Chiyambi

Chikalata chotchedwa First Amendment ku United States Constitution chimapereka kuti “ Cornor sadzapanga lamulo lililonse lokhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo mwaufulu; kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa nyuzipepala; kapena kuyenera kwa anthu amtendere kusonkhana, ndi kupempha Boma kuti libwezere milandu. Pambuyo pa masiku oyambirira a dziko lamakono, boma likuchita mbali yaikulu pa kukhazikitsa maziko alamulo a nkhani za ndale zadziko za Amereka, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi pangano la anthu. Chinenero chathunthu cha lemba chingapereke mfundo yakuti ufulu umenewu uli wopanda malire, koma Khoti bwalo lamilandu lapamwamba lakhala ndi ufulu wochirikiza ufulu woyenerera kuchirikiza ufulu wa dziko lonse, ndipo limachita mbali zonse za lamulo lochirikiza ufulu wa kuchirikiza ufulu wamakono, boma likuchita mbali yaikulu pa kukhazikitsako ulamuliro kwa ufulu wa dziko lonse: kutetezera ufulu wa dziko lonse, pamene lichita pangano la dziko lonse, kapena kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo kwa lamulo kwa anthu ena.

Maziko a Lamulo Loyamba Lowonjezera

Maufulu Asanu

First Amendment imatetezera maufulu asanu osiyana koma ogwirizana. Free Execlerence Claus imaletsa boma kusokoneza zikhulupiriro ndi machitachita achipembedzo, pamene kutetezera kokulira, kuphimba chilichonse kuchokera ku kusulizo landale ku mawu. [FLT:] Kumasula kwa manyuzipepala [[FLT:] kumapatsa chitetezo chapadera cha bungwe ndi ofalitsa. [FLT:] [FFLT:]

Kuimira ku United States

Pachiyambi, First Amendment inagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma. Maboma akanaletsa kulankhula ndi chipembedzo popanda kuswa malamulo. Izi zinasintha m’zaka za zana la 20 kudzera m'chiphunzitso chalamulo chotchedwa kugwirizanitsa . . Getlow v. New York [FLT:] [1925], Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti Kusintha kwa 145 ̱ Programmes Claus imapangitsa Kusintha Koyamba kuyendera boma ndi dziko lakwake. Lerolino, mlingo uliwonse wa boma ku United States uyenera kulemekeza ufulu umenewu.

Nthanthi ya Ufulu Wosatha

Woweruza Oliver Wendell Holmes analemba motchuka kuti First Amendment siitetezera munthu “ kufuula monama moto m’bwalo ndi kuchititsa mantha. ̵ chitsanzo ichi chikusonyeza lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino: boma lingachepetse kulankhula pamene lipereka chiwopsezo chachindunji ndi cha mwamsanga ku chisungiko cha anthu. Chitokoso cha makhoti ndicho kulongosola malire enieni a zoletsa zimenezi popanda kuchepetsa chitetezo chakulimbanako.

Zimene Boma Lingathe: Zinthu Zikavuta

Malo Opatulika Ophiphiritsira

Khoti Lalikulu lapeza kuti pali mitundu yambiri ya mawu imene siikutetezedwa ndi bungwe la Opperline.

Kusonkhezera Chiwawa

Kuyesa kwamakono kwa kusonkhezera kunakhazikitsidwa mu Brandenburg v. Ohio [1] (1969). M’nkhaniyi, mtsogoleri wa Ku Klux Klan anaimbidwa mlandu pa lamulo la boma lolankhula zachiwawa. Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha chitsimikizo, kukhala ndi mawuwo ngati ali oletsedwa ngati ̴ kuloŵedwa mmalo ndi kuyambitsa kapena kuyambitsa kachitidwe kophwanya malamulo kotchedwa Q ndipo ndi [FLT:] &820; project, ngakhale kuti kuyambitsa ntchito yotero. &222; [2] Kuyesa kumeneku kuchotsapo tsoka lakalekalekale kwambiri, ndi kuwonjezera kutetezera kwamphamvu, pamene kuli kochitidwa mwachiwawa.

Brandenburg [[FLT :1] kuyesa kuli ndi mbali ziŵiri zazikulu. Choyamba, wolankhula ayenera kulinganiza kuchititsa tchimo la mwamsanga. Kazembe wa kusintha kwa kazembe kapena kupempha kuchitapo kanthu panthaŵi yamtsogolo yosadziŵika bwino sikuli kokwanira. Chachiŵiri, mawu ayenera kukhala othekera kutulutsa ntchito imeneyo. Wokamba kagulu ka otsatira odzipereka angafikire muyezo, pamene kuli kwakuti mawu kwa opezeka kwa omvera onse amene sangachitepo kanthu amatetezedwa.

Mawu Olimbana ndi Zoopsa Zenizeni

Mu Chaplins v. New Hampshire (1942), Bwalo linalenga “ kumenyana mawu ̵ [malembawo]; chiphunzitso. Nkhaniyo imakhudza munthu amene anatcha mzinda kulinganiza ̴ kusokonezeka kwa Fascist ̵ ndi ̴ kutsutsana ndi chiphunzitso chapambuyo pake. 𔄮 Bwalo liyenera kuikidwa kuti chipongwe chotero, chotsogozedwa pa munthu, sichitetezedwa ngati iwo achita kuvulazidwa kapena kusonkhezera kusweka kwapafupi. Komabe, chigamulo chachi chachimwini choyenera kuperekedwa ndi munthu wina.

Gulu logwirizana nalo ndilo ziwopsezo zenizeni. Virginia v. Black (2003), Bwalo linalongosola chiwopsezo chenicheni monga mawu amene wokamba & #8220; kufotokoza mawu owopsa a cholinga chochitira chiwawa choletsedwa kwa munthu kapena gulu la anthu. &8221; mfungulo ndi wolankhula R cholinga. Hyperbo, zolankhula zandale, kapena ndemanga zonenedwa m’nthabwana, ngakhale ngati achenjeza womvetserayo.

Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Ana

Kulephera kulankhula ndi mbali ina ya mawu amene salandira chitetezo cha Opper Opdate. Komabe, khoti lavutika kufotokoza kuti chinthu chonyansa nchonyansa. Muyezo wamakono, wokhazikitsidwa mu Mailler v. California [1] [777]]), ndi mayeso a mbali zitatu. Kuoneka ngati ndi wamanyazi, zinthu ziyenera:

  • Chilengezo cha kukopa anthu kuti akopeke ndi kugonana, monga momwe chikudziŵidwira ndi munthu wamba wotsatira miyezo ya m’chitaganya chamakono;
  • Chithunzi kapena kulongosola mkhalidwe wa kugonana m’njira yonyansa ya “ ndi njira yochitira chisembwere
  • Kusoŵeka kwa phindu la kulemba mabuku, luso la zojambulajambula, landale, kapena la sayansi (#8220; SLAPS ” mayeso).

Zithunzi zolaula za ana ndi gulu lapadera, losatetezeka. New York v. Ferber . (1982], khoti linavomereza kuti boma lingaletse zinthu zosonyeza ana enieni ogonana, ngakhale ngati zinthuzo sizikukhudzana ndi [[FLT:] [FLT :] Mayeso a kuipitsa. Mapeto ndi akuti kutulutsa zinthu zowononga ana okhudzidwa. Komabe, Khoti lasunganso kuti zithunzi zolaula za ana (zochitidwa ndi kompyuta) zimatetezedwa ngati zili zonyansa pansi pa [FLT:]

Malamulo Osagwirizana ndi Zinthu Zomwe Zili M’kati

Chimodzi cha ziganizo zofunika kwambiri m'lamulo Loyamba Lowonjezera ndicho pakati pa ['FLT:0] zozikidwa pa zogwirizana ndi zoletsa zosagwirizana.

Malamulo ozikidwa pa mfundo zapamwamba akulankhula mawu ovuta chifukwa cha uthenga umene akupereka. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo limene limaletsa kutentha mbendera limazikidwa pa mfundo za mbendera chifukwa chakuti limayang'ana uthenga weniweni (protection). Malamulo ozikidwa pa zimene zilizo ndi osafuna kuuzidwa chifukwa cha uthengawo ndipo amagonjera ku “ kupenda kwake. ̵ Kukhalabe ndi kupenda kosamalitsa, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti lamulo limapereka chikondwerero chachikulu cha boma ndipo limayenerera kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Malamulo ochepa chabe opezekapo oyesedwa.

Malamulo a zandale ogwirizana ndi usilikali amaletsa kulankhula popanda kukhudza uthenga wake. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo limene limaletsa phokoso lalikulu m'dera lakwawo usiku ndilo kukhutidwa ndi anthu. Limagwira ntchito ku makonsati a thanki, misonkhano ya ndale, ndi mautumiki achipembedzo mofanana. Malamulo a zauchete ndi ofufuza . Boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti lamulo limalimbikitsa chikondwerero chachikulu cha boma ndipo silikupangitsa kuchititsa anthu kukhala ndi vuto la kulankhulana kuposa mmene kulili kofunika.

Ziletso za Nthaŵi, Malo, ndi Zachibadwa

Ngakhale pamene mawu atetezeredwa mokwanira, boma lingaike ziletso zoyenerera pa nthaŵi yake, malo, ndi mkhalidwe . Ziletso zimenezi zimaweruzidwa mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa choloŵetsedwamo.

  • . .m'makwalala a boma [1] (mapale, makwalala, makwalala): Boma lingakhazikitse nthaŵi, malo, ndi mapulinsipulo, koma ayenera kukhala okhutitsidwa ndi a m'dziko, okonzeka kuthandizira kwambiri boma, ndi kusiya njira zina zokhoza kulankhulana. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda ungafunikire chilolezo cha kuyendetsa galimoto, koma sungatsutse chilolezocho chifukwa chakuti sugwirizana ndi uthengawo.
  • Maseŵero oikidwa a anthu onse [1] (m' lekuatiso, zipinda zosonkhanira, nyumba zasukulu zotseguka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito poyera): Malamulo ofananawo amagwira ntchito pamene pulogalamu itsegulidwa.
  • Nonpublic forums (m., zipinda zankhondo, masiteshoni a bwalo la ndege, maofesi a boma): Boma lili ndi ufulu wokulirapo. Ingaletserepo kulankhula malinga ngati ziletsozo ziri zoyenera ndi zamaganizo.

Mawu a Zamalonda

Nkhani ya malonda (kuchirikiza ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwina kwa malonda) imalandira mlingo wochepera wa chitetezo kuposa kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko. Kuyesa kaamba ka ziletso za kulankhula kwa malonda kumachokera ku Cantral Hudson Gas & Lamp; Getherl Corp. v. Public Service Service Commission [[FLT: 1] (1980). Kulungamitsa chiletso, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti kulankhulako kuli ndi ntchito yololedwa ndipo sikusocheretsa, kuti chiwongola dzanja chotsimikizirikacho nchotsimikizirika, ndi kuti lamulolo lipititsa patsogolo chidwi chimenecho ndipo si chokulirapo kuposa chofunikira.

Choncho bungwe la Federal Trade Commission (FTC) lingaletse makampani kuti azichita zinthu zabodza potsatsa malonda awo.

Chitetezo cha Boma: Mmene Boma Limachirikizira Ufulu Wanu

First Amendment ndi malire a ulamuliro wa boma, koma imafunikira kachitidwe ka boma kusungitsa malamulo amenewo. Makhoti, makhoma, ndi opanga mamembala onse amachita mbali m’kutetezera zoyenera za Oyamba Kusintha.

Ntchito ya Disitule

Khoti Lalikulu laletsa malamulo ambirimbiri amene anaphwanya lamulo la Oyamba Kukonzanso Nkhani, kuphatikizapo:

  • Malamulo a boma oletsa kutentha mbendera ([[FLT: 0] Testas v. Johnson , 1989);
  • Lamulo la boma loletsa zithunzi zolaula za ana zimene zinaphatikizapo zithunzi zopanda chipongwe ([FLT: 0]Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition [[FLT: 1], 2002]);
  • Malamulo a boma ofuna masukulu a boma kuphunzitsa kulenga pamodzi ndi chisinthiko ([FLT: 0] Edards . Aguillard , 1987);
  • Malamulo ofuna ophunzira kuchitira sawatcha mbendera ([FLT: 0] West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 1943).

Khoti limagwiranso ntchito chiphunzitso cha chotetezera ndi chiphunzitso cha kubisa mawu ndi chiphunzitso cha kubisa mawu kutetezera. Lamulo limapitirira mu mlingo waukulu ngati likusesa ndi kuletsa kulankhula kotetezeka ndi mawu osatetezereka. Lamulo nlosamveka ngati silimapatsa anthu wamba chidziŵitso choyenera cha zimene zikuletsedwa, kutsogolera ku kutsata lamulo lopanda lamulo. Ziphunziro ziŵirizo ndizo zida zimene khoti limagwiritsira ntchito kuswa malamulo otetezera.

Lamulo la Kuchepetsa

Chimodzi cha zitetezero zolimba kwambiri m'lamulo Loyamba Lowonjezera ndicho chiletso cha choletsa . Chiletso chisanayambe chimachitika pamene boma liletsa kulankhula koyambirira, mmalo molilanga pambuyo pa chenicheni. Near v. Minnesota [1] (1931), Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa lamulo la boma limene linalola boma kutseka kuima ̴ Whand ” nyuzipepala, kukhazikitsa kuti kuletsa kumbuyoku kuli kopanda lamulo.

Lamulo limeneli linayesedwa modabwitsa mu Pentagos mlandu ([FLT:] New York Times Co. v. United States, 1971]). Oyang'anira a Nixon anayesa kuletsa New York Times mwa kufalitsa mapepala ogawiridwa onena za Nkhondo ya Vietnam. Khoti Lapamwamba linakana boma ̱ pempho, kunyamula kuti boma silinachitepo kanthu kolemera kofunikira kulungamitsa kumbuyoko. Khoti linazindikira kuti kubisa chitetezo cha dziko lonse chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa malamulo, koma linapanga kuti boma silingalimbane ndi mantha chifukwa cha kuopana.

Malamulo Otetezera Chipembedzo ndi Kulankhula

Congress ingatetezerenso ufulu Woyamba wa Kusintha zinthu mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amawonjezera chitetezo choposa zimene malamulo amafuna. Khoti Lalikulu la Ufulu Wobwezeretsa (RFRA) la 1993 ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri. [Mu ] Employment Division v. Smith [1990], Khoti Lapamwambalo linakhulupirira kuti ufulu wa kuloŵerera m'zandale, malamulo ogwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri angalemetse ntchito mchitidwe wachipembedzo popanda kuchititsa kupenda kokhwima. Msonkhano unayankha mwa kudutsa RFRA, zimene zinabwezeretsa chiyeso chokakamiza chopimira malamulo cha boma cha chipembedzo cholemera kwambiri.

Ufulu wa Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act ndi malamulo otetezera atolankhani ’ magwero ena (malamulo otsatiridwa ndi malamulo) ali zitsanzo zowonjezereka za mabungwe alamulo ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo kutetezera ufulu wolankhula ndi wa kugwirizana. Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga malo otetezera amene angapitirire kuposa malamulo alamulo.

Kuteteza Msonkhano ndi Mapempho

Kuyenera kwa kusonkhana mwamtendere kuli chiŵiya chofunikira kaamba ka kusintha kwa ndale zadziko, makamaka kaamba ka magulu osapeza mphamvu zamwambo. Boma limatetezera kuyenera kumeneku mwa kupereka chisungiko cha zitsutso ndi mwakusunga dongosolo lalamulo limene limafuna akuluakulu kulongosola popanda tsankho lozikidwa pa kawonedwe.

Mkati mwa Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, Bwalo Lapamwamba mobwerezabwereza linatetezera kuyenera kwa kutsutsa. Mu Didurds v. South Carolina (1963), Bwalo linasintha zigamulo za ophunzira 187 a ku Africa ku Amereka omwe anazembera pa chitseko cha boma kuti atsutse kutsutsa. Khotilo linanena kuti boma silingakhoze kuletsa otsutsa mwamtendere kuswa mtendere chifukwa chakuti uthenga wawo unali wotsutsana.

Posachedwapa, Khoti lazindikira kuti kuyenera kusonkhana kumafika pa malo a ndandanda. Packingham v. North Carolina (2017), Khoti linaswa lamulo limene linaletsa opalamula za kugonana kuti asalowe m'mapulogalamu a zachikhalidwe. Woweruza Anthony Kennedy analemba kuti zoulutsira nkhani za anthu ndizo ̴ malo a anthu amakono a pa malo apadera a ” ndi kuletsa anthu kulowa m'malamulo ameneŵa kuletsa ufulu wawo woyamba kukonzanso.

Boma Limalankhula ndi Kugula Ndalama

First Amendment imatetezera anthu ku kusanthula kwa boma, koma kodi chimachitika nchiyani pamene boma lenilenilo likhala mlankhuli? Khoti Lapamwamba layambitsa chiphunzitso cha boma cha kulankhula kuti likhazikitse mkhalidwe umenewu. Pamene boma lilankhula, siliyenera kukhala ndi malingaliro auchete. Ilo lingachirikize mauthenga ena (m.g., ̴ Don ̱ kumwa ndi kuyendetsa (mphini, ”) ndi kukana kupititsa patsogolo ena (m.g., &820; Kumwa ndi kuyendetsa galimoto ngati mufuna &8221;).

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito kwa anthu. Rust v. Sullivan (1991] , Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza malamulo amene amaletsa madokotala pa zipatala zokonzera banja zoyendetsera kukambirana ndi odwala awo. Khoti linagamula kuti boma silikuletsa kulankhula; linali kungosankha kusungitsa ntchito imodzi (kuletsa kwa apolisi) ndipo osati ena (kulangiza za kulinganiza). Mlandu umenewu umasonyeza kuti boma lingagwirizanitse mikhalidwe ya ndalama zake, malinga ngati silina ndi mkhalidwe wosagwirizana ndi malamulo kapena kusiyanitsa ndi malingaliro.

Khotili lakhazikitsa malire a mphamvu imeneyi. M'dziko Lendowment for the Arts v. Finley , Khoti linagamula kuti boma silingagwiritsire ntchito njira za ndalama zimene zili zosadziŵika bwino kwambiri kwakuti limalola akuluakulu a boma kusiyanitsa zinthu motsatira malingaliro. Ndipo mu [FLT] Corporations Corporation v. Velazquez [1] (2001], Khoti linaswa lamulo limene linaletsa malamulo alamulo kuletsa oletsa kutsutsa malamulo a zaumoyo, kuletsa maloya oletsa oletsa oweruza ofufuza zaumoyo, akusunga kuti lamulolowetsa oletsa maloya &817; kuchirikiza bwino ogula malonda awo.

Mavuto Amakono ndi Zimene Adzachite M’tsogolo

Mafilimu ndi Malo Oonetserako Nkhani Atsopano

Makampani amenewa ndi mabungwe a anthu okha osati mabungwe a boma, choncho mfundo yakuti malamulo a Chilamulo Choyamba asintha zinthu pa nkhani ya zinthu, sizigwirizana ndi mfundo zachikatikati zimene anthu amayendera.

Komabe, kulamulira kwa mapulatifomu ameneŵa kumadzutsa mafunso onena za kachitidwe ka dziko . Ngati papulatifomu ikugwira ntchito monga njira yaikulu ya nkhani yapoyera, iyenera kuonedwa monga “ public forum ” yoyang'anizana ndi malamulo a lamulo? Khoti Lapamwamba silinafotokoze mwachindunji funsoli, koma nkhaniyo ingakhale yothekera kubuka monga makhoti aang'ono olimbana ndi malamulo a boma amene amafuna kulamulira kulinganizika kwa pulatifomu.

Kuphonya, Chisungiko cha Dziko, ndi Lamulo Loyamba

Boma ̱ yankho la kutsutsa chidziŵitso likubweretsa chitokoso chopetsa cha First Amendment. Yankho lamwambo nlakuti Kusintha Koyamba kumaletsa boma kusanthula mawu onama, kusiyapo m'magulu ochepera onga kuipitsa, chinyengo, ndi kusatsa malonda onyenga. United States v. Alvarez [1] (20: 1) Khoti linagwetsa Stolen Vallor Act , zimene zinapangitsa kulakwa kunena zabodza za kupeka mendulo zankhondo. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti ngakhale mawu onama amatetezeredwa kaŵirikaŵiri, umboni wa kuvulaza kwenikweni.

Komabe, boma lingagwiritsire ntchito mawu ake kutsutsa mfundo za boma, mabungwe a zaumoyo, ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa angatsutse mawu onama popanda kuwafufuza. Mzera pakati pa kulankhula kololedwa ndi boma ndi kukakamiza kosaloledwa kaŵirikaŵiri ngwosaonekera. Makhoti posachedwapa atsekereza mabungwe aboma kuti asasokoneze mapulogalamu a zaunyinji a zaumoyo ndi lamulo ngati sachotsamo zolembedwa, akumasunga kuti ziwopsezo zoterozo zingapereke tsankho la malingaliro a anthu.

Ophunzira ’ Ufulu Wosankha

Ophunzira samakhala ndi kuyenera kwawo kwa lamulo la ufulu wa kulankhula kapena kulongosola pa chipata cha sukulu, ̵ monga momwe Khoti Lalikulu linalengezedwera motchuka mu . Des Moines Independent Community School District [1] (1969). Komabe, masukulu ali ndi ufulu waukulu woletsa kulankhula kumene kumasokoneza kwambiri malo a maphunziro. Kubwera kwa mabwalo a za makampani oulutsira nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu kwayesa malire a ulamuliro umenewu.

Mu Khoti la Mahanoy Astere District v. B.L.[FL .] (2021), Bwalo lamilandu linatetezera wophunzira amene analangidwa chifukwa chotumiza uthenga wachipongwe wokhudza timu yotsogolera anthu a sukulu pamene anali pasukulu. Khoti linasunga kuti masukulu ali ndi chikondwerero chochepa polamulira kulankhula kwa kalankhulidwe kopanda mphamvu ndipo silingalange ophunzira chifukwa cha kulankhula kumene sikumachititsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu. Chigamulochi chimatsimikiziranso mfundo yakuti boma ̱ mphamvu ya kuchepetsa kulankhula ndi yofooka kwambiri pamene wokamba nkhaniyo ali wosakhala wolamulira mwachindunji.

Kumaliza

Boma lili ndi mphamvu zoletsa kulankhula mopanda malire, kuteteza ana ndiponso kuteteza mtendere wa anthu.

Kuyenderana kwa ufulu umenewu sikumasintha. Mbadwo uliwonse wa oweruza, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika uyenera kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a Chigamulo choyamba ku tekinoloji yatsopano, ziwopsezo zatsopano, ndi magulu atsopano a kakhalidwe. Kumvetsetsa malamulo amene amalamulira nkhani zimenezi kuli sitepe loyamba la kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wanu mogwira mtima ndi kuchititsa boma kukhala ndi mlandu ku mathayo a malamulo ake. Anthu odziŵa ndi otomeredwawo akukhalabe chitetezo chotheratu kwa chitaganya chaufulu.