Table of Contents

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira kuli chimodzi cha zikalata zosintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Chovomerezedwa ndi Continental Congress pa July 4, 1776, maufumu 13 a ku America anathetsa kugwirizana kwawo ndi Great Britain, kukhazikitsa zochitika zambiri zimene zikachitika osati kokha Amereka komanso dziko lonse. Chikalata chimenechi chinasintha kwambiri kuposa kungolengeza kulekana kwa ndale zadziko . Chinavumbula masomphenya amphamvu a ufulu wa anthu, kudziimira okha, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense amene akupitiriza kukwaniritsa pafupifupi zaka 250 pambuyo pake.

Chikalatachi chinafalikira kwambiri kuposa cholinga cha mwamsanga cha kudziimira paokha ku ulamuliro wa Britain. Chinakhazikitsa mfundo zimene zingafotokozere maufumu a America, kusonkhezera magulu osaŵerengeka a ufulu padziko lonse, ndipo makamaka kusintha mmene anthu amamvetsetsera unansi wawo ndi boma. Wolemba mbiri yakale Joseph Ellis analemba kuti Chikalatachi chili ndi "mawu amphamvu kwambiri ndi ochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'mbiri ya America", chipangano cha tanthauzo lake losatha.

Nkhani Yake: Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Kusagwirizana Komakulakula Pakati pa Mabanja ndi Mtolo

M’ma 1760 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1770, atsamunda a ku North America anadzipeza kukhala osagwirizana mowonjezereka ndi malamulo a boma la Britain onena za msonkho ndi lamulo loletsa malire. Pamene zitsutso mobwerezabwereza zinalephera kusonkhezera malamulo a Britain, ndipo m’malo mwake zinatulukapo kutsekedwa kwa doko la Boston ndi chilengezo cha lamulo lankhondo ku Massachusetts, maboma a atsamunda anatumiza nthumwi ku Continational Congress kukagwirizanitsa gulu la anthu a ku Britain otsutsa chuma.

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za m’ma 1770, anthu ambiri olanda dzikolo anakhutira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo inali ndi cholinga chowachotsera ufulu.

Nkhondo ya chisinthiko ya ku America inayamba mu April 1775 ndi Nkhondo za Lexington ndi Concord. Mu August, Mfumu inalengeza atsamunda "m’mkhalidwe wa poyera ndi wopanduka kodzionetsera". Chilengezo chimenechi chinasonyeza kuti sipadzakhalanso kubwezera, kusonkhezera atsamunda ambiri amene poyamba anali kuyembekezera kuyanjanitsidwa kuti alingalire mwamphamvu za kudziimira.

Kuganiza Bwino Kumathandiza

Chofalitsidwa cha Thomas Paine’s Common Sense kuchiyambi kwa 1776 chinayatsa moto pansi pa lingaliro la kudziimira limene kale silinkalingaliridwa. Nzeru Yachibadwa inagulitsidwa ndi kufalitsidwa mofala ndi kuŵerengedwa mokweza ku maboo ndi malo osonkhanira. Kulingana ndi anthu a m'madera a m'madera a boma panthaŵiyo (2,2 miliyoni), inali ndi malonda aakulu ndi kufalitsidwa kwa buku lililonse lofalitsidwa m'mbiri ya America. Zigomeko zamphamvu za Paine zinathandiza kusintha maganizo a anthu, kupanga kudziimira paokha osati kungofuna chabe kuchitika koma kusangalatsa.

M’nyengo yachisanu ya 1775 - 1776, mamembala a Continental Congress anayamba kuona kuti kugwirizanitsa ndi Britain sikunali kotheka, ndipo ufulu ndiwo wokha umene iwo anali nawo.

Kulengedwa kwa Chikalatacho

Njira ya Jefferson Yokonza Zinthu

Pa June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee anakhazikitsa chigamulo "kuti maiko ogwirizana ameneŵa ndi oyenera kukhala omasuka ndi odziimira. Anasankha Komiti ya Asanu kulemba chilengezo chofotokoza chifukwa chake adziimira paokha. Kusintha Chilengezo cha Ufulumu mu 1776 kunakhala chochitika cholongosola moyo wa Thomas Jefferson. Ngakhale kuti Jefferson anafuna kubwerera ku Virginia kukathandiza kulemba malamulo a boma, Continal Congress adamuika ku komiti ya asanu yolengeza za ufulu. Komiti imeneyo inampatsa ntchito yopanga kalata yokonza mapulani kuti atulukire.

Pa June 11, 1776, Jefferson anatseguka m'nyumba yake yogonamo ya Filadelphia ndi kuyamba kulemba. Iye anabwereka mwaufulu ku zikalata zomwe zinalipo monga Virginia Declaration of Rights ndi kuphatikizapo malingaliro ovomerezeka a Kutseguka kwa Chidziŵitso. Jefferson pambuyo pake anafotokoza kuti "sanayesetse kuyambitsa malingaliro a atsogoleri kapena a malingaliro. Mmalomwake, anayembekezera mawu ake kukhala "kutsendereza maganizo a Amereka".

Pogwiritsira ntchito zikalata, zonga ngati Chilengezo cha Virginia of Rights, boma ndi cha kumaloko chimafuna ufulu, ndi kulembedwa kwake kwa malamulo a Virginia, Jefferson analemba mawu ochititsa chidwi a kuyenera kwa atsamundawo kupandukira boma la Britain ndi kukhazikitsa maziko awoawo pa lingaliro lakuti anthu onse anapangidwa olingana ndi ufulu wosasinthika wa moyo, ufulu, ndi kulondola chimwemwe.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Kulera Ana

, mamembala ena a komiti yoikidwa kupanga chikalatacho, ndi Congress "mphinding" polemba chilengezo chake, kuphatikizapo masinthidwe asanu ndi atatu , amene anapangidwa ndi John Adams (1735-1826), Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790), mamembala ena a komiti yoikidwa kupanga chikalatacho, ndi Congress . Sanakondwere pamene Congress "ake adalemba mwa kudula ndi kusintha mawu ake ambiri osankhidwa mosamalitsa. Iye anadandaula kwambiri kuti anachotsa mbali yoimba Mfumu George III chifukwa cha malonda a akapolo, ngakhale kuti anadziŵa kuti nthaŵi inali yoyenera kuchita ndi nkhaniyo.

Pa July 2, 1776, Nyumba ya Malamulo inavomereza chikalatacho pa July 2, 1776, ndipo inavomerezedwa ndi bungwe lachiŵiri la Congress Congress, limene linasonkhana ku Pennsylvania State House, limene pambuyo pake linatchedwanso Nyumba ya Chipulumutso, mumzinda wa Philadelphia.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Malinga a Chisinthiko a Amereka

Chilango Chachiŵiri Chotchuka

Chikalata chachiŵiri, "Tikuwona kuti choonadi chimenechi n’chodzionekera, kuti anthu onse analengedwa olingana, kuti Mlengi wawo anawapatsa Ufulu wakutiwakuti, kuti pakati pa izi pali Moyo, Ufulu ndi kufunafuna Chimwemwe, amaonedwa kukhala chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi zotchuka m'mbiri ya dziko. Mawu ameneŵa anatsutsa nzeru zapamwamba za anthu ndi kusintha nthanthi yandale kukhala maziko enieni a mtundu watsopano.

Lingaliro la zoyenera zosalandirika . Zoyenera zimene sizingachotsedwe kapena kusiyidwa, zinaimira kutha kwa ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko wofala panthaŵiyo. Mmalo mwa kupatsidwa kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu kapena mwaŵi wa choloŵa, Chikalatacho chinatsimikiza kuti ulamuliro wa boma umachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa ndipo ulipo kuti utetezere zoyenera za anthu.

Ufulu wa Zachilengedwe ndi Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizana ndi Khalidwe la Anthu

Chikalatacho chinanena kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siinakhale ndi ulamuliro pa mayiko onsewo ndiponso kuti George III anapitirizabe kuswa pangano limene iye mwiniyo anali nalo monga bwanamkubwa ndi anthu a ku America.

Chilengezocho, m'kugwirizana kwake kodabwitsa, chimatipatsa ife chowonadi chowonekera chimene chimapanga maziko a kuyenera kwa kusintha ndi kukhoza kwa kupanga maboma atsopano ogwirizana ndi chivomerezo chofala. Chigwirizano cha filosofi chimenechi chinakhazikitsa kuti pamene boma lilephera kutetezera zoyenera za nzika zake, anthuwo ali ndi kuyenera komanso thayo la kusintha kapena kuchotsa boma ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro watsopano.

Tanthauzo Lokhalako la Kulingana

Pamene Jefferson analemba kuti "anthu onse alengedwa olingana" m'mawu oyamba a Chilengezocho, iye sanali kulankhula za kufanana kwa munthu mmodzi. Chimene anatanthauza kwenikweni chinali chakuti atsamunda a America, monga anthu, anali ndi ufulu umodzimodzi wa kudzilamulira monga anthu ena, ndipo chotero anakhoza kulengeza ufulu, kupanga maboma atsopano ndi kutenga malo awo "ogaŵana ndi ofanana" pakati pa mitundu ina.

Komabe, pambuyo pa kupambana kwa chipandukocho, Aamereka anayamba kuŵerenga mawu otchuka amenewo mwanjira ina. Tsopano anakhala ndemanga ya kulingana kwa munthu aliyense ndi chiŵalo chilichonse cha gulu losalandira ndalama zimene zingadzidzifunire yekha.

Chiyambukiro Chamwamsanga cha Ndale ndi Nkhondo

Kuteteza Maunansi a Kunja

Mwa kudzinenera iwo eni kukhala dziko lodziimira, atsamunda a ku America anakhoza kutsimikizira kugwirizana kwalamulo ndi Boma la France ndi kupeza chithandizo cha Chifalansa m’nkhondo yolimbana ndi Great Britain. Chikalatacho chinali chochititsa kuvomereza United States ndi maboma achilendo aubwenzi.

Chikalatachi chinali chogwirizana ndi mayiko, cholunjikitsidwa ku "Mphamvu za Dziko Lapansi" kuti asungitse zida zawo zankhondo ndi zamalonda kaamba ka chochititsa Great Britain . Chinatsimikizira maulamuliro omwe alipo ku Ulaya kuti, kupandukira kwawo Briteni, United States yongolengezedwa chatsopanoyo sidzasokoneza dongosolo la maiko omwe alipo koma kufutukula, kuyang'anira mabungwe atsopano otulukira ku nyanja ya Atlantic.

Chikalatachi chikanalephera kuchititsa kuti anthu oukira boma ayambe kuchita zionetsero zovomerezeka za mayiko osiyanasiyana, zomwe zikanathandiza kuti mayiko ambiri a padziko lonse agwirizane.

Kugwirizanitsa Chochititsa Chisinthiko

Zonulirapo zapanthaŵi yomweyo — lingaliro lokulirapo la kugwirizana pakati pa oukira ndi kupeza ogwirizana achilendo — zinafikiridwa, koma zonulirapo zatsopano zakhala zogwirizana ndi Chilengezo cha Ufulu Wadziko. Chikalatacho chinapereka chifuno chimodzi ndi kugawana chizindikiritso cha maiko khumi ndi atatuwo, kuthandizira kupanga chizindikiritso chogwirizana cha Amereka kuchokera ku nzika zosiyanasiyana za atsamunda.

Anthu amene anasintha maganizo pa nkhani ya ufulu wodzilamulira atafalikira, anthu oukira boma anakondwerera zimenezi pamene anthu okhulupirika ankaona kuti ndi chinyengo.

Kusintha Boma la America ndi Kukula kwa Lamulo

Kuchokera pa Chilengezo Kufikira ku Lamulo

Chikalatacho, pogwirizana kwake kodabwitsa, chimatipatsa choonadi chowonekera chimene chimapanga maziko a kuyenera kwa kusintha ndi kukhoza kwa kupanga maboma atsopano ogwirizana ndi chivomerezo chotchuka. Malamulo ameneŵa anasonkhezera mwachindunji kuyambika kwa boma la America logwirizana ndi malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chikalatacho chokhacho sichili ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, malingaliro ake anaumba Konsichushoni ndi Bill of Rights yomwe inatsatira.

Abrahamu Lincoln anaona Chikalatacho kukhala muyezo wa makhalidwe umene United States ayenera kuyesetsa kutsatira, ndipo anaona kuti chinali mawu a mfundo zimene malamulo a m’Chilamulo ayenera kumasulira.

Ndilo lonjezo la kufanana limene lakhala likulongosola chiphunzitso chathu chalamulo. Kulimbana pakati pa zolinga zapamwamba za Chikalatacho ndi kuwona kwa chitaganya cha America [1] kuphatikizapo kukhalapo kwa ukapolo ndi kuchotsedwa kwa akazi ndi eni ake opanda ntchito kuchokera ku kutengamo mbali kwa ndale zadziko . Kusintha kwa ndale zadziko kwa Amereka kukhoza kusonkhezera chitukuko cha ndale zadziko m’zaka mazana zotsatira.

Kuwonjezera Chigamulo cha Demokalase

Nkhondo itatha, pamene maiko atsopanowo analemba malamulo awoawo — njira yofunika tsopano imene anakana ulamuliro wa Britain — ambiri anachepetsa zopinga kukhala zosankha za anthu aufulu, achiyera. tsopano anali okhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu m’njira imene anthu awo anali kuyendera. Zimenezi zinasonyeza kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa kutengamo mbali kwa demokalase poyerekezera ndi nthaŵi za ulamuliro watsamunda, ngakhale kuti zinakhala zochepetsedwa ndi miyezo yamakono.

Ku New Jersey, akazi ndi anthu aufulu a mu Afirika anakhozanso kuvota kwa zaka zoposa 30, ngakhale kuti iwo, mofanana ndi amuna achiyera m’boma lawo, anafunikira kukhala ndi mlingo wakutiwakuti wa katundu wochitira tero. Kufufuza koyambiriraku ndi kufukula kokulira, ngakhale kuti potsirizira pake kunabwerera, anasonyeza kuthekera kwa Chikalatacho kusonkhezera demokrase yowonjezereka.

Mabungwe Odziimira paokha Padziko Lonse

Nyengo ya Kuukira

Chilengezo ndi Chipanduko cha America chinathetsa Nyengo ya Kusintha. The American Revolution inali yoyamba m’kusintha kwa ndale zadziko kotsatizana kuzungulira dziko lonse, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka pakati pa zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, limene linagwedeza maufumu a monarchy ndi maufumu kuzungulira dziko lonse ndi kuyamba kuwaloŵa mmalo ndi maboma oimira.

Monga chilengezo choyamba chachipambano cha kudziimira paokha m’mbiri ya dziko, chitsanzo chake chinathandiza kusonkhezera magulu osaŵerengeka a kudziimira, kudzisankhira, ndi kusintha pambuyo pa 1776. Chikalatacho chinasonyeza kuti anthu autsamunda angatokose mwachipambano maulamuliro a boma ndi kukhazikitsa mitundu yawo yozikidwa pa malamulo a kudzilamulira ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Kuukira kwa ku France ndi Chiyambukiro cha Ulaya

Atsogoleri ambiri a Chipanduko cha ku France anasirira Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha koma analinso okondweretsedwa ndi malamulo a boma latsopano la America. Chilengezo cha Chifrenchi cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa Nzika (1789) chinatuluka makamaka m’zifukwa za Kusintha kwa America. Lafayette anakonzekera zolemba zake zazikulu, akumagwirira ntchito pafupi kwambiri ku Paris ndi bwenzi lake Thomas Jefferson.

Chimodzi cha zochititsa zazikulu za Kusintha kwa Falansa chinali ngongole yaikulu imene France anatenga kuthandiza kulipirira Chipanduko cha America, chimene chinasokoneza ufumu wa a romal . Chotero, Kusintha kwa America kunasonkhezera France ponse paŵiri malingaliro ndi chuma, kuthandizira ku chimodzi cha zipwirikiti zandale zapadera koposa m'mbiri.

Abrand, Chikalatachi chinathandiza kwambiri pa mikangano yoyambitsa chipanduko cha ku France (1789). Malamulo a chikalatachi a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ulamuliro wotchuka anakhudza kwambiri nzeru za Afalansa ndi oukira ofuna kulanda ufumu wawo weniweni.

Magulu Odziimira paokha ku Latin America

Ilo linalimbikitsa Antonio de Nariño ndi Francisco de Miranda kuyesayesa kugonjetsa ufumu wa Spanya ku South America, ndipo linagwidwa mawu ndi chikondwerero ndi marquis de Mirabeau mkati mwa Kusintha kwa Chifrenchi. Ku Spanish-America, kufalitsa ndi kufalitsa Chikalata cha Chikalata ndi zikalata zina zosinthasintha zinthu zina zinaletsedwa. Ngakhale zinali choncho, chinatembenuzidwa m’Chisipanishi ndipo chinapitiriza kufalikira.

Nkhondo ya ku Spain yolimbana ndi chisoti chachifumu cha Spain ya m’zaka za m’ma 1700, koma kupambana kwa zigaŵenga ku United States ndi Haiti polimbana ndi maboma a boma kunathandiza kuti dziko la Brazil likhale lodzilamulira lokha.

Anthu ena a ku Spain oukira boma anathaŵira ku Philadelphia, popita kumeneko kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1790. Pothaŵa kuikidwa m’ndende kapena kuphedwa ndi asilikali a ku Spain, anthu oukirawo anaona Philadelphia monga chizindikiro cha kulanda dziko ndi kudziimira. Mzindawu unakhala maziko a ntchito youkira boma ndi kufalitsa malingaliro a kudziimira paokha m’mayiko onse a ku America.

Kusintha kwa Dziko la Haiti

Pakati pa zoyesayesa za L'Ouverture, Dessalines, ndi atsogoleri ena, Haiti anakhazikitsidwa monga dziko lodziimira lokha, la Black lokhala ndi malo otetezeka ku America. Haiti anachotsa ukapolo mu 1793 ndi kukhala boma lodziimira mu 1804. Chipanduko cha Haiti chinaimira kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa malamulo a Chikalatacho, monga anthu ogwidwa ukapolo anamenyera ufulu wawo ndi ufulu wawo.

Chipanduko cha ku Haiti chinathandiza kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro lakuti demokrase iyenera kuphatikizapo aliyense.

Magulu Odziimira paokha M’zaka za M’ma 1900

Hû Chí Minh's 1945 Vietnam Declaration of Independent, yolembedwa mothandizidwa ndi C.I.A. yogwira ntchito, inatsegulidwa ndi "mawu osafa" kuchokera ku Chilengezo cha 1776: "Anthu onse alengedwa olingana. Iwo apatsidwa ndi Mlengi wawo ndi ufulu wosiyana, pakati pa izi ndi Moyo, Liberty, ndi kufunafuna Chimwemwe. HÓ anasintha ndi kufotokoza mawuwo: "M’lingaliro lalikulu, njira iyi: Anthu onse a dziko lapansi ali olingana kuchokera ku ku kubadwa, anthu onse ali ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi moyo, kukhala ndi chimwemwe ndi ufulu.

Zowonadi zowonekera za mwini za ndime yachiŵiri ya Chilengezocho sizinaonekere m'chisonyezero cha Flemish chimenechi ndipo sizikapezeka m'zolengezo zambiri za kudziimira zofalitsidwa pa dziko lonse m’zaka mazana aŵiri zotsatira. Uchifumu wa maboma, monga momwe wasonyezedwera m'ndime zoyambirira ndi zomalizira za American Declaration, unali uthenga waukulu wa anthu ena kupyola America amene anawumva m’kalatayo pambuyo pa 1776.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni wa ku America

Gulu la Ofuna Kudzisunga

Magulu oletsa ndi otsutsa ukapolo nawonso analozera mawu a Chikalatacho, monga momwe anachitira pambuyo pake m'Chikalata cha Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe. Kulimbana pakati pa chikalatacho chakuti "anthu onse alengedwa olingana" ndi kukhalapo kwa ukapolo ku America kunapatsa oletsawo chida champhamvu chophera nzeru.

Chilengezo cha kudziimira paokha chinakwaniritsa zolinga zake zandale ndi zankhondo, koma chinachitanso kanthu kena: chinapereka lingaliro lomveka bwino, kuchokera kwa ena mwa anthu otchuka a m'maiko atsopanowo, kuti anthu amene anakanizidwa kulowa m'malo a anthu kufuna ufulu wachibadwidwe. Chotsatirachi chosayembekezeredwa chikakhala chimodzi mwa ziyambukiro zazikulu za nthaŵi yaitali za Chikalatacho.

Gulu la Akazi la Ufulu Wawo

Kupondereza akazi ndi magulu a akazi adalira pa Chikalata cha ufulu kuchirikiza zofuna zawo za kufanana pansi pa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, opezeka pa Seneca Falls Convention ya mu 1848 anapanga Chikalata cha Kutumiza Malamulo chomwe chinakhala ndi chitsanzo, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chofanana ndi chimenechi, kuyambika kwa Declaration of Independetion.

Akazi onga Abigayeli Adams anamvetsetsa mawu akuti "amuna onse analengedwa olingana" kukhala olingana ndi anthu onse, amuna ndi akazi mofanana. Kumasulira kumeneku kunatsutsa lingaliro lofala lakuti malonjezo a Chilengezowo amagwira ntchito kwa amuna okha, ndipo chinakhazikitsa maziko kaamba ka nkhondo yanthaŵi yaitali kaamba ka kulimba mtima kwa akazi ndi kuyenera kolingana.

M’zaka za m’ma 1900 Anthu Ofuna Kusunga Ufulu wa Anthu

Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1950 ndi 1960 chinagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chinenero ndi malamulo. Atsogoleri onga Martin Luther King Jr . mobwerezabwereza anachonderera lonjezo la Chikalata la kulingana kuti asonyeze kusiyana pakati pa mfundo za ku America ndi kusiyanitsa mafuko. Chikalatacho chinapereka ulamuliro wa makhalidwe abwino kuti America akwaniritse malamulo ake okhazikitsidwa.

Mawu ena a chilengezocho akhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu kwambiri ku United States, makamaka chilengezo chakuti, "Timaona kuti choonadi chimenechi n’chowonekera, kuti anthu onse analengedwa olingana, kuti Mlengi wawo ali ndi ufulu wina wake, kuti pakati pa izi pali moyo, ufulu ndi kulondola chimwemwe. Ngakhale kuti tanthauzo la mawu ameneŵa, limodzi ndi zigamulo zotengedwa kwa iwo, zakhala zikutsutsana, chilengezocho chakhala cholungamitsira kuwonjezera ulamuliro wa Amereka ndi wa democracy.

Maziko a Chilengezocho

Kuunikiridwa

Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Kudziimira paokha chimatchula zambiri za nthanthi za Kutseguka kwa Chidziŵitso, kapena malingaliro, zimene zinali zotchuka panthaŵiyo. Zina mwa izi zimaphatikizapo John Locke’s chachibadwa, Thomas Hobbes's pangano la mayanjano, ndi ulamuliro wotchuka wa Jean Jacques Rousseau. Ziphunzitso zimenezi za filosofi zinapereka maziko anzeru a mawu osintha a Chikalatacho.

Mu 1922, wolemba mbiri Carl L. Becker analemba kuti, "Aamereka ambiri anatengera ntchito ya Locke monga mtundu wa uthenga wabwino wandale; ndipo Chilengezo, m’mpangidwe wake, chimatsatira mosamalitsa mawu ena m'nkhani yachiŵiri ya Locke pa boma". Pamene akatswiri atsutsa za ukulu wa zisonkhezero zosiyanasiyana, Chikalatacho mwachiwonekere chinaganiziridwa kukhala chikalata cha ndale zadziko chogwira ntchito.

Chilamulo cha Padziko Lonse ndi Ulamuliro

Wolemba mbiri David Armitage watsutsa kuti Chikalatacho chinasonkhezeredwa mwamphamvu ndi de Vattel’s The Law of Nations, buku lalikulu la malamulo a mitundu yonse la nyengoyo, ndi buku limene Benjamin Franklin ananena kuti linali "lomwe linali m’manja mwa mamembala a Nyumba yathu ya Malamulo". Armitage analemba kuti, "Vattel anapanga ufulu wodziimira pa mafotokozedwe ake a boma"; chotero, cholinga chachikulu cha Chikalatacho chinali "kulongosola ulamuliro wa dziko lonse wa United States".

Ukulu wa malamulo apadziko lonse umenewu umanyalanyazidwa kaŵirikaŵiri koma unali wofunika kwambiri ku chifuno cha Chikalatacho. Ngati United States ikanakhala ndi chiyembekezo chirichonse cha kuvomerezedwa ndi maulamuliro a ku Ulaya, oukira a ku America choyamba anayenera kutsimikizira kuti sanalinso odalira Great Britain. Chikalatacho chinakwaniritsa zimenezi mwa kulankhula chinenero cha mayiko onse ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa America wa kutenga malo ake pakati pa maiko olamulira.

Chikalatacho Chimatsutsa Zochita ndi Zolephera

Vuto la Ukapolo

Malamulo oyambirira, mosiyana, anaphatikiza mapangano a ndale zadziko omwe anavomereza malo alamulo a ukapolo m'boma ndi kupangitsa boma kukhala ndi thayo lakuchirikiza "bungwe lapadera". Monga momwe mnzake wapamtima Don Fehrenbach ananenera, Konsichushoni inali yoloŵetsedwa kwambiri m'kukhazikitsa "Republic ya akapolo" imene inatetezera ukapolo m’njira zovuta kufikira mu 1861.

Kutsutsana kowonekera pakati pa chilengezo cha Chikalatacho chakuti "amuna onse analengedwa olingana" ndi kukhalapo kwa ukapolo ku America kwakhala magwero a mkangano ndi kusuliza chiyambire 1776. Jefferson iyemwini anali ndi anthu aukapolo, monga momwe anachitira ambiri a osaina Chikalata. Chinyengo chimenechi chikavutitsa chitaganya cha America ndipo pomalizira pake chikathandizira ku Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni.

Tsoka lenileni linali kulephera kwa kukonzanso ndi kubuka kwa Jim Crow kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 kumene kunatenga zaka makumi ambiri kulanda. Umenewo unali mwaŵi waukulu wa lamulo umene Aamereka analephera kuuzindikira, mwinamwake chifukwa chakuti zaka zinayi za Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi zaka khumi za kulanda nkhondo kwa ku Southernor zinafooketsa lingaliro la anthu. Ngakhale tsopano, ngati muyang’ana nkhani za kupondereza ofufuza, tikulimbanabe ndi zotulukapo zake.

Kuchotsedwa kwa Akazi ndi Antchito Osafuna Kudzilamulira

Chikalata chotsimikizira kuti anthu onse afunika kukhala ofanana ndi amuna okha. Akazi, akapolo, Eni America, ndiponso ngakhale amuna omasuka opanda katundu sanalowerere nawo mokwanira ndale. Olemba Chikalatachi sanagwirizane kuti kaya, kuti, kodi, kapena pamene mfundozo ziyenera kugwira ntchito kwa anthu a m’magulu osiyana ndi awo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zachikalatachi mopereŵera kunasonyeza zinthu zenizeni za kakhalidwe ndi ndale za m’zaka za zana la 18, komanso kunayambitsa njira yofutukukira m’tsogolo. Mpata wa Chilengezo cha padziko lonse ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kochepa koyambirira kunayala maziko a magulu otsatizana ofuna kuti alowetsedwe m’malo olonjeza kuti adzalingana.

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Chikalatacho

Chikalata Cholembedwa ndi Makedzana

Mosiyana ndi zolembedwa zambiri za mbiri yakale zimene zimakhala zotsala za m’nthaŵi yawo, Chikalatachi chakhala chothandiza ndiponso champhamvu kwa zaka pafupifupi 250.

Olembawo anapanga chinthu chimene chinali ndi anthu osayembekezereka, ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka zimene zikamvedwa m'nyengo ya chisinthiko ndi kumbuyo kwake. Mphamvu ya Chilengezo imakhala mbali imodzi m’chinenero chake chapadziko lonse, chimene chinalola mibadwo yotsatira kumasulira ndi kufutukula tanthauzo lake kuti ziphatikizepo magulu omwe poyamba sanalipo.

Chiyambukiro cha Padziko Lonse pa Ufulu Waumunthu

Aamereka ambiri awona Chikalatacho kukhala chikalata cha ufulu wawo kwa "Mofe, Liberty, ndi Kufunafuna Chimwemwe". Mosiyana ndi, ambiri a awo omwe sali ku United States atenga kukhala chikalata cha ufulu wawo waunyinji kupanga "Anthu amodzi," kuukira maulamuliro akunja, kuchotsa maufumu, ndipo potsirizira pake kupanga maufumu odziimira.

Palibe chikalata cha ku America chimene chakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu padziko lonse kuposa Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pa Okha. Chakhala chofunika kwambiri m’mbiri ya Amereka kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuposa malemba ena alionse chifukwa chinali choyambirira kugwiritsira ntchito dzina lakuti "United States of America" m’lingaliro limeneli, Chikalatacho chinali chikalata cholembera kubadwa cha dziko la America.

Chikalatachi chidakali chotchuka kwambiri m'mbiri chifukwa chinali ndi mawu oyamba a anthu onse amene ali ndi ufulu wawo wosankha boma. Mfundo imeneyi yasonkhezera magulu a kudziimira paokha ndi kusintha kwa demokalase padziko lonse, kupanga Chikalatacho kukhala chimodzi cha zikalata zandale zotchuka kwambiri m’mbiri.

Kubwereranso

Chikalatachi chikupitiriza kuumba nkhani zandale za ku America ndi kudziwika kwake m’zaka za zana la 21. Kutsutsana pa nkhani za kusamuka, ufulu wa anthu, chilungamo cha zachuma, ndi ntchito yoyenera ya boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa mfundo zachikalatacho. Zipani zandale kuzungulira dziko lonselo zimavomereza kuti Chikalatacho n’chopangika, kumasulira mawu ake kuti zichirikize zolinga zake.

Chilengezo cha American Declaration sichinaonekere konse mu 1776 koma lingaliro lapadziko lonse limasonyeza mphamvu yake yosintha zinthu m’zaka mazana zotsatira. Chiyambukiro cha chikalatacho chimakhudza kwambiri kuposa zimene olemba ake akanalingalira, chikupitirizabe kusonkhezera magulu a ufulu, kulingana, ndi kudzisankhira padziko lonse.

Chilengezo Chomwe Chili Chitsanzo kwa Mitundu Ina

Kuyambitsa Mchitidwe Watsopano wa Zandale

N’zovuta kuona mtundu watsopano wandale, koma Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha chinali chatsopano kwambiri. Panakhala zipanduko ndi zipanduko pamaso pa a m’ma 1770, ndipo okonza chilengezocho anali kudziŵa bwino lomwe za zochitika za ku Ulaya monga Chilengezo cha Dutch cha m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri.

Komabe, "kudalira pa chinthu china" chinali phindu lachilendo la ndale zadziko mu ma 1770, kaya likhale lokhudza anthu kapena kunena: kutchuka kwa kudziimira m’mbiri m’lingaliro limeneli kwakukulukulu kuli chotulukapo cha chisonkhezero cha dziko lonse. Chikalatacho chinakhazikitsa njira imene mitundu ina idzatsatira pofuna kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wawo ndi kudziimira.

Armitage ananena kuti Chikalatacho chinali choyamba m’chikalata chatsopano cholengeza za kulengedwa kwa maboma atsopano. Chilengezo chatsopano chimenechi cha ndale zadziko cha kudziimira pawekha, chinakhala chida chozoloŵereka kwa anthu ofuna kukhazikitsa mitundu yawoyawo.

Kusinthasintha kwa Chitsanzo cha ku America

Zilengezo zimenezi zinabwereza Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha cha United States polengeza za ufulu wa boma latsopano, popanda kuvomereza nthanthi ya ndale zadziko ya Chilengezo choyambirira. Maiko ena agwiritsira ntchito Chilengezocho monga chouziridwa kapena akopa zigawo mwachindunji kuchokera ku icho.

Mayiko osiyanasiyana anasintha kapangidwe ka Chikalatacho ndi chinenero mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yawo. Zina zinagogomezera ufulu wa onse ndi ulamuliro wa dziko, pamene ena anasumika maganizo pa ufulu wa munthu ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase. Kusintha kwa malamulo a Chikalatacho kunalola kuti chifotokozedwenso ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’zochitika zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe ndi ndale.

Kuvutika Pomasulira ndi Kusintha Chikhalidwe

Zovuta Kulankhula Ndiponso Kuganiza Bwino

Matembenuzidwe a Chitchaina a Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha sanafalitsidwe kufikira mu 1901. "Lingaliro la ufulu wachibadwidwe lakhala losakhazikika ku malingaliro a Chitchaina, wotembenuza Frank Li. "Kuyenera kwa Chikhalidwe ndi ufulu wa anthu linali mawu omwe sakapezeka m'nyanja yaikulu ya ndale zadziko, zachikhalidwe, zafilosofi ndi zolembalemba. Komabe, pa zochitika zachilendo, liwu lakuti ‘ ufulu' (inu) linagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’ndakatulo ndi mabuku ena kusonyeza mkhalidwe wosagwirizana ndi .

Chitokoso cha kutembenuza Chikalatacho chimasonyeza mmene mfundo zake zinalili zochokera ku miyambo ina yachizungu.

Mafotokozedwe a Zikhalidwe ndi Chipembedzo

Katswiri Joaquim Olra analingalira kuti, "Kuti Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha sikunali kutembenuzidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'Chispanya chingakhale chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Wina angakhale Jefferson kuphatikizidwa kwa 'kulandira Chimwemwe' pakati pa ufulu wosasinthika,' umene umatsutsana ndi kumvetsetsa kwa Chispanya kwa chiphunzitso cha Chikatolika cha chimwemwe, popeza kuti nthaŵi zonse ichi chinalingaliridwa kukhala chofikirika m'dziko lina lokhalo".

Zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndi chipembedzo zinamasulira mfundo zachikalatachi kudzera m'njira zawo. Zimene zinkaoneka ngati zikuonekera kwa anthu a ku America omwe anali ozama kwambiri m’nthano ya Chizindikiro zinafuna mafotokozedwe ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zina. Kumasulira ndi kumasuliranso kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti Chikalatachi chimalimbikitsa dziko lonse lapansi ndiponso kuti n’chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Chikalata cha Zikumbukiro ndi Chikhalidwe cha ku America

M’mwezi wa July 4 ndi Dziko Lonse

Pamene tiyang'ana pa njira zimene Chikalatacho chagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa masiku ake achikumbutso chapita , ndi gulu la ufulu wa akazi, lopangidwa ndi anthu aufulu a Black ndi akapolo . Tikhoza kuona kufunika kwa kusunga Lachinayi la July monga tsiku la kubadwa. Nkofunika kuzindikira osati kachitidwe ka kudziimira kokha komanso mawu ofotokoza kachitidweko, chifukwa chakuti adasinthanso mbadwo uliwonse kuyambira 1776.

Chikondwerero chachinayi cha July chakhala choposa chikumbutso cha ufulu wa ku Britain. Chili chikumbutso cha pachaka cha malamulo ofotokozedwa m’Chikalatacho ndi mwaŵi wa kulingalira za mmene America wakhalira mogwirizana ndi zolinga zimenezo. Tchuthichi chimatsimikizira kuti ndi dziko lawo ndipo chimapereka mwambo wa chikhalidwe chimodzi kwa Aamereka a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

Chikalata Cholembedwa

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha chikusonyezedwa poyera mu Rotunda wa National Archives ku Washington, DC. Chikalata chowoneka ndi masocho chakhala chopatulika cha demokrase ya Amereka, chikumakopa mamiliyoni a alendo amene amabwera kudzawona zikopa zenizeni za khungu zimene malamulo okhazikitsidwa a mtunduwo analembedwapo.

Kusungidwa ndi kusonyezedwa kwa Chikalata choyambirira cha Chikalatacho kumasonyeza kuti chinalembedwa monga cholembedwa cha maziko cha chizindikiritso cha Amereka.

Kumaliza: Chikalata Chimene Chinasintha Dziko

Chilengezo cha kudziimira paokha chinasintha America ndi dziko m’njira zimene zikupitirizabe kuchitika pafupifupi zaka 250 pambuyo pa kutengedwa kwake. Chinakhazikitsa United States monga mtundu wodziimira, kukhazikitsa malamulo achilendo a ufulu wa anthu ndi kudziimira, ndi kupereka njira ya magulu a kudziimira padziko lonse. Chikalatachi chimanena kuti anthu onse alengedwa olingana ndi opatsidwa ufulu wosasinthika chasonkhezera nkhondo zosaŵerengeka za ufulu, chilungamo, ndi kulingana.

Chikalatachi chimakhudza kwambiri kuposa cholinga chake cha ndale. Chinaumba kupangidwa kwa malamulo a dziko la America, kusintha kwa zinthu padziko lonse, ndipo chinapereka zipolopolo zopanda chifukwa kwa magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe ofuna kuwonjezera lonjezo la kulingana. Malamulo ake agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi otsutsa ufulu wa anthu, ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi magulu odziimira paokha m’dziko lililonse.

Komabe Chikalatachi chikusonyezanso kuti pali kutsutsana kumene Amereka akulimbana nako. Kusiyana pakati pa chinenero chake chapadziko lonse ndi ufulu wake wochepa kwenikweni unafalikira kwa Aamereka ambiri pachiyambi chake chinayambitsa vuto limene lakhala likuchitika m'mbiri yonse ya America. Kulimbana kuti malonjezo a Chikalatacho akhale enieni kwa anthu onse kukupitirizabe.

Icho chinali kwenikweni cha makhalidwe abwino ndi chogwira ntchito m'zandale. Ngati kuyenera kwa kusintha sikungakhazikike pa maziko a mbiri yakale, komabe chimadalira zolimba pa makhalidwe abwino. Kuyenera kwa atsamunda kwa boma pomalizira pake kwa chosankha chawo nchogwira ntchito. Mphamvu yokhalitsa ya Chikalatacho iri m'kugwiritsira ntchito kwake mapulinsipulo amene amaposa mphindi yawo ya m'mbiri . "" maprincictle amene amapitirizabe kutokosa ndi kusonkhezera anthu ofuna ufulu ndi kudzisankhira zochita.

Pamene tisinkhasinkha za choloŵa cha Chikalatacho, timaona chikalata chimene chinasintha Amereka kosatha mwa kukhazikitsa osati chabe mtundu watsopano, komanso masomphenya atsopano a zimene boma lingakhale. Ilo linanenetsa kuti ulamuliro wandale umachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulira, kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa umene maboma ayenera kuulemekeza, ndi kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wosintha kapena kuchotsa maboma amene amalephera kuteteza ufuluwo. Ziganizo zimenezi zinasintha maganizo ndi zochita zandale padziko lonse.

Chilengezo cha kudziimira paokha chidakali chikalata chamoyo, tanthauzo lake lomwe limafotokozedwanso ndi kufutukulidwa ndi mibadwo yotsatira. Lonjezo lake la kufanana ndi ufulu likupitirizabe kusonkhezera awo ofuna chilungamo ndi ufulu, pamene kutsutsana kwake kukutikumbutsa kuti ntchito yomanga mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri siitha. M’lingaliro limeneli, chikalatacho sichingakhale chimene chinakwaniritsa mu 1776, koma chimene chikupitiriza kusonkhezera anthu kuti akwaniritse lerolino.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka chonena za Chilengezo cha Kudziimira, chezerani [[FLT: 0] National Archives kuti muŵerenge malemba onse, kapena kufufuza Libertary ya chionetsero cha Congress [ pa kulengedwa kwa chikalata ndi choloŵa. [FLT:] Constitution Center [[FLT:] [FLT] [5] imapereka chuma chachikulu pa mmene Chikalatacho chinakhudzira kutsungula kwa American, pamene [[FLT:] Gelderman Institute imapereka zothandizira pa ntchito za ntchito za chikalatacho m'mbiri ya Amerekani ndi chiyambukiro chake cha dziko lonse.