Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu (chodziŵikanso monga Chikalata cha Zamtendere cha Belfast), chosainidwa pa 10 April 1998, chimakhala chimodzi cha mapangano a mtendere osintha kwambiri a kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri. Sichinangotha zaka makumi atatu za chiwawa cha magulu odziŵika monga Mavuto komanso chinakhazikitsa maziko olimba otetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa ku Northern Ireland. Mosiyana ndi mtendere wambiri umene ukukhazikitsa kuletsa nkhondo, Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu chinamanga nyumba yokhalitsa yochitira kulingana, kuzindikira chikhalidwe, ndi kulamulira kotheratu. Nkhaniyi ikufotokozanso mmene panganolo limatetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa, chipembedzo, chikhalidwe, ndi chinenero cha anthu, chifukwa chake malamulo ake akupitirizabe kukhazikitsa anthu abwino ndi okhazikika lerolino.

Zimene Zinali Kuchitika pa Lachisanu

Kuti amvetsetse zoyenera za anthu ochepa a bungwe la Good Lachisanu Agreement, munthu ayenera choyamba kuzindikira magaŵano aakulu amene analipo ku Northern Ireland isanafike 1998. Mavuto (pafupifupi 1968-1988) anapha anthu oposa 3,500 m'nkhondo imene inaphana ndi Aprotesitanti ambiri omwe anali kugwirizana ndi Aprotestanti omwe anali kulamulidwa ndi Northern Ireland, omwe anafuna kukhalabe mbali ya United Kingdom . Iwo ankafuna kuti mayiko achikatolika akhale ogwirizana ku Ireland. Kusankhana mitundu ya Akatolika m’nyumba, ntchito, ndi apolisi kunasonkhezera gulu la ufulu wachibadwire kumapeto kwa zaka za 1960, zimene zinakumana ndi chiwawa ndi nkhondo za boma ndi nkhondo.

Panganolo linatuluka kuchokera ku nkhani zambiri zovomerezedwa ndi maboma a Britain ndi Ireland ndipo woimira wa United States, George Mitchell. Linavomerezedwa ndi mamejala kumbali zonse ziŵiri za malire: 71% ya ovota ku Northern Ireland ndi 94% ku Republic of Ireland. Mbali yaikulu inali lamulo la [FLT:] kuyera kwa ulemu [[FLT:].

Kuimira Mphamvu ndi Kuimira Ndale

Kupereka Chilango cha Anthu

Good Frive Augness inachita msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland ndi Wolamulira amene amagwira ntchito pa maziko a lamulo. Mmalo mwa dongosolo lamwambo lakale la zipiti zoyambirira kumene gulu lalikulu koposa limapanga boma, panganolo likufuna kuti malo apamwamba aperekedwe molingana ndi njira ya d'Hondt. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti magulu onse aŵiri a mgwirizano ndi ogwirizana aunionism . [1] kuphatikizapo magulu aang'ono a bungwe la communit . Palibe gulu limodzi limene lingalamulire lokha; mabungwe aakulu ndi a dzikolo ali osungidwa m'mapazikulu, pamodzi ndi magulu aang'ono.

Makonzedwe a mphamvu yosamalira madongosolo a ufulu wa anthu ochepa kwambiri. Imaletsa ambiri kuchotsa ochepa apadera pa kupanga zosankha za boma, chochitika chimene chinavutitsa Northern Ireland m'nyengo ya Tymont (1921-191972) pamene anthu ambiri ogwirizana analamulira magulu onse. Chipanganocho chinayambitsanso kuvota kotchedwa kuti mukhale anthu ogwirizana [kuphatikizana ndi gulu] pa nkhani zofunika, zofuna kuti onse aŵiri agwirizane ndi a mgwirizano ndi aunyinji wa dziko kapena oimira apamwamba olemera (60%) ndi anthu 40% alionse amene alipo. Oŵerengekawa akupereka gulu lamphamvu pa nkhani zimene zikukhudza ufuluwo ndi ufulu.

Kugwirizana Kuŵiri ndi Kumpoto kwa Kumpoto

Kupyola pa ulamuliro wa pakati, panganolo linakhazikitsa Msonkhano wa Utumiki wa Kumpoto ndi South, umene umasonkhanitsa atumiki kuchokera ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland kugwirizana pa madera onga ngati ulimi, zoyendera, thanzi, ndi maphunziro. Kwa anthu autundu ochepa . Amene amamva kugwirizana ndi Republic . Bungweli limapereka mgwirizano ndi chisumbu chonse, kuvomereza kuti Airishi ndi osagwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachiyani. Ogwirizanawo, anavomerezanso chiBritishian stage (Stra Wachitatu) kudzera m'mabungwe a British-Irish Council ndi British Iish Irish Intergation.

Kuteteza Chikhalidwe ndi Chipembedzo

Kuzindikira Miyambo Iŵiri Yaikulu

Chigawo cha Malo Oyenera kukhazikitsa ndi kukulitsa chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo cha anthu onse aŵiriwo. Mfundo 1 ya pangano la "Maluntha, Malo ndi Kulingana kwa Malo Odwa" imanena kuti maboma a Britain ndi Ireland adzakhazikitsa kufunika kwa ulemu, kuzindikira ndi kulolerana mogwirizana ndi mitundu ya zinenero" ndipo "adzachitapo kanthu mwamphamvu kuchirikiza chinenero, chikhalidwe ndi choloŵa cha anthu onse aŵiri . Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuchirikiza chinenero cha Ireland ndi Ulster Scot , limodzinso ndi kulemekeza miyambo ina yachipembedzo ya ponse paŵiri Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti.

Lamulo la Chinenero cha ku Ireland ndi Ufulu Wolankhula Chinenero

Imodzi ya mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za chitetezo chaching'ono ndi chilankhulo cha ku Ireland. Chikalata cha Good Friday Agreement chinadzipereka ku boma la Britain "kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu kuti lichirikize chinenero cha ku Ireland" ndi "kulimbikitsa" kugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, anthu a ku Ireland amene akulankhula (panokha koma osati okha autundu) anafuna malo a boma, kutsutsa kuti n’kofunika kuti anthu akhale ndi moyo. Pambuyo pa kutsutsana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa ndale, Udity ndi Language (Northern Ireland) Pambuyo pake anakhazikitsa lamulo lachiarishishi yachi ndi Mkulu wa chilankhulo cha Ireland kuteteza ufulu wa olankhula. Zimenezi zinathandizanso kuvomereza Ulsters monga chinenero chotetezedwa, kukwaniritsa pangano la zinenero za zinenero.

Madyerero ndi Zizindikiro Zachipembedzo

Makonzedwe a panganolo amafikiranso pa zochitika zachipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, lamulolo linatsimikizira kuti mabungwe a boma asamalira zosoŵa za chipembedzo za anthu onse aŵiri .Monga ngati nthaŵi yopuma pa maholide achipembedzo, makonzedwe a mautumiki a unsembe m’zipatala ndi m’ndende, ndi ulemu wa zizindikiro zachipembedzo m'malo a anthu onse. Prades Commission , yokhazikitsidwa pansi pa Public Processionssions (Northern Ireland) Act , kukhazikitsa madzolo a madzoma (kaŵiri ndi zipembedzo zogwirizana zolimba kapena miyambo) kuletsa kuopseza ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa kuti asakhale ndi moyo wopanda chiwembu.

Kutetezeredwa Mwalamulo ndi Mabungwe

Bungwe Loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku Northern Ireland

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu chija chinalamula kuti pakhale bungwe la ku Northern Ireland loona za ufulu wa anthu (NIHRC) monga bungwe lodziimira lokha kuti liyang'anire ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu. NIHRC ili ndi udindo wolangiza boma za kugwirizana kwa malamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi kugwirira ntchito ku Bungwe la ufulu wa anthu ku Northern Ireland (kulephera kulowa pansi pa dziko la Ireland). Bungweli ndilo mawu ofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ochepa, omwe amatulutsa malipoti a upandu, ntchito, thanzi la maganizo, ndi ufulu wa anthu osamukira ku Northern Ireland .

Ntchito Yokwaniritsa Dziko la Northern Ireland

Pambali pa NIHRC, panganolo linakhazikitsa bungwe la Kulinganiza la Northern Ireland (ECNI) kuti litsimikizire malamulo a kulingana ndi kutsutsa tsankho lachipembedzo, malingaliro andale, fuko, ubongo, msinkhu, ndi mkhalidwe wa kugonana. Maulamuliro a bungwelo akuphatikizapo kufufuza madandaulo, kufunsa, ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwalamulo. Kulenga kwake kunali kuvomereza mwachindunji tsankhu lamwambo lochitidwa ndi achikatolika ochepa m’zaka za zana la 20, koma tsopano kudalira kwake kumatetezera magulu onse opatukana, kuphatikizapo anthu a mafuko aang'ono ndi a LGBT+.

Chigawo 75 cha Chilamulo cha Northern Ireland 1998

Mwinamwake makonzedwe amodzi amphamvu koposa a ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndiwo Chigawo 75 cha Northern Ireland Act 1998, chimene chimagwira ntchito panganolo. Imaika ntchito yogwirizana pa akuluakulu onse a boma ku Northern Ireland kukhala ndi kufunika kwa kuchirikiza kulingana kwa mwaŵi pa magulu asanu ndi anayi, kuphatikizapo chipembedzo, malingaliro andale, ndi fuko. Imafunanso akuluakulu a boma kuchirikiza unansi wabwino pakati pa anthu a zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana zachipembedzo ndi malingaliro andale. Ntchito imeneyi imagwira ntchito ku bungwe lililonse la boma, bungwe la zaumoyo, ndi bungwe la anthu onse, kuyendera limodzi bwino lomwe likugwira ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Mfundo iliyonse iyenera kuyang'anizidwa kuti ikhudze pa magulu a anthu ochepa, kutsimikizira kuti bomalo silingathe kuchita zinthu mosazindikira kapena mwadala.

Kulingana ndi Kusagwirizana

Ntchito Yabwino ndi Malamulo Oyenera

Chikalata cha Malamulo a Chipangano Chabwino cha ntchito chokhazikitsidwa pa lamulo loyenera lakale lomwe linaletsa tsankho lachipembedzo kuntchito. Lamulo la Fair Working and Treatment (Northern Ireland) Lamulo 1998 linawonjezera chitetezo kubisa madera osagwira ntchito monga nyumba, maphunziro, ndi makonzedwe a katundu ndi mautumiki. Mabunala a Fair Procespect Tribunal anakhazikitsidwa kuti amve madandaulo. Monga chotulukapo chake, kusiyana kwa kusoŵa ntchito kwa Akatolika (kumene kunali kokulira kwambiri kuposa milingo ya Chiprotesitanti) kunasonyeza bwino lomwe kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa anthu ochepa.

Kusintha Zinthu

Chimodzi cha madera amene anapikisana kwambiri chinali chapolisi. Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) anali Aprotesitanti odabwitsa ndi osakhulupiriridwa kwambiri ndi ang'ono Achikatolika. Panganolo linatsogolera ku Patten Commission, yomwe inalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bungwe lonse lophunzitsa ufulu wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto a apolisi a Katolika anakwera kuchokera ku 8% ya Northern Ireland (PSNI) mpaka 30% lerolino, ndipo PI ANAYAMBA 50: Kulembetsa kwa Akatolika (kusintha kwapambuyo pake), kukhazikitsa Boma la Polishinali, ndi kukhazikitsa boma lophunzitsa ufulu wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto apolisi a Katolika adakalipo kuchokera ku 88% ya ku Northern Ireland (PNI) kupitirira 30% ya masiku ano, ndipo tsopano a PISN akuonedwa kukhala mmodzi mwa magulu a apolisi ambiri oŵerengera a UK.

Kukonza Zomangamanga Nyumba ndi Mayanjano

Chigwirizanocho chinalimbitsanso ntchito ya Northern Ireland Homed (NIHE), imene inapangidwa mu 1971 kuletsa kugawidwa kwa nyumba zopatulidwa ndi boma kumene kunasonkhezera gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe. NIHE amapatula nyumba za anthu pamaziko ofunikira, ndipo Chigawo 75 chimatsimikizira kuti magulu a mafuko ochepa, akazi othaŵa chiwawa chapanyumba, ndi anthu okhala ndi zolemala alibe vuto. Programme Yogwirizana ya Nyumba za Anthu ndi makonzedwe a kugaŵana ndalama ndi kugwirizanitsa anansi amasonyeza kudzipereka kwa kumanga kwa anthu odzipangika.

Chiyambukiro cha Chipangano Chabwino pa Ufulu Waung’ono Lachisanu

Kuchepetsa Chiwawa ndi Kuipidwa kwa Magulu

Chiyambukiro chowonekera kwambiri chakhala kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa chiwawa cha ndale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu ankhondo akupitirizabe kukangalika, chiŵerengero cha imfa chinatsika kuchokera pa 400 pachaka kuchiyambi kwa ma 1970 kufika pa madyungu amodzi pambuyo pa panganolo. Mosaopa kwambiri, anthu ochepa kwambiri . Ogwirizana a dziko m'madera a Chiprotesitanti kapena ogwirizana m'madera a Akatolika atha kuchita nawo zinthu momasuka kwambiri. Mapanganowo analolanso kumasulidwa kwa akaidi oyambirira ogwidwa ndi ndale zadziko, sitepe lina lotsutsana lomwe linachotsabe chopinga chachikulu ku mtendere.

Unansi Wopita Patsogolo wa Anthu ndi Kukambitsirana

Chigwirizano chinakhazikitsa kuchiritsa kupyolera mwa malo ndi kukambitsirana. [[FLT:] Community Relations Council inalimbikitsidwa kusungitsa maprojekiti aakulu a mtanda, ndi Ofesi ya Nduna Yoyamba ndi wachiŵiri wa Mtsogoleri Woyamba yachirikiza : Kumanga njira ya United Community. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kwalimbikitsa kumvetsetsa ndi kugwirizana pakati pa miyambo iŵiri yaikulu, limodzinso ndi anthu atsopano monga a ku Eastern Europe, madera a ku China ndi ku South Asia, ndi Aroma ndi anthu a ku . Mu Belfast, kukhazikitsa [FOL:] Projective project [F:5]

Mlanduwo Wosasweka wa Ufulu

Limodzi la malonjezo osakwaniritsidwa a Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu ndilo Bull of Rights for Northern Ireland lomwe lingakhale "losonyeza malamulo a kulemekezana ndi kulemekezana kwa anthu onse aŵiriwo ndi kupatsidwa ulemu. mobwerezabwereza bungwe la NIHRC lalimbikitsa lamulo loletsa ufulu wa anthu kuphatikizapo chitetezo chachindunji pa chinenero, chikhalidwe, ndi ufulu wa zachuma. Komabe, kusagwirizana kwa ndale pa nkhani zonga kuchotsa mimba, kulingana kwa ukwati, ndi ufulu wa anthu kwakhala kopanda lamulo la ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu, kutetezedwa ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu, zadalira pa kufanana kwa ufulu wa anthu umene ulipo ndi ufulu wa anthu, umene ukuyang'anizana ndi ufulu wandale.

Mavuto Amene Akupitirizabe Ndiponso Malangizo Am’tsogolo

Ngakhale kuti zipambano zake, makonzedwe a ufulu waung’ono wa pa Lachisanu sanathetse mavuto onse. Kugaŵana kwa magulu a anthu m’nyumba ndi maphunziro kumakhalabe kokwera . Oposa 90% a ana amaloŵa m'masukulu oletsedwa mwachipembedzo. Kuda upandu, makamaka kwa mafuko aang'ono ndi LGBT+ , kukukwera. Choloŵa cha Mavuto (mphindi, kusathetsedwa kwa kupha kwa magulu ankhondo) chikupitirizabe kugaŵanitsa madera, ndipo mabungwe andale akhala osakhazikika, ndi Msonkhano wolenjezedwa pakati pa 2002-2007 ndi 2017-2020. Kuwonjezera apo, malire a Bretik ikuli nkhani yotsutsana ndi kulinganiza kwa chigwirizano, monga momwe ikukhudzira ufulu wa dziko lonse ndi ufulu wa onse aŵiri ogwirizana.

Kumaliza

Chikalata cha Malamulo Abwino Lachisanu chidakalibe chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa ufulu wa anthu ochepa ku Northern Ireland. Chimachotsa njira ya ulamuliro wampatuko ndi ulamuliro wa ulamuliro, kulingana kwalamulo, ndi kutchuka kwa chikhalidwe. Chimakhazikitsa mabungwe amphamvu kuti atsanthe apolisi ndi kulimbikitsa kuphatikizidwa, ndipo chinapereka mawu kwa anthu amene analetsedwa kwa mibadwo yambiri. Ngakhale kuti si angwiro, kugwirizanako ndiko kudalirana kwa moyo . Kulimbana kumene kumapitirizabe kukonza nkhani za chinenero, kuzindikiritsa, ndi kufanana kwake. Pamene Northern Ireland ikuyang'anira mavuto a Prest-Brinkit, malamulo a Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu, kudalirana kwa mwayi, ndi ulemu chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa anthu ambiri, nkofunika kwambiri kuposa kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wa anthu onse akunja la anthu akunjalo, ndi kulingana.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani nduna ya Ofesi ya Ufulu wa Kulamulira ku Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu , Commission ya Zaufulu wa Anthu ya ku Northern Ireland [FLT :3], ndi [[FLT:] Commission ya Northern Ireland [[FL:5].