Chiyambi: Zimene Zimachitika M’nyengo Yogwiritsa Ntchito Masamu

. Kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, makonzedwe ameneŵa akhala otetezera boma mwalamulo. Komabe kusintha kwa makompyuta kwayambitsa mafunso atsopano: Kodi njira yoyendera imagwira ntchito pamene kuyang'anira kuchitika m'nthaŵi yeniyeni? Kodi ndi chitetezo chotani chimene boma liyenera kukhala nacho lisanafikire maimelo, ndandanda ya malo, kapena kufunafuna mbiri yakale? Mafunsowa ayamba kukhudzana ndi malamulo alamulo, luso la zopangapanga, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene makhoti amasulirira dongosolo la Claus pa nkhani za makompyuta ndi zachinsinsi.

Zimene Zimachitika Akamayambitsa Chidwi

Kuzindikira mmene njira yoyenerera kuyang’anira imagwirira ntchito, munthu ayenera choyamba kuzindikira mipambo yake iŵiri. Project yoyenerera ikufuna kuti boma litsatire njira zoyenerera asanamanize munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso, mpata woti amvedwe, ndi chosankha chochitidwa ndi wopanga mbali ziŵiri. Kachitidwe kabwino kofunikira [ kangaletsekereza boma kuti lisanyalanyaze ufulu waukulu wa madongosolo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito, pokhapo ngati ntchitoyo ikhala yosafunika kukwaniritsa chikondwerero cholamulira. M’lamulo, zonse ziŵirizo n’zoyenerera. Kusonkhanitsa kwa ntchito ya chidziŵitso cha mwini mwini mwiniwake (kudzifunira chiwonetseketso) kapena chiwonetseke cha chika cha lamulo. Ngati zikufunika kugamula kuti chigamuke kuti chichitike.

M'mbiri, njira zotetezera zofunikira zinasintha pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa tekinoloji. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Olstead v. United States () (1928) poyamba linkanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito foni sikunapange kufufuzidwa pansi pa Demetrition yachinayi chifukwa chakuti panalibe kulakwa kwenikweni. Chilungamo cha Brandeis chinkatsutsa kuti chitetezo cha Malamulo chiyenera kuyendera limodzi ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga zinthu. Patapita nthaŵi, khoti linazindikira kuti kuletsa kuphwanya malamulo a Lachinayi pa kufufuza kosamveka ndi kutsimikizira kwa Khirisiti Knome Claus Claus.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta: Malongosoledwe a Zinthu ndi Malamulo

Kuyang'anira kwamagetsi kumaphatikiza ntchito zosiyanasiyana: kutumiza mafoni, kutsekera ma email, kuyang'anira makompyuta a pa Intaneti, kusonkhanitsa metaimu, kugwiritsira ntchito maselo a maselo (Stingray), ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri pansi pa maprogramu monga aja osonyezedwa ndi Edward Snowden. Malamulo ndi ntchito ya malamulo, mayeso, ndi zosankha za khoti. [FL:0] ATRICENTIENT USTVEIL (FANSA) [FLD ,1] ya 1978 adalenga bwalo lachinsinsi (Khoti la FA) kuvomereza kuyang'anira mphamvu zachilendo kapena antchito awo. Pambuyo pake, boma lina la . [UFL:]

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikhoza kugawidwa potsatira malamulo a boma. Boma likafuna kugwiritsira ntchito umboni woyang’anira milandu popereka umboni kwa apandu, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kulandira chikalata chodalirika cha umboni ndi mpata wotsutsa kulakwa kwake. M'nkhani za boma, njira yoyenerera yochitira zinthu ingalembedwe motsatira mfundo zimenezi. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti la FISA kampani limachita ntchito yogawa, ndi boma lokhalo. Otsutsa zimenezi ayenera kutsutsa mwa kukana miseche ya kutsutsa malamulo alionse a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lanenapo za zina mwa zinthu zimenezi koma silinathe kuyankha.

Milandu Yamilandu Yaikulu Kwambiri

  • Katz v. United States[FLT :] (1967) Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa Chinayi kumateteza anthu, osati malo, ndi kuti kuyembekezera kwa munthu zachinsinsi kumatsimikizira ngati kufunafunako. Chipangizo chomvetsera pa foni cha anthu onse chikuikidwa chikalata chofunikira chilolezo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo uli chigamulo cha Folete Chachinayi, kulingalira kwake kwa zachinsinsi kwakhala kwapakati pa kupenda koyenera. [[FLT:] Kat, boma silinganenenso kuti chikalata chilichonse chodzitetezera pa za usayansi.
  • [FLT] .Maryland v[FLT : [1997]] . Pambali papadera, khotilo linagamula kuti munthu sakuyembekezera chinsinsi chenicheni m'mafoni chifukwa chakuti manambalawo amatumizidwa modzifunira ku kampani ya foni. Iyi “phunziro la mbali zitatu” linalola boma kulembetsa chidziŵitso popanda chilolezo. Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa malo aakulu kwa metaimu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . khoti la khoti la meta ya ku meta ya kutumiza chiphunzitso cha ku .
  • . .[FLT] United States v. Jones[FLT : (20: Khoti linachita mogwirizana kuti kulumikiza GPS mzera wa magalimoto ku galimoto yokayikiridwa kukhale kufunafuna, ngakhale kuti oweruza sanagwirizane ndi mfundo za m’mutu. Woweruza Sotomayyy akukayikira kudalirika kwa chiphunzitso chachitatu cha mbali ya ndandanda ya magetsi m'nyengo imene anthu amapangamo chidziŵitso cha manambala. Kulingalira kwake kumabwerezanso ntchito yofunika: ngati boma lingapeze ndi kusanthula zaka za malo popanda uyang'a woweruza aliyense, anthu amasoŵa mphamvu yolamulira pa chidziŵitso chawo chaumwini.
  • . Karpenter v. United States [1] (2017): Chochitika chochititsa chidwi chimenechi chinanena kuti boma liyenera kupeza chilolezo chakuloŵa pamalo a mbiri yakale kuchokera kwa onyamula foni. Chilungamo chachikulu Roberts, cholembera anthu ambiri, chimalingalira kuti chiphunzitso chachitatu chotsekera sichimagwira ntchito ku “chochitika cha munthu chakuthupi chosonkhanitsidwa tsiku lililonse, mphindi iliyonse, zaka zingapo. Chosankhacho ndicho chipambano choyenera: chimafunikira chochititsa ndi chilolezo, kutsimikizira kuti mkhalidwewo ukhoza kuvumbula mkhalidwe wa selo.

Kutsatira Kuwonjezereka kwa Chisungiko cha Dzikolo

Pamene kuli kwakuti [[FLT: 0] Kampani inafufuza zaupandu, njira yoyenerera ya calculus imasiyana m'nkhani zachilendo. Capper v. Amnesty International USA (202013]), Khoti Lalikulu linaletsa chitokoso ku Gawo 702 la FISA (imene imalola kuyang'anira kosatsimikizirika kwa osakhala U.S.) anthu akunja kwa dziko lina, kusiya zabwinozo. Komabe, [[FLT: 4.] Intelligence Country Court (FISC) [FUFUT] pansi pa 70.

Kukonda Zinthu Zachinsinsi

A Claus a m'makhoti aang'ono azindikira kuti mameseji ena osungidwa "aabwino" amateteza zinthu popanda njira zoyenerera. M'nkhani ya manambala, nkhani ndi yakuti kaya munthu ali ndi chidwi cha zinthu za munthu aliyense payekha. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu silinafotokoze bwinobwino zimenezi, makhoti aang'ono azindikira kuti mameseti ena . Ofanana ndi maemail kapena mafaelo a m'mitambo . Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT: 0] United States v. Gonanians [2d Cir. 2014], khoti linakhulupirira kuti boma likhale ndi kulola kujambula zinthu mwamphamvu kuposa pamlingo wa chilolezo cha mwini katundu. Malamulo amafuna kuti boma abwerere kapena kutaya zinthu zosayenera kulanditsa. Malamulo ngati Couserbac C (ka Act C) monga mmene limachitira zinthu zaumwini, ndi kuchotsa ufulu, pamene akuonetsa ufulu wa anthu, pamene akugwiritsa ntchito kulongosola kuti amvero kwa boma.

Ziyeneretso ndi Kumva

Chimodzi cha maziko operekera umboni wa kutetezeredwa ndiko kuyenera kwa kuwona ndi kumvetsera boma lisanakumanitseni chikondwerero chotetezereka. Poyang'ana, dziŵitsa kaŵirikaŵiri kulibe: Ziŵeruzo zimene zikugamulidwa sizikuzindikira. Boma lingagwiritsire ntchito kuyang'anira kwamagetsi kusonkhanitsa umboni popanda kupereka mpata wa kugamula mlanduwo kufikira mlandu utaperekedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT] United States ndi U.S. Khoti lachigawo (mlandu la Kenti) [FLT] [12] [772] limakhulupirira kuti ngakhale m'milandu ya dziko, kuyang'anira magulu a boma kukufuna kuti aperekeze mlanduwo asanalane. Komabe, khoti linakana kufuna kudziŵa kuti lizindikirolo lakuchepetsa cholinga cha kuyang’anira. Khotilo loyang'anira boma loyang'anira boma, lingakhoti lokhala ndi mlandu waukulu.

Ukulu wina ndi ufulu woyang'anizana ndi umboni woyang'anira. United States v. Jones (GPS chochitika), kusagwirizana kunadzutsa nkhaŵa zakuti chiyeneretso cha GPS chomalemba chikhoza kukhazikitsa katundu pa lamulo, koma ambiri anagogomezera kuti malumbiro ndi chitetezero chanthaŵi. Pambuyo pake amakhazikitsanso zofunika zimene boma limaulula kuti liulule (Brady v. Maryland . ). M'nkhani zokhudza kuyang'anira, boma lingafunikire kuvumbula mayeso ndi zolakwa zilizonse zochitidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kulephera kwa boma kuchepetsa njira zoyenerera, zina za kutsogolera, ndi kutsutsa, milandu ina.

Kusokonezeka kwa Njira Yoyenera ndi Kusintha kwa Kachinayi

Ngakhale kuti lamulo la Genetic Rempumend limaloletsa kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri kaŵirikaŵiri limayambika m'mikangano ya kuyang’anira, Active Process Claus imapereka magwero a chitetezo. Mtengo wachinayi ukufuna kukhala woyenerera . Mawu oyenerera ozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera ndi chilolezo. The Curreate Procession Claus, kumbali ina, imasumika pa kulungama kwa njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kupeza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito umboni. Ngakhale ngati kufufuzako kuli koyenera pansi pa Demendmentment, kungatsutsebe njira yoyenerera ngati boma ligwiritsira ntchito njira zosayenera kapena kulanda munthu mpata woyenerera kuti amvedwe.

Ganizirani za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa National Security Letters [NSSL:1]. [1] Makampani a boma amene angafune makampani a zaumoyo kutulutsa mafaelo a makasitomala popanda lamulo la khoti. Nthaŵi zambiri amabwera ndi makonzedwe osakhala achinsinsi amene amaletsa wowalandira kuvumbula zofuna zake. ACLU ndi magulu ena atsutsa NSL kukhala akuswa njira yoyenerera chifukwa chakuti amalola boma kupeza chidziŵitso chomveka popanda kubwereranso kwaumwini ndi kubwereramo kwachikhalire. [[FL:2] Doe v. Ashft . [FL.FOct:3] [2] C. , khotilo linavomereza kuti NLL ndi kugawa kwa ufulu wa kulekana ndi kuwonjezera malamulo, koma kuwonjezera malamulo oyenera kuwonjezera lamulo.

Mofananamo, Register ndi [FLT :2] Trap ndi Trace lamulo limafuna kokha umboni wakuti chidziŵitsocho nchofunika kufufuza kosalekeza. Makhoti agaŵana pa kaya ngati pali zokwanira zimenezi pansi pa Demetrisement, koma njira yoyenerera yadzutsidwa kuti chifukwa chakuti boma lingatole mameta a masamu owonjezereka popanda uyang'ambo, anthu amalandidwa malo awo achinsinsi popanda chitetezo cha kanema. Pambuyo pa [FLT:] Kachilombo, boma lino liyenera kupeza malo a chidziŵitso, koma kumbuyo kwa makope ena (makope a).

Kuvuta ndi Nkhani Zosatha

Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za Claus (Curves Process Claus) pa magetsi sikusintha. Nyumba za boma, nthambi yoyang’anira, ndi mabungwe a boma akukonzanso malamulo nthawi zonse poyankha zigamulo za khoti ndiponso kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga. Magawo ofunika kwambiri a mkangano ndi awa:

Zifuno Zofunika Kuti Tizilemba pa Mafoni

Ndi Mabungwe Apamwamba [Akatswiri], amasonyeza kuti chidziŵitso cha malo a mbiri yakale nchotetezeredwa. Koma magulu ena amatsala osatsimikizidwa: malo enieni oyendera, malo a foni, ndi chidziŵitso cha pa Internet ya Zinthu. Maboma angapo apereka malamulo ofuna zilolezo za makompyuta, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito ma dronic ndi laisensi odziyendera. Zotsatira zake zimagwirizana ndi malamulo amenewo: chikalata chimapereka kubwerera kwa woweruza, dziŵitsa (ngati zavumbulidwa pambuyo pa nsonga), ndi mpata wakutsutsa maziko. [FOLT:] Kulankhulana kwachinsinsi (IF. [FON] [2] Kulankhulana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa shirtssss Active Act (ECP], mu chikalata, chikalata cha kumbuyo, chikalata cha kumbuyo kwa ku

Chisungiko cha Dziko Lonse ndi Khoti la FISA

Kusintha kwa FASIA Court kwakhala nkhani ya Bipartisan. Malingaliro ena amaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa gulu latsopano la anthu kuti litsutse mayeso ofufuza (kugwirizana ndi njira yoyenerera ya kuweruza), kufuna kuonekera kowonjezereka m’malingaliro a khoti, ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma ya kusunga chidziŵitso pa U.S. anthu. Mu 2020, FISC inakhazikitsa gulu latsopano la amicicure kuti lipereke mikangano yalamulo yodziimira paokha m’nkhani zina, koma kuti ochirikiza anene kuti zimenezi n’zopereŵera. [[FLT: 0] US US Act Act [F: FL:] Kusonkhanitsa kopatula kokulira koma maprogramungwe ena, monga ngati 702, kugawa kosadziŵika ndi kusachiritsidwa kwa anthu ena. Njira yosadziŵika ndi yosachirikizidwa ndi yosagwirizana ndi kuchiritsa kwa anthu ena. [FFFSP.] Activetivect: [Act: [Acts Act:[23]

Malamulo a Padziko Lonse ndi Boma

Malingaliro oyenera saangokhala ku United States. General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) ku Ulaya kumafuna kuti kukonza zinthu kukhale kololedwa, koyera, ndi koonekeratu [1] kutsegulira procracy. Pamene kuli kwakuti GDPR imagwira ntchito ku mabungwe achinsinsi, chisonkhezero chake pa U.S. chikukula. Maboma onga California, Virginia, ndi Colorado akhazikitsa malamulo achinsinsi amene amapereka ufulu wa anthu kudziŵa zinthu zimene zikusonkhanitsidwa ndi kuzichotsa. Malamulo ameneŵa salamulira mwachindunji boma, koma amaumba zoyembekezeredwa zapo zachinsinsi. Kufufuza koyenera kungadalire pa maumboni ofunika a anthu monga umboni a kuteteza zinthu za m'malo.

Mavuto a Zaluso ndi Atsogolo

Kusintha makompyuta monga nzeru zongopeka, kuzindikira nkhope, ndi kuneneratu za apolisi kumayambitsa nkhani zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, ngati dipatimenti ya apolisi igwiritsira ntchito njira ya AI kuneneratu kumene upandu udzachitikira, ndipo zimenezi zikupangitsa kuti anthu aunike kwambiri m'madera ena, kodi anthu ali ndi njira yoyenerera yokayikitsira kulondola kwa marobiti a magetsi? Mofananamo, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa ziwiya zakutali popanda chidziŵitso kungadziŵitse zonse ziŵiri zoyenerera ndi zoyenerera. Makhoti akungoyamba kutsutsana ndi mafunso ameneŵa, koma njira yoyenerera ya kutsutsa njira zoyenerera chibadwa ndi kuletsa kusoŵa ufulu wosayenerera.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosatha

Chikalata cha Gwero la Active Claus chikukhalabe chotetezera kwambiri pa nyengo ya manambala. Pamene kuli kwakuti Kukonzanso kwachinayi kumayang'anira kuyang'anira, njira yoyenerera kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale pamene kusanthula kwaloledwa, boma liyenera kutsatira njira zolungama ndi kulemekeza chilungamo. Komabe, kuchokera ku Katz [1] kwa kwa [KHAMBI] [[FLD]] [AK], [kapita [ka] Kalezala pakati pa] [ka], Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zamakono sikumatetezera malamulo a . Komabe, mafunso ambiri salephera kuyankha chiphunzitso chachitatu, kusungidwa kwa FISA, ndi kulinganiza koyenera pakati pa chitetezo cha dziko lonse lapansi. Oweruza milandu, ndi ofufuza malamulo akupitiriza kuyang'anira lamulo lakale, kapena kulanditsa lamulo la lamulo lakale, lomwe la ufulu wa moyo, kapena kulanditsa lamulo, kuti lilo, likhalepo, lilo, lilo la

Kuti muŵerenge bwino, onani [[FLT: 0] Frontical Frontial Foundation’s [FLT :1], [[FLT :2]STUSTURlog [ yofufuza, ndi [[FLT:] FRANT] FRANT Act ya 2023 [H.R. 4070]. Kumira kwambiri pa kachitidwe ndi mathero, fufuzani [[FLT:] Law. Hardard Revice’s Resource ya [[FL:]