Chiyambi: Ntchito Yochuluka ya Boma ndi Kayendetsedwe ka Malo a Dzikoli Posamukira ku Alendo ndi Othaŵa Kwawo

Othaŵa kwawo ndi osamukira ku dziko abweretsa maluso ofunika, kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kudalirana kwa zachuma ku madera onse a United States. Komabe, kugwirizana kwawo kwachipambano kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa malamulo ochirikiza pa chigawo ndi malo a dziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma loloŵa m'dziko limakhazikitsa njira yoloŵera ndi yopulumukira, ndi maboma a kumalo kumene kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu amene amayambukira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuchokera ku chisamaliro ndi maphunziro a kukukhala ndi kuimira kwalamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa sangogwirizana ndi kukonza chabe; ali ziŵiya zothandiza kupanga malo ochezera, zigawo zopita patsogolo. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza madera aakulu kumene boma ndi malamulo akwawo akufunikira ndi osamukirako, mavuto, ndi mipata ya kupanga malo ozungulira.

Kupeza Njira Yosamalira Thanzi: Kutseka Mipata ya Anthu Atsopano

Kufutukula Chifutufuku Chosaganizira za Udindo Wanu

Kufikira ku chisamaliro cha zaumoyo kuli kofunika kwambiri, ndipo mayiko ambiri ndi makampani athandiza kukwaniritsa malo amene asungidwa ndi ziletso za boma. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri, kuphatikizapo California, New York, ndi Illinois, akulitsa maprogramu a zaumoyo a Medicaid kapena a boma kuti athandize achikulire olandira ndalama zochepa mosasamala kanthu za malo osamukirako. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kwathandiza kuti othaŵa kwawo ndi osamukira m’dziko alandire chithandizo cha mankhwala, mautumiki odziwitsa, ndi kuchiritsa matenda, kuchepetsa kusoŵa kwa anthu. Popanda kulinganiza koteroko, alendo ambiri angachedwe kufuna chithandizo cha mankhwala, kuchititsa mavuto aakulu ndi ndalama zambiri kaamba ka dongosolo la zangozi.

Malo Osamalira Zaumoyo a M’deralo ndi Chinenero

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko ndi malo a zaumoyo a m'deralo amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mwa kupereka ndalama zopitira ku mayeso opitira kutsogolo ndi zachikhalidwe. Makiliniki ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito antchito a zinenero ziŵiri kapena amapereka mautumiki omasulira, ofunika kwa odwala omwe ali ndi luso lochepa la Chingelezi. Maprogramu onga "Healthy San Francisco" kapena mapulogalamu a New York City Care akusonyeza mmene maboma akupangira mawonekedwe achilengedwe. Kuwonjezera apo, mayiko ena achirikiza mabungwe a zaumoyo ndi malo a zaumoyo opitira kutsogolo oukira mwachindunji othaŵa ndi opitira kudziko. Zoyesayesa zimenezi sizingowongolera thanzi la anthu onse mwa kutsimikizira kuti matenda oyambukira akutha kukhoza kuchitika bwino.

Thanzi Lamaganizo ndi Chisamaliro Chachikulu

Othaŵa kwawo kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera ndi mavuto aakulu chifukwa cha nkhondo, chizunzo, kapena kusamuka. Boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko amazindikira kwambiri kufunika kwa mautumiki a zaumoyo osokonezeka maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya boma ya Social and Health Services ya Washington ndalama zoperekera uphungu kwa othaŵa kwawo omwe amaphatikizapo njira za chikhalidwe ndi magulu a anzawo ochirikiza. Matauni ena akhazikitsa mayanjano ndi zinthu zosapindulitsa monga International Replation Committee kuti apereke chithandizo chaumoyo ndi chisamaliro chachikulu. Mautumiki ameneŵa ali ofunika kwambiri kuti anthu agwirizane ndi kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kukhazikika kwa banja.

Maphunziro ndi Mautumiki a Chinenero: Maziko Omangira Zinthu Zoti Ziziyenda Bwino

Chingelezi Monga Chinenero Chachiŵiri ndi Maphunziro Achikulire

Kudziwa zinenero ndi chizindikiro chachikulu kwambiri cha kugwirizana kwa chuma ndi chikhalidwe. Maprogramu a ESL akuluakulu a boma alipo kwambiri, ndipo mayiko ambiri monga Texas, Florida, ndi Massachusetts amapanga ndalama zambiri ku makoleji a chitaganya ndi malo othandizira anthu osoŵa phindu. Masukulu ambiri amapatsa makolo maphunziro a madzulo ndi a mlungu wa mlungu, kuzindikira kuti kuwerenga ndi kuŵerenga kwa banja kumachirikiza chipambano cha ana. Online ndi zidutswa zawonjezeka, makamaka m’madera akumidzi. Mayiko ena agwiritsiranso ntchito "Chijeremani cha Olankhula a Zinenero Zina" (ESOL) m'maphunziro a K-12 kuti athandize ophunzira osamukira ku chipambano kwa anthu osamukira ku madera.

Maphunziro Osintha Mwachikhalidwe ndi Ophunzitsa

Sukulu za boma ndizo mfundo yaikulu yolankhulirana ndi mabanja ambiri achilendo. Masukulu opita patsogolo atengera maphunziro apamwamba a maphunziro amene amasonyeza kusiyanasiyana kwa matupi awo a ophunzira. Maprogramu a kumimba a zinenero zosiyanasiyana, monga aja a ku Oregon ndi Minnesota, amalola ophunzira kusungirira chinenero chawo pamene akuphunzira Chingelezi, kulimbikitsa kulankhula zinenero ziŵiri ndi kupambana pa maphunziro. Sukulu zimaperekanso mautumiki osonkhanira monga kudya kwaulere, pambuyo pa sukulu, ndi ogwirizanitsa makolo amene amalankhula zinenero zambiri.

Njira za Maphunziro Apamwamba za Ophunzira Osamuka

Malamulo a boma onena za ophunzira osalembedwa akusiyana kwambiri, koma malamulo onga California, Texas, ndi New York akhazikitsa malamulo olola ophunzira oyenerera kulipirira ndalama za nzika. Mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo Washington ndi Minnesota, amaperekanso chithandizo cha ndalama za boma kwa ophunzira osalembedwa kupyolera m'maprogramu onga Washington College Grant. Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga njira yowonekera kuchokera ku maphunziro apamwamba kupita ku koleji ndi ntchito, zikumawonjezera kwambiri kukhazikika kwa chuma kwa mabanja osamukira kudziko lina.

Mautumiki a Malamulo ndi Akhalidwe la Anthu: Kupanga Njira Yocholoŵana

Chithandizo ndi Kuimira kwa Malamulo

Kufikira ku kuimira kwalamulo kuli chimodzi cha zofunikira zazikulu koposa kwa othaŵa kwawo ndi osamukira ku New York kuyang'anizana ndi kuzengedwa. Mosiyana ndi oimbidwa mlandu aupandu, osamukira m'dziko ku kuchotsedwa sikunatsimikizidwe ndi loya woikidwa ndi boma. Kuyankha zimenezi, maboma ndi mizinda ingapo yakhazikitsa maprogramu a kulinganiza kwabwino. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Universal Acception ku Programu yopereka uphungu ku New York City limapereka chisonyezero chalamulo kwa osamukira ku maiko onse olandira oyang'anira kusamutsidwa. Mofananamo, ndalama za California zimathandizira ntchito zalamulo zoyendetsera ntchito za boma kupyolera ku California ku California Service of Social Services. Maprogramwawo amawongolera kwambiri zotsatira za milandu ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zosungidwa.

Thandizo la Kunyumba ndi Kudana ndi Chikhalidwe

Nyumba zokhazikika nzofunika kuti anthu agwirizane, koma othaŵa kwawo ndi osamukira kumaiko ena kaŵirikaŵiri amasalidwa pamsika wa lendi. Malamulo a boma ndi a madera ena oyenera amathandiza kuteteza kupyola lamulo la boma. Maboma ena, monga Cook County (Illinois) ndi Seattle , Washington, aposa "zitetezero za ndalama zimene zimaletsa eni malo obwereka malo amene amabwereka obwereka nyumba, kuphatikizapo awo operekedwa kwa othaŵa kwawo. Kuwonjezera apo, maboma ambiri apereka ndalama za nyumba za othaŵa kwawo kwa kanthaŵi kokhalako, kaŵirikaŵiri zoperekedwa kupyolera ku mabungwe a U. S Komiti ya Othaŵa kwawo ndi Immagrant.

Maprogramu Otetezera Masewera

Osamuka kaŵirikaŵiri samakhala oyenerera kaamba ka mapindu a boma onga ngati Ameral Nutrition Aniteration Program (SNAP) ndi Kanthaŵi Kathandiza Mabanja Osoŵa (TANF) chifukwa cha malo awo osamukira kapena nyengo zodikira. Boma ndi maboma a m'madera aloŵamo kuti akwaniritse mipata imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, programu ya California ya CalFresh imagwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma kupereka chithandizo cha chakudya kwa osamukira kudzikolo amene satha kuthandizidwa ndi boma SNAP. Momwemonso, New York State imapereka programu ya "Savenet Leavition" kaamba ka anthu osakhala a chiwindi. Mapinduwo ngofunika kwambiri kuteteza kusowa pokhala ndi chakudya m'miyezi yoyamba pambuyo pofika.

Kusintha kwa Zachuma ndi Ntchito: Kudzikhutiritsa

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito ndi Kuphunzitsa Ntchito

Makomiti a antchito a boma ndi malo oimitsira ntchito a kumalo ena akupereka maprogramu ogwirizana ndi othaŵa kwawo ndi osamukira kudziko. Izi zimaphatikizapo makampani okonzekeretsa ntchito, kuyambiranso kuthandizira kulemba, ndi maluso m'mbali zapamwamba monga kusamala zaumoyo ndi luso la zofalitsa. Mayiko ena, monga Colorado, ayambitsa njira zomuthandiza monga "Refugee Broupy and Training Program" amene akugwira naye ntchito pa ntchito yophunzitsa job. Maprogramumboni a kukulitsa ntchito amathandizanso anthu osamukira kuyambitsa mabizinesi aang'ono, kuwonjezera chuma chakumeneko. Kugwiritsa ntchito Kuphunzitsa Maakaumboni a .

Kuzindikira ndi Kuzindikira Koyenera

Atsogoleri ambiri aluso amabwera ndi maluso ochokera ku maiko awo koma satha kuchita ntchito zawo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso. Maboma amasiyana kwambiri m'malamulo awo kuti adziŵike bwino. Atsogoleri onga New Jersey ndi Washington akhazikitsa malamulo amene amafuna mabodi oyezera mayeso a maiko ena pa nthaŵi yake ndi kupereka njira zopitira ku asylaise kwa aslaise ndi othaŵa kwawo. Maboma ena akhazikitsa "Oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi" kuthandiza osamukira m’dziko kumvetsetsa zofunika. Masinthidwe ofunika ameneŵa amathandiza kusanthula zikalata za anthu ndi maainjiniya, anamwino, ndi kuphunzitsa.

Kuteteza Antchito ndi Kuwakakamiza

Osamuka, makamaka amene ali ndi malo ovuta, amavutitsidwa. Malamulo amphamvu ndi antchito akumaloko amateteza antchito onse mosasamala kanthu za malo a kusamuka. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a Ntchito a California amagwira ntchito kwa anthu onse, ndipo boma limakakamiza mokangalika malipiro ochepera, owonjezera nthaŵi, ndi miyezo ya chisungiko ya kuntchito. Malamulo a m'madera akwawo monga San Francisco ndi Los Angeles amapereka malo kwa antchito atsiku ndi antchito apanyumba kuti alinganize ndi kufunafuna chithandizo choyenera. Zitetezero zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti alendo osamukira m’dziko apereke ndalama zochepa popanda kuchitiridwa nkhanza.

Nyumba ndi Kukhazikika kwa Anthu: Kupanga Malo Oyandikana Nawo

Ntchito Zoyamba Zomanga Nyumba Zolemera

Mabungwe a boma nthaŵi zambiri amaika ntchito za nyumba zokongola kwa anthu okhala ndi anthu osamukira kudziko lina. Maboma ena monga Austin , Texas, atengera "Antin-dis" malamulo amene amaphatikizapo kudalira malo a anthu ndi kubwereka ndalama kuti asungitse malo ozungulira. Othaŵa kwawo alinso oyenerera maprogramu apadera onga Refuge Home Loan Program [1] m'mayiko ena, amene amapereka ndalama zochepetsedwa kwambiri za kugula zinthu zapanyumba. Malamulo ameneŵa amalimbikitsa kukhazikika kwa mudzi ndi kuteteza kudzipatula kwa anthu osamukira ku dziko.

Maofesi Olandira Anthu Osamuka ndi Apolisi Osamvana

Mizinda yambiri ndi magawo akhazikitsa "Ofesi ya Mafuko Ogwirizana" kapena mabungwe ofananawo kuti ayang'anire ntchito ndi kuchirikiza malamulo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Office ya New York City ya Myor ya Immigrant Affairs ndi Office ya Seattle of Immigrant Affairs. Maofesi ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a chitaganya kuwongolera mautumiki a m'mizinda, kupititsa patsogolo kukonza zachilengedwe, ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo. Kuwonjezera apo, mayiko ena onga Michigan ndi Maine ayambitsa "Welujating Michigan" ndi "Welitate" kutsogolera atsogoleri a kumalo ndi kupereka mphatso kaamba ka maprojekiti ogwirizanitsa anthu. Maofesi ameneŵa amatumikira monga malo amodzi olankhulana ndi oyendera njira yozungulira anthu.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu Onse ndi Apolisi a M’chitaganya

Kudalirana pakati pa anthu osamukira m'dziko ndi kusungidwa kwa malamulo nkofunika kuti anthu atetezedwe. Maboma ambiri ndi madera ena akhazikitsa "Nanccuary" kapena "umboni" malamulo amene amaletsa apolisi akomweko kugwirizana ndi kusungidwa kwa boma m’mikhalidwe ina. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la pakachisi wa Oregon limaletsa boma ndi malamulo a boma lakumaloko kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma lokhudza anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza kutsimikizira kuti anthu osamukira m'dzikolo apereke lipoti la milandu, atumikire monga mboni, ndi kuchita nawo ntchito za m'mautumiki wa anthu popanda kuthamangitsa. Apolisi a m'dera lonse amapanga chikhulupiriro ndi kuchepetsa upandu kwa anthu onse.

Mavuto ndi Mipata: Kuyenda Pamalo Okongola

Kupereŵera kwa Malo a Zinthu ndi Kusintha kwa Ndale

Pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ambiri opita patsogolo apanga malamulo amphamvu, ena akhazikitsa njira zoletsa kugwirizanitsa. Kuphatikiza malamulo m'maiko onse kumachititsa kusayenera kwakukulu kwa othaŵa kwawo ndi osamukira kudalira pa malo amene iwo amakhala. Kuchepetsa kwa mabanki kumachepetsanso maprogramu. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zothandizira makalasi a ESL kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi oyembekezera amene angapitire miyezi. Kusintha kwandale pa kusamuka kwa dziko la boma ndi malo akumalo, kuchititsa kusakhazikika ndi kusatsimikizirika kwa osamalira ntchito ndi atsopano mofanana. Kulankhula ndi mavuto ameneŵa kumafuna kupitirizabe kudalirana ndi kugaŵana kwa anthu ndi kugawana.

Ntchito ya Magulu Osapindula ndi Chikhulupiriro

Boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko amakhala othandiza kwambiri pamene agwiritsira ntchito maluso a mabungwe odalirana ndi anthu. Mabungwe ochirikiza malo, matchalitchi, ndi mayanjano a mafuko kaŵirikaŵiri ali mzera woyamba wa chichirikizo. Maboma ambiri amapereka mphatso ku magulu ameneŵa kupyolera m'mapangano ndi Office of Refugeevé Repace Repace. Mwachitsanzo, Office of Repace Relibrection [FLT :1] pa mlingo wa boma likulu logwirizana ndi maprogramu a boma. Kugwirizana kwachipambano kumafuna mayanjano olimba pakati pa boma, osapindulitsa, ndi mbali yaumwini kupereka mautumiki amene afunikira madiresiti ambiri.

Kusonkhanitsa Maumboni ndi Lamulo Lozikidwa pa Umboni

Kuti apange malamulo ogwira mtima, maboma ndi malo afunikira chidziŵitso cholondola ponena za chiŵerengero cha anthu, zosoŵa, ndi zotsatirapo. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa magulu ofufuza odzipereka, monga ngati Shashington State Immigrant Policy Lab [1], kupenda ndi kuona zotsatirapo za maprogramu. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso cha American Community Survey ndi zipinda zaumoyo za boma. Komabe, zolemba za mbiri yokhudza kusamuka kwa dziko zisamuko zimakhalabe zanzeru ndi zosakwanira. Kukonzanso chidziŵitso pamene kuli kutetezera kwachinsinsi ndiko mpata wofunika kwambiri ndi kupanga njira zabwino. Kufufuza kogwirizana ndi kothandiza kukonza zinthu kungasonyeze mapindu a zachuma, kupanga ndalama zosungira ndalama.

Kumaliza: Kumanga Midzi Yonse Mwa Kukonzanso Malamulo

Boma ndi dziko ladzikolo lili pa mfundo zotsogolera za othaŵa kwawo ndi kuloŵerera. Mwa kusamalira zosoŵa zofunikira kwambiri zaumoyo, maphunziro, mautumiki alamulo, ntchito, madongosolo ameneŵa amapanga malo osungirako anthu atsopano kumene angapeze bata ndi kuthandizira anthu awo. Mabomawo ngosiyana, ndi mayiko ena akumapereka chichirikizo chachikulu pamene ena akukhazikitsa zopitira. Komabe, kupitirizabe kukonza zinthu za m'dzikolo n’kolonjeza. Kupitiriza maprogramu a chinenero, mautumiki opanga mavuto, ndi kuimira kwalamulo nkofunika kwambiri. Pamene anthu akusinthasinthasinthasintha, malamulo amene amalimbikitsa kuwonjezera zinthu zachifundo komanso kuyendetsa zinthu zofunika pa zachuma ndi za anthu. Atsogoleri pamlingo uliwonse ayenera kuzindikira kuti mphamvu ya chitaganya ndi kukhoza kwawo kulandira ndi kupatsa anthu onse mphamvu. Kudziŵa chidziŵitso kwabwino, kuyendera zinthu za m’mabungwe monga [FGenect: [0]:[1]