Mphamvu Yosintha Boma ya Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Malamulo a U.S. amapereka ulamuliro wa boma wokha pa kuperekedwa kwa chilengedwe ndi kuloledwa kwa maiko akunja. Komabe, maboma ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu za apolisi zolamulira chisungiko cha anthu, thanzi, ndi ubwino wa anthu . Chigwirizano chodabwitsa chimene akazembe angagwiritsire ntchito kulinganiza zotulukapo za kusamuka. Khoti Lapamwamba latsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti malamulo a boma onena za kusamuka amatsutsidwa ngati amatsutsana ndi lamulo la boma, komanso amazindikira kuti maboma angatenge machitidwe amene amathandizira kapena kuchirikiza zoyesayesa za boma. Kusamala kumeneku kumapereka nduna chigawo zamphamvu kuti zifutukule kapena kuchepetsa ufulu ndi chitetezo zimene zilipo kwa osamukira m’dzikolo.

Bwanamkubwa akugwira ntchito m'mapangano a boma logwirizana, kumene mabungwe a boma ndi a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagawana mathayo. Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa kusamukira ndi Nationality Act , maboma angaloŵe m'mapangano [ [m] . [mapangano] amene amachotsa boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko kukhazikitsa lamulo loloŵa. Akuluakulu angasankhe kulondola, kuchepetsa, kapena kumaliza mapangano oterowo. Kuwonjezera apo, akazembeezera zamwambo kuti apereke ndalama za boma kumalire ku malire, monga momwe zimawonedwa ku Texas ndi Arizona, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo zoletsa kulowa m'dziko la othaŵa dzikolo kapena kulanda ufulu wa ulamuliro wa boma. Olamulira a boma lakwani, ndi maboma olamulira a boma, ndi omalizira, monga momwe amachitira mtsogoleri wamkulu wandale, ngakhale mtsogoleri wamkulu wa boma.

Olamulira Apeza Lamulo Lalikulu

Malamulo ndi Malangizo Otsogolera

Bwanamkubwa angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu a boma kuti atsatire mfundo zofunikira kusungitsa kapena kukana kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m'dziko. Mwachitsanzo, Kazembe Gavin Newsom wa California anatulutsa lamulo la akuluakulu mu 2019 limene linafutukula lamulo la boma California Values Act [Act [[FLT 1:1], limene limaletsa boma ndi malamulo a boma a kumaloko kusagwiritsa ntchito chuma kufunsa, kufunsa, kapena kuletsa anthu ena pa zolinga za kusamutsira dzikolo. Mosemphana ndi izi, Kazembe Ron Desantis wa Florida anatulutsa lamulo la boma lonse mu 201 lofuna makampani onse a boma kugwirizana ndi lamulo lovomerezeka ndi lamulo lokhudza anthu osamukira m’dziko. Malamulowa anakhazikitsa kalankhulidwe kake kake kake kake kake ka anthu ambiri a anthu othaŵirika.

Kulamulira Mabajeti ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Gawo Greg Abbott akugwiritsira ntchito kampani ya boma ya boma ya Lone Star [1] Opeperation [1] Gawo wa United States anakhazikitsa zikwi zambiri za Texas Department of Public Safetyfuters ndi a National Guide kumalire ndi dziko linalo, ndipo anathandizidwa ndi boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Kazembe Waboma wa New York Kathy Hochul anagawira $20 miliyoni kuti achirikize ntchito zalamulo za alendo okumana ndi ntchito zotha kulanda. Olamulira anakhazikitsanso kuthandizira mautumiki a chilankhulo, kupindula ndi anthu omasuka ku , ndi maprogramunda a zaumoyo onga a Megedageda.

Kugwirizana kwa Lamulo la Boma

Bwanamkubwa amasankha kuti kaya aloŵe kapena kutha mapangano 2.287 (g) ndi U.S.Immigration ndi Custom Enictivement (ICO). Mapangano ameneŵa amalola akuluakulu a boma ophunzitsidwa mwapadera kuchita ntchito zosungitsa anthu ogwidwa kudziko, monga ngati kufunsa ogwidwa ndi kutumiza zifunsitso. Olamulira ena, mofanana ndi aja a ku California ndi Oregon, aletsa apolisi awo kuloŵa m'mapangano oterowo. Ena, monga Desantis , apatsidwa lamulo. Olamulira akuchititsanso ntchito ya mafunsinsipo a II kuchokera kumbuyo kwa tsiku lawo la kumasula kumbuyo kwa mapangano. Malamulo monga ngati a Coloradolavia anaperekedwa ndi lamulo la boma loweruza lokhala ndi lamulo lokhala ndi lamulo loyendera limodzi, pamene kuli kongofunikira kuweruza, pamene kuli kofanana ndi ena.

Layisensi ya Woyendetsa galimoto ndi Kudziŵa Ubwino Wake

Imodzi ya malamulo ooneka kwambiri a boma oloŵera m'dziko ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito laisensi ya oyendetsa galimoto ya osamukira kudziko. Pa 2025, maboma 16 ndi chigawo cha Columbia adakhazikitsa malamulo opatsa dalaivala malamulo a oyendetsa galimoto mosasamala kanthu za malo a kusamuka. Olamulira agwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu oyendetsa galimoto kufutukula kapena kuletsa kuyendetsa magalimoto. Mu 2023, Kazembe wa ku Minnesota Tim Walz anasaina chikalata chololeza anthu osalembetsa kuti apeze laisensi ya oyendetsa galimoto, pamene Desantis Florida adasainidwa kuchotsa laisensi ya anthu osakhala a boma. Malamulo oterowo amakhudza mwachindunji miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri osamukira m’dziko ndi amene ali ndi zosungitsa za chitetezo m’misewu, ndi ma a a polisi.

Maphunziro ndi Mapindu a Anthu Onse

Akuluakulu a boma amachititsa ophunzira osalembedwa omwe anamaliza maphunziro a sekondale. Pakali pano, 20 amalamulira kuti apereke ziŵerengero zapamwamba kwa ophunzira osalembedwa, kaŵirikaŵiri kudzera m'malamulo osainidwa kapena ochilikizidwa ndi olamulira. Ku Texas, Kazembe Rick Perry anasaina lamulo la 2001 limene linali pakati pa oyamba kupatsa ufulu wa boma. Posachedwapa, akazembe akakamiza ophunzira kuti afutukule kapena ale ziletso. Mu 2024, Kazembe Laura Laura Cooke Kirback analetsa lamulo limene likanaletsa ophunzira kulanditsa m'malamulo, koma loposa malamulo ake. Kazemba wa boma anayesanso kuwonjezera zikalata za za chithandizo, za ndalama za boma, ndi ndalama za boma zolandirira anthu.

Kufufuza za Kusamuka kwa Boma

Arizona ndi SB 1070 Era

SB 1070 ya Arizona, yomwe inasainidwa ndi Brewer mu 2010, inali imodzi ya malamulo aukali kwambiri a boma osungitsa kusamuka kwa anthu m’mbiri yamakono. Lamulolo linafuna kuti apolisi atsimikizire za kusamukira kwa anthu panthaŵi yololedwa ngati panali kukayikira koyenera kuti anali m’dzikolo mosemphana ndi lamulo. Linapangitsanso kuti chikhale chigamulo cha boma kukhala cholakwika kuti chikhalepo popanda zolembedwa zoyenerera. Lamulolo linayambitsa mkangano wa dziko, anyamata, ndi khoti Lapamwamba limene linatsutsa makonzedwe angapo monga ochotsedwa ndi lamulo la boma. Komabe, lamulolo “linandionetse mapepala anu . Linakhazikitsa lamulo la Alabata ku Alabama, Georgia, ndi South Carolina. Brewer linachititsa kuti boma likhale ndi mbiri yake yolimba monga lochitira pulogalamu yamphamvu kwambiri.

Chitsanzo cha Boma Choyera cha ku California

Mosiyana, California pansi pa Bridge Brown ndi Gavin Newsom adadziika kukhala wotsogolera dziko m'chitetezero cha osamukira. 2017 California Values Act (SB 54) Act (SB 54) imaletsa boma ndi malamulo a boma kugwirizanitsa ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m’mikhalidwe yambiri, amatsekeramo kugwiritsira ntchito chuma cha boma kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m’dzikolo, ndi kuchepetsa kugawana chidziŵitso chaumwini. Bwana Newsom adasainanso malamulo a boma oimira ovomerezedwa mwalamulo kwa osamukira kunja kwa anthu ndi kuwonjezera kuperekedwa kwa anthu achikulire osalembedwa. Malamulo ameneŵa adayang'anizana ndi zitoko zalamulo kuchokera kwa boma koma oyang'anira koma kwakukulukulu, ku California monga chochirikiza ntchito yolimbana ndi bungwe lolamulira lolamulira lolamulira.

Kuyamba Kuteteza M’malire a Texas

Bwanamkubwa Greg Abbott wa ku Texas adapanga kutetezeredwa kwa malire kukhala nkhani yake yolongosola za kutha kwa dziko kupyola 2021. Mu 2021, ntchitoyo inaphatikizapo kumangidwa kwa osamuka ndi olingaliridwa kukhala ozembetsa milandu ya boma, monga kulakwa ndi kuphwanya lamulo la boma. Abott anatsogoleranso Department of Public Safety ku shart ndi kumira mpanda wa Rio Grande, zimene zinatsogolera kuyendetsa magalimoto ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a boma ku Biden. Khoti Yolamulira ya boma inalamula kuti ichotse milandu ina, koma ikupitiriza kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa kuloŵerera kwa boma. Abottt adatsogoleranso Department of the Coopletion ku Garle ndi kutumizanso zigalamu ku Rio Grande , zimene zinatsogolera kutsutsana ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a boma.

Malamulo Otsutsa Opatulika a Florida

Bwana Ron DeSantis woikidwa m'pangano mu 2023 amene analetsa mowopsa kukhoza kwa maboma a kumaloko kuvomereza malamulo opatulika. Lamulo limafuna kuti ma Florida 67 onse apereke ziŵerengero za ICE, kuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma kupereka chitetezero chalamulo kwa osamukira kudziko osalembedwa, ndi kuchotsa zikalata za oyendetsa galimoto zoperekedwa kwa anthu ochotsedwa. Ilo limalamulanso kuti zipatala zitole mfundo za kusamuka kwa odwala ndi kuzipereka ku bomalo. DeSantis zowonjezereka za boma zosungitsa kusamuka kwa boma mwa kupanga bungwe lopatulirapo kusamutsira anthu ndi kusamukira ku Texas kukafika ku Vineya ndi Sactoyardy ya ndale ya ndale ya ndale zadziko. Zimenezi zachititsa Florida kuti ayese mlandu wa boma limene likufunafuna kutha ndi kuthamangitsa ntchito kwa boma lakwa kwa boma.

Chiyambukiro cha Kazembe Wopatsidwa Chigwirizano cha Zandale ndi Zamakhalidwe

Kumidzi Yosasamuka

Malamulo a boma a kusamuka amakhudza kwambiri moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu osamukira kudziko lina, olembedwa ndi osalembedwa. Malamulo achinsinsi m'mayiko onga California ndi New York amachepetsa mantha a kuthamangitsidwa kwa apolisi panthaŵi ya zochitika, kulimbikitsa anthu osamukira m’dzikolo ndi mboni kuti anene milandu popanda kuopa kulowa m'dzikolo. Komanso, malamulo ankhanza a boma m’mayiko onga Arizona ndi Florida agwirizana kuti achepetse kusungitsa malamulo, kuchepetsa kutetezeredwa kwa mautumiki a anthu onse, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kupsinjika maganizo m'mabanja a anthu osamukirako. Kuphunzira kwa anthu 2020 ndi kufalitsa kwa [FLT:] Chipatala chapo ndi zotsatira zaumoyo wa anthu. Motero, zinapezedwa kuti m’malamulo oletsedwa ndi osakhala opita kudziko kapena oloŵa m'malamulo, ngakhale a ana, pamene ndimakhala ndi zotsatira za kusungika kwa lamulo zaubwino kwa .

Kudalirana kwa Boma ndi Ntchito

Malamulo ogwirizanitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko akupanganso misika ya ntchito za boma. Osamuka osalembedwa amapanga [[FLT: 0] 4.4% ya antchito a U.S. , ndi kusumika maganizo pa ulimi, kumanga, kuchereza, ndi kusamalira. Maboma amene amaletsa anthu osamuka kulowa m'dziko la dalaivala kapena kutetezedwa kwa ntchito angaone kupereŵera kwa ntchito yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa 2023 lamulo la Florida loloŵa m'dzikolo, magulu a ulimi anasimba za vuto la antchito olemba ntchito, pamene nzika zina zosalembetsa zina zina zinasiya boma. Posiyanitsa, akunena kuti, kaŵirikaŵiri dalailo ndi kuyendetsa ntchito za boma ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zapamwamba pakati pa anthu osamuka ndi kuzoloŵera kwa chuma. Lipoti la [FTrometa]

Pa Federal State Relations

Bwanamkubwa akhala otchuka kwambiri m'kulinganiza unansi pakati pa maboma ndi boma la boma lolamulira kusamuka. Mkati mwa ulamuliro wa Trump, olamulira a Democratic ku California, New York, ndi Washington adapereka boma la boma pa malamulo onga chiletso cha ulendo, kuweruza kwa anthu, ndi kutha kwa DaCA. Pambuyo pa kuyang'anira kwa boma, akazembe a Republican ku Texas, Florida, ndi Arizona zakhala ndi masinthidwe a zinthu zofunika, programu ya parole, ndi ndalama zothandizira pamalire pakhoma. Nkhondo zimenezi zakhala ndi Supreme Count , zikumasupt , zikumangirira mbali ya akulu a boma monga zikalata zoyendera m'dongosolo la boma loyendera m'dziko lakumpoto za kumidzi, ndi mizinda ya ku madera akumpoto, yolinganizidwa ndi kukhazikitsa chiwopsetso pakati pa zigalamu zatsopano.

Mavuto a Malamulo ndi Udindo wa Makhoti

Pafupifupi lamulo lalikulu la boma loloŵa m’dziko lakhala ndi zitokoso zalamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri zobweretsedwa ndi mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe kapena Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ya United States. Pambuyo pake zosankha za Khoti Lalikulu zatsimikizira [[FLT: 0] Arizona v. United States adakhazikitsa kuti maboma sangapange upandu wawo kapena kukakamiza lamulo la boma lokhudza kusamukira kwawo, koma angathandizire lamulo la boma mwa kugwirizana ndi mapangano. Pambuyo pake zigamu za m'malamulo za boma zimene zimalamulira kutsimikizirika (e.g., 2011 [FLT:]] Cam of Commercial v. [FLT: 3] [FLT:]] mlandu wa Aristorices ovomerezedwa ndi boma logwirizana ndi ufulu wa kusamuka kwa boma. Khoti lino lapa ligaŵikana pa malamulo a Texassssssssssss 4 akutanthauza kuti lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lotiactive, lowonjezera chigamumo, pamene likhoza kuwonjezera chigamumo chachikulu.

Mtsogolo mwa Kulanda Dziko

Akumayang’ana kutsogolo, olamulira a boma ali othekera kukhalabe ochirikiza lamulo la kusamuka, makamaka pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ikulephera kuwongolera zinthu zonse.

  • Nkhondo za kupulumutsira [1]: Boma la boma lingafune malamulo a boma osokoneza zinthu zofunika kwambiri, koma zotsatira zake zidzadalira pa makhoti. 2024 yolamulira ndi Mchenga wachisanu inachirikiza kukhoza kwa Texas kukakamiza malamulo a boma oletsa osamukira, akumapereka lingaliro lakuti maboma angatulutse ntchito zatsopano zosungitsa lamulo.
  • Makompati a Intertate : Olamulira angapange mapangano a chigawo kugwirizanitsa kusungitsa kapena chitetezo cha osamukira. Mwachitsanzo, Western States Pact (California, Oregon, Washington) yakambitsirana njira zalamulo zogwirizana zoletsa ntchito za boma zoloŵa m’dziko.
  • Kachitidwe kochitidwa motsatira malire [1]: Pamene kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kukuwonjezereka, makhoma a boma angafune kuchepetsa mphamvu za olamulira amodzi. Mu Oklahoma, lamulo la 2024 limafuna kuti bwanamkubwa apeze chivomerezo cha lamulo asanaloŵe m'pangano lirilonse 287(g).
  • Kuyankha kwa anthu kwa anthu : Olamulira m'maboma a malire angafutukule ntchito yawo popereka malo obisalira, chisamaliro cha mankhwala, ndi zoyendera kwa osamuka otulutsidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. Mu 2023, Bwanamkubwa wa New York Hochul analengeza boma lamwadzidzidzi kuti lipereke kwa ofunafuna kopulumukira, akumasonkhanitsa mabiliyoni ambiri kaamba ka nyumba ndi ntchito.
  • Katswiri ndi mathekishoni akugawana [1]: Bwana amakakamiza kuti awonjezere kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, kuŵerengera mapepala a laisensi, ndi zotengera kuti aone kubwera kwa anthu. Mayiko onga Texas ndi Florida akuika ndalama m'zopangapanga kuti agaŵane ndi ICE.

Kumaliza: Bwanamkubwa Monga Oumba Lamulo la Kusamuka

Abwanamkubwa a boma sali chabe ogwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma loloŵa m’dziko; iwo ali opanga malamulo okangalika amene amakhudza mamiliyoni a osamukira kudziko ndi anthu amene amakhalamo. Mwa malamulo a boma, malamulo a bajeti, malamulo a lamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, akazembe angawonjezere mwaŵi wa osamukira kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wawo. Kusiyanasiyana kwa boma kumafika / kuchokera ku Arizona ku kachisi wa California . Kulekanitsa kugaŵidwa kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko ndi kuonetsa mphamvu ya boma ya kupanga zotulukapo za dziko. Monga momwe kusamuka kumakhalabe nkhani yapamwamba ya ndale zadziko, gavana wa m'bwalo la dziko lino kudzakula, kupanga phunziro la malamulo a boma oyenerera kumvetsetsa lamulo la ku Brazil.

Kwa awo ofuna kufufuza kowonjezereka, [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kufalitsa malongosoledwe a malingaliro a anthu oloŵa m’dziko. Akatswiri a zamalamulo angawone [[FLT:] ndi [FLT] Commonformation Information Institute of survisionism .