njira zoyenerera. Chiganizochi chili ndi mipambo iŵiri yosiyana: njira yoyenerera ndi njira yoyenerera.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chilungamo cha lamulo chimakhudza kulungamitsa milandu. Imatsimikizira kuti anthu alandire chidziŵitso cha mlandu uliwonse wotsutsana nawo, ali ndi mwaŵi wakumva, ndipo angapereke umboni ndi mikangano pamaso pa wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho. Boma limadalira pa lamulo limeneli m'malamulo osaŵerengeka, kuphatikizapo milandu, milandu ya apolisi, ndi milandu ya m'makhoti. Mwachitsanzo, boma lisanachotse ufulu wa makolo, liyenera kupereka kholo limvere bwino.

Zotsatira zolembedwa pa malo osungira zinthu monga Goldberg v. Kelly (70) zotetezera zofunikira kwa olandira aumoyo, podziŵa kuti boma lingathe kuchotsa mapindu popanda kumvetsera kwa kanthaŵi. Chosankhachi chinazindikira kuti kutayikiridwa kwa mapindu a moyo kwa munthu kungawononge mphamvu ya kukhala ndi moyo, kupanga njira zoyenerera. Lerolino, njira zofunikira ndizo maziko a lamulo la boma, kutsogoza mmene mabungwe a boma amachitira zinthu ndi nzika ndi nzika.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Njira yoyenerera yotetezera kuloŵerera kwa boma siikungotetezera ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri, ngakhale ngati njira zoyenerera zaperekedwa. Mbali imeneyi ya lamulo la lamuloli yakhala yotsutsana kwambiri koma yakhala yosonkhezera mofanana. Makhoti agwiritsira ntchito njira zoyenerera zotetezera ufulu wa banja, maunansi abanja, kudziimira pawekha, ndi chinsinsi chaumwini. Boma liyenera kusonyeza chifukwa chomveka lisanaswe ufulu wofunika umenewu.

Zitsanzo zodziŵika zimaphatikizapo [[FLT: 0] Kuchokera ku . Virginia[FLT :1] (1967), zimene zinaswa malamulo oletsa kusiyana kwa mafuko, ndi Obergefell v. Hodges (2020: 5, (2011], imene imadziŵa kuyenera kwa okwatirana amodzimodziwo kukwatira. [FLT:] m'zochitika zonse ziŵiri, Khoti Lali linakhulupirira kuti ufulu wa kukwatira munthu wosankha ndi wotetezedwa ndi Clauslee. Boma silingakana kuti popanda chilungamo chenicheni. Momwemo. [FL:] Reoe. [FF:] [FF:] [5]) ndi pambuyo pake [FFFF]

Kuteteza Claus Kofanana: Kupangitsa Anthu Onse Kukhala Oona Mtima

Chitetezo cha Act Claus chimapereka lamulo lakuti palibe boma limene liyenera "kukana munthu aliyense wokhala m’malo ake kutetezeredwa mofanana kwa malamulo . Malamulo ameneŵa ndiwo maziko a lamulo othetsera tsankho. Kufuna kuti anthu ofananawo achitidwe chimodzimodzi, ndipo boma limapatsa chipangizo champhamvu chotsutsira malamulo ndi zochita zimene zimayambitsa kusiyana kodzisankhira kapena kosagwirizana. Bungwe la Actal Protection Classiale lakhala maziko a ufulu wa anthu onse waukulu ku United States kuyambira pamene Reconmonon.

Fuko ndi Tsankho

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa kutetezera kwa Ault Claus kumakhala m'nkhani ya kusankhana mafuko. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu [FLT: 0] Brown v. Board of Education (1.54) inalengeza kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu kunali kosalingana, kuswa lamulo. Kulamulira kumeneku kunathetsa "kusiyana koma kuli kofanana" chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu Plessy v. Ferguson [186] ndi kuika malire a kuchotsa Jim Grow ku South. Boma, makamaka Department of Justice, lagwiritsira ntchito Chitetezero cha Claus kusungitsa de Conce, kutsutsa mapangano a kutsutsa nyumba, ndi kutsutsa mapangano otsutsa milandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi zina, kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsimikizira kwa boma.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, bungwe la Aumetic Protection Claus lagwiritsidwa ntchito kukambirana nkhani zonga ngati kusiyanitsa fuko ndi lamulo, kusiyanitsa pakati pa dongosolo la milandu, ndi ufulu wovota. Boma lingapereke milandu pa malamulo akuti kukhazikitsa malamulo okhala ndi chifuno cha kuweruza kapena amene ali ndi chiyambukiro chosalungama. Motero mawuwo amatumikira ponse paŵiri monga lupanga ndi chitetezero: amatetezera anthu ku tsankho ndi kupatsa boma mphamvu kuwongolera kusagwirizana kwa dongosolo.

Makalasi Ena Otetezeka

Kutetezera kwa Akufali sikuli kokha kwa fuko. Makhoti apereka chitetezo chake ku magawo ozikidwa pa ukazi, kuyenera, ndi mikhalidwe ina. Reed v. Reed [77], Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa lamulo limene linapatsa amuna ulemu monga oyang’anira malo. Khoti linaona kuti kusankha akazi kosayenera kumaphwanya Externity Protection Claus. Nkhani zonga Craig v. Boren. Borlen [1] [12] [6]

Nkhani za tsankho zakhala zikukhudza chilichonse kuyambira pa ntchito mpaka pa mwaŵi wamaphunziro. United States v. Virginia [1] (1996] chigamulo, mwachitsanzo, chinafuna kuti Virginia Military Institute avomereze akazi, podziwa kuti boma silingalungamitse kuchotsa akazi ku koleji ya boma. Bungwe la Actal Protection Claus lagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutsutsa tsankho lotsutsana ndi LBTQ, nyumba, ndi nyumba za anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlingo wa kuyang'anira komiti ya zamalamulo ungasiyane, mawu akupereka njira yololera kusiyanitsa mitundu yatsopano ya asilikali pamene ayamba.

Kupenda Kolimba ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Njira ya M’mbali

Kuti timvetsetse mmene makhoti a Sucture Protection Claus amagwiritsirira ntchito. Pamene lamulo liyang'anira gulu lokayikiridwa monga fuko kapena dziko, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kosamalitsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti lamulolo liyenera kukonzedwa kuti litumikire chiwongola dzanja chokakamiza cha boma, ndipo boma limakhala ndi mtolo wotsimikizira. Malamulo ambiri oyenera kupendedwa mosamalitsa amagonjetsedwa. Malamulo ambiri ofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa monga ngati mwamuna kapena mkazi, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kwapakati. Malamulo ena onse, monga msinkhu kapena chuma, amagwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenerera bwino, omwe ali oyenerera kwambiri ku boma. Miyezo yosiyanasiyana imeneyi imalola makhoti alamulo kulinganiza kufunika kwa kulingana ndi kupanga zigamu za demokratic.

Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizanitsa: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chikalata cha Ufulu Waufulu ku Dziko

Demendment ya 14th Amendment imachitanso mbali yofunika kwambiri kupyolera m'chiphunzitso. Poyamba, Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha. Izi zinatanthauza kuti boma lingaswe ufulu wa munthu wa kulankhula kapena wa chipembedzo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a malamulo. Mpando wa Geneth unasintha. Khoti Lapamwamba lamilandu la Lalikulu lanena kuti Makonzedwe a Celaus amaphatikizapo makonzedwe ambiri a Bill of Rights, kuwachititsa kukakamizidwa kutsutsana ndi maboma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ufulu woyamba wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, kusindikiza, kufalitsa, kusonkhana, ndi kuchonderera; Kutetezera kwa Folete Demende ku kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njiri; Demende lachisanu ndi kuletsa kulakwa kwaumwini; Lachisanu ndi limodzi la Demeti lakupmentmentivement kulangiza ndi kuweruza koyenera; ndi kutetezera kwa chilemondwero kwankhanza ndi chilango chankhanza.

Chiphunzitso chophatikizidwacho chimatsimikizira kuti maboma a boma amasungidwa ku miyezo yalamulo yofanana ndi ya boma. Pamene dipatimenti ya polisi ya boma ichita kufunafuna kosakhala kwa lamulo, kapena khoti la boma likukana loya woimbidwa mlandu, bwalo lamilandu la 14 ndi limodzi limapatsa makhoti ulamuliro wa boma kuloŵerera. Zimenezi zakhala zofunika kwambiri kuti asungebe ufulu wa anthu m’maiko onse makumi asanu. Popanda kukhazikitsa, maboma angakhazikitse malamulo amene amapondereza ufulu wa anthu, kupanga ntchito yotetezera yosanjikizana kumene anthu ena a ku America ali ndi ufulu wochepa kwambiri kuposa ena.

Chiyambukiro cha Malamulo ndi Milandu Yapansi pa Malo

Monga tanenera kale, milandu yambiri yofunika kwambiri m’mbiri ya anthu a ku America inakhudza nkhani ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a m’makhoti 14 ndipo izi ndi zigamulo zina zofunika kwambiri zimene zikusonyeza mmene chilungamo chimakhudzira mlanduwo:

  • Brown v. Board of Education[[FLT: 1] (1954): Khotilo linavomereza kuti kusankhana mafuko m’masukulu a anthu onse kunaswa Chitetezo cha Experiture Claus, kugwetsa chiphunzitso "chosiyana koma cholingana". Chigamulo chimenechi chinali posinthira m'gulu la ufulu wa anthu ndipo chinatsogolera ku kuchotsedwa kwa masukulu m’dziko lonse.
  • Loval v. Virginia[FLT: 1] (1967): Khoti linatsutsa malamulo a boma oletsa ukwati wa mafuko, likumati malamulo ameneŵa amaswa zonse ziŵiri Claus Centu ndi Kutetezera Klect. Chigamulochi chinatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kukwatira popanda fuko.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): Khotilo linazindikira kuti A Claus Akumasunga ufulu wa mkazi wosankha kuchotsa mimba, ngakhale kuti chosankha chimenechi chinaikidwa pa lamulo lapamwamba pambuyo pake ku Dobs . Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022).
  • [[FLT : 0] Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015): Khotilo linavomereza kuti okwatirana a kugonana kumodzimodziwo ali ndi kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira mu Claus Century ndi Kutetezera Claus Kolingana. Chigamulo chimenechi chinaloledwa ndi ukwati wa kugonana kwa mtundu umodzi m’dziko lonselo.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Khotilo linavomereza kuti Kusintha kwa Sikisi kuyenera kupereka uphungu kumagwira ntchito ku maboma kudzera mu Cendrom Claus of the 1450 Conflinection. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti lamulo liyenera kupereka loya kwa oimbidwa mlandu amene sangathe kulipira munthu wina m’milandu yaupandu.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Khotilo linakhazikitsa machenjezo otchuka a Miranda, likumati Demetrisement yachisanu yotsutsa kudzipatula imaphatikizidwa kupyolera mwa Demetria. Apolisi ayenera kudziŵitsa kukayikira zoyenera zawo asanafunse mlandu.

Nkhani zimenezi, limodzi ndi zina zambiri, zimasonyeza kulolera ndi ntchito yokhalitsa ya Geneth Amendment. Boma likupitiriza kupempha kuti athetse kuyenera kwa kuvota, kuletsa kugulitsa anthu, kuletsa khalidwe loipa la apolisi, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti maphunziro ndi ntchito zikhale zokwanira.

Kutsatira Lamulo la 14 la Kusintha Zinthu

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, boma lagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi kukonza zinthu monga:

  • Kuvota Ufulu [[FLT : Chitetezo cholingana Classia] . Chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutokosa malamulo a voti, kuyendetsa, ndi njira zina zimene modabwitsa zimatsendereza ovota ochepa. Makhoti alinganiza chikondwerero cha boma m'kusankha motsutsana ndi ufulu waukulu wa kuvota, kaŵirikaŵiri amapeza kuti malamulo a kugamula mlandu amaswa chitsutso.
  • Chilungamo cha Chilungamo Chachikulu [[FLT: 1] : Chiyeso cha Accoms Classia ndi Chitetezo cha Ault Claus ndi cha Claus nchimene chimathandiza kwambiri kukonzanso ntchito zapolisi, ma belo, ndi chilango. Kunena za tsankho la fuko m’malekezero a magalimoto, kukakamiza kopambanitsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kosiyana kwa chilango cha imfa kaŵirikaŵiri kumatchula Kusintha kwa 14 K.
  • LBTQ+ Ufulu Waukulu [[FLT: 1] : Kumanga pa Obergefell ndi milandu ina, ochirikiza ndi boma akupitirizabe kugwiritsira ntchito Demendment ya 14 kutsutsa tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi chizindikiritso cha mwamuna m’madera onga ngati ntchito, nyumba, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi malo ogona a anthu onse.
  • Chiweruzo cha kampani [1] : Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo lamilandu lakhala lochenjera ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito Chitetezo cha Experiture Claus posamalira kusalingana kwa zachuma, kubwezeredwa kwakhala kukugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'nkhani zophatikizapo kupeza mapindu a anthu, ndalama zothandizira maphunziro, ndi nyumba zosagulika. Muyezo wa maziko a nzeru umagwira ntchito, koma kusiyana kosiyana ndi kosiyana kungatsutsidwebe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusuntha : Chigawo cha Claus chakhala nkhani yaikulu, ndi kukangana chifukwa cha ziletso zake. Boma latetezera kukhala nzika yaufulu monga mbali yaikulu ya chizindikiritso cha Amereka, ndipo makhoti akuichirikiza nthaŵi zonse. Century Claus amatetezeranso alendo, kuphatikizapo awo opanda malo alamulo, kuchokera ku ndende ndi kuchotsedwa kodziimira.

Mpumulo wa 14 ndi Mphamvu ya Maboma

Chisinthiko cha 14 chimaperekanso ulamuliro wa Congress kukhazikitsa makonzedwe ake kupyolera mwa "lamulo loyenerera". Mphamvu imeneyi yosungitsa, yopezeka m'Chigawo 5 cha kukonzanso, yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, kuphatikizapo Civil Rights Act ya 1964 . Malamulo ameneŵa amavomereza boma kuti lisunge magawo ndi magulu a anthu amwambo, kukhazikitsa mabungwe a boma kuti afufuze madandaulo, ndi kupereka chithandizo kwa anthu ovutika. [FLT:] [FLT], ndi Chikalata cha Fairmal Act of 1968 [FLT:]. Malamulowa amavomereza kuti boma aperekedwe ndi zigawero za boma zopanda ufulu wowonjezereka. Mpatuko, ngakhale kuwonjezera mphamvu ya boma, sikumakhazikitsa maulamuliro ofufuza madandaulo, ndi kupereka chithandizo kwa anthu ovutika kwa anthu. [FLT] [v] Bolme: [blvet] [b]

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosachitidwa Mwachilungamo

Chikalata cha 14th Amendment si chikalata cha mbiri yakale ayi. Ndi lonjezo lamoyo, lopuma kuti boma lidzasamalira munthu aliyense mwaulemu, mosakondera, ndi kulingana. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake cha ukapolo wa mafomu ake amakono pomenyera LGBTQ + ufulu ndi kuvota, kukonza kwakhala maziko a lamulo a maziko a kufalikira kwa nthaŵi zonse kwa chigawo cha munthu. Komabe, ntchito ya chilungamo siitha. Zitokoso zatsopano zimatuluka m'mibadwo yonse, ndipo Mpambo wa 14th Amereka imapereka zipangizo zalamulo kuti zigwirizane ndi izi. Pamene boma likupitirizabe kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chigamulo chimenechi, chimakhalabe mphamvu yamphamvu yotsimikizira kuti chilungamo sichili choyenerera koma chenicheni kwa anthu onse a ku America.