Chipani cha Ulster Union ndi Mavuto: Ulendo Wandale Kupyola m’Mapwirikiti ndi Mtendere

Mavuto ku Northern Ireland (pafupifupi 1968-1988) amaimira limodzi la machaputala osokoneza kwambiri m'mbiri yamakono ya Britain ndi Ireland. Pamtima pa bungwe la ndale zandale adaima Ulster Unionism Party (UP) , imene inatumikira monga mawu aakulu kwa a mgwirizano wa Chiprotesitanti. UP kuyankha kwake kwa vuto lomasinthasintha zinthu (kuchokera ku ku kutetezera kwake koyamba kwa malo ake a ku ku Chipangano Chachisanu [nkhoswe] inali yochochocholoŵana, kaŵirikaŵiri yogawidwa, ndipo yomalizira. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira zosinthasintha, zosankha, ndi zokhalitsa za gululo.

Kumbuyo: Kuyamba Kuvutika

Chipanichi chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1905, bungwe la Ulster Union Union linali chipangizo chachikulu cha ndale chosungira mgwirizano wa Northern Ireland ndi Great Britain. M’zaka zambiri za zana la 20, chipanichi chinakhala ndi mphamvu zosasweka pa Sponsont, kulamulira kudzera m'dongosolo limene atsamunda ndi Akatolika ambiri anaonedwa kukhala opatuka. UP anali wokonda kwambiri, ndipo poyamba anali wokhulupirika kwa ufumu wa Aprotesitanti, kukwera, ndi kutsutsa utundu wa ku Ireland. Komabe, pofika kumayambiriro kwa 1960, zitsenderezo za kusintha zinayamba kuwonjezeka, ponse paŵiri kuchokera ku boma la UK ndi kuyambika kwa ufulu wa anthu.

Nduna yaikulu ya boma Terence O’Neill (1963-1969) inayesa kuyambitsa kusintha koyenera kokhala ndi cholinga cha kuwongolera maunansi ndi achikatolika ang'onong'ono . monga kulengedwa kwa Londonderry Development Commission ndi chiitano cha ku Irish Taoiste, Seán Lemass, kaamba ka nkhani za boma. Zimenezi zinayambitsa chitsutso chachikulu pakati pa gulu lake ndi gulu la ogwirizanitsa. Ambiri mu UP anawona kulola kulikonse kukhala koterera ku Ireland yogwirizana. Kulimbana kwa mkati kwa chipanicho kufotokoza yankho la chipanicho m'zaka zapita. Kufutukulidwa kwa mkhalidwe wa ndale m'gulu lake la chitaganya cha , kuona [FL:] BB History of TROUS [FFF1]

Chikalata Choyambirira cha Upup: Kutetezera Mgwirizano Pakati pa Kupyozedwa Komakula

Pamene maulendo a ufulu wachibadwidwe anayamba mu 1968, bungwe la Ulster Union Union Party linalephera. Bungwe la Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) linafuna kuti lithetse kukonzanso nyumba, kugawidwa bwino, ndi kukonzedwa kwa malamulo apadera a ulamuliro wa ulamuliro . Kuyankha koyamba kwa UP kunali kochenjera ndi kotetezera. Pamene kuli kwakuti O’Neill anavomereza kufunika kwa kusintha, anaumirira kuti kusintha kukhalepo m'malamulo a boma ndipo sikunasokoneze mgwirizanowo.

Akuluakulu a gulu la anthu kaŵirikaŵiri anasonyeza gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe kukhala malo apamwamba a kuukira boma kapena komyunizimu. Kupanga UP kumeneku kunalola UP kutsutsa otsutsa pamene akupeŵa pangano lachindunji ndi zidandaulo zawo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, malingaliro audzu ogwirizanitsa anthu anauma, ndi ambiri akulingalira kuti nsalu ya boma lawoyo inali kuukiridwa. UUP sakhoza kuvomereza kusintha kopambana kwa mitundu yambiri yopatuka ndipo inathandizira mwachindunji ku kuletsa chiwawa cha m’khwalala mu 1969.

Kulabadira Magulu a Asilikali a Britain ndi Kufika Kwawo mu 1969

Chipwirikiti cha mu August 1969 ku Derry ndi Belfast chinagonjetsa Royal Ulster Consabulary (RUC). Asilikali a Britain anatumizidwa kuti abwezeretse bata, kupangitsa kusintha. UUP pansi pa Nduna yaikulu James Chichester-Clark (Imene inaloŵa m’malo O’Neill mu May 1969) inavomereza kutumizidwako monga mlingo wofunika kwambiri . Koma gululo linali losakondwa kwambiri ndi Westminster kutenga mbali yolunjika kwambiri ku Northern Ireland. Mabungwe ambiri anaopa kuti boma la Britain lingakakamize kusintha zinthu zimene zingachititse Chiprotesitanti.

Pambuyo pa zipwirikitizo, UUP inakakamizika kukonzanso zinthu zovomerezedwa ndi Cameron Report ndipo pambuyo pake ndi Hunt Report, imene inapereka lingaliro la kuchotsa Ruc ndi kupanga chigawo chatsopano cha apolisi. Gululo linachirikiza masinthidwe ameneŵa monyinyirika, podziŵa kuti kulephera kuchita zimenezo kungayambitse lamulo lachindunji ku London. Komabe kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale kusintha kochepa kunakhala kovuta chifukwa cha chitsutso cha magulu okhulupirika ndi UUP. Nthaŵi imeneyi inavumbula magaŵano aakulu a malingaliro a gululo pakati pa awo ofuna kukhazikitsa ufulu ndi awo amene anatsimikiza kutsutsa chipani chamakono.

UP Mkati mwa Kukula kwa Chiwawa (1917 - 1976)

Ma 1970 anaona kuwonjezereka kwakukulu m'ntchito ya asilikali. Provelation IRA inayambitsa ndawala yopitirizabe ya kuphulitsa mabomba, pamene magulu okhulupirika onga Ulster Defence Association (UDA) ndi Ulster Wolorganizer Force (UVF) anabwezerapo ndi kupha kwa magulu ampatuko. UP, gulu lolamulira pa Sponsont mpaka ulamuliro wachindunji mu 1972, linayesayesa kusunga dongosolo pamene linali kutetezeranso maziko ake andale.

Imodzi ya njira zotsutsana kwambiri zotengedwa ndi boma la UUP inali kuloŵerera popanda kuyesedwa, kuyambitsidwa mu August 1971 pansi pa Nduna Yaikulu Brian Faulkner. Internation inaikidwa cholinga chachikulu pa kukayikira kokhala ndi boma, koma inaphedwa moperewera, ndi luntha lakale lomwe linatsogolera ku kugwidwa kwa Akatolika ambiri opanda liwongo. Lamulolo linawonjezera kuchirikiza IRA, kulekana ndi chitaganya cha Katolika, ndi kutsutsa dziko lonse. UUUPUP inatetezera kusungidwa kwa kalinga kofunikira, koma inakhala chizindikiro cha mgwirizano wa Akatolika mu transigen.

Makhalidwe a Chitetezo ndi UP ndi Chigwirizano Chake ndi ROUC ndi UDR

M’mavuto onse, UUP inachirikiza mwamphamvu magulu a zachitetezo, makamaka Ruc ndi Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR). Gululo nthaŵi zonse linatsutsa kuti kubwezeretsa lamulo ndi dongosolo kunali chinthu choyamba, ngakhale kuti kunatanthauza kuletsa ufulu wa anthu. Mamembala ambiri a UP anachirikiza UDR , gulu la asilikali la boma la komweko lomwe linakhala bungwe lalikulu kwambiri mu UD British Army. Komabe, kutsutsana kwa gulu la asilikali okhulupirika ndi magulu a chitetezo cha UDR [1] kukhazikitsa UP pa malo ovuta. Gululo linakana kutsutsa kwambiri zinenezo zonena zoterezo monga mabodza a boma, koma pambuyo pake (monga ngati Steven ndi des Cernus) nkhani za bungwe la Collion.

UUP inasonkhezeranso zigamulo za lamulo lachigamulo. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a Diplock Diplock [1] [1] Milandu ya boma inayambitsidwa mu 1973 kuti ithetse kuopseza ajuli . Ngakhale kuti cholinga chake chinali kuteteza asilikali, makhotiwa anatsutsidwa ndi mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mabungwe a UUP anayambira pa chikhulupiriro chakuti bomalo liyenera kukhala lolimba kuti ligonjetse uchigaŵenga.

Zotsatira Zandale: Kuchokera ku Suningdale Kufikira ku Chipangano cha Anglo - Irish

Mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wake woyamba wa chisungiko, UUP sinapeŵe kufunika kwa kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko. Kugwa kwa Stormont mu 1972 ndi kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro wachindunji kukakamiza ogwirizana kugwirizana ndi maboma a Britain ndi Irish kugwirizana ndi maulamuliro atsopano andale zadziko.

Pangano la Sunningale (1903) ndi Chimaliziro Chake

Sunningdale Aguement inali njira yoyamba yoyesera kupanga mkulu wa mphamvu ku Northern Ireland. UUP, pansi pa Brian Faulkner (amene anakhala Nduna Yaikulu mu 1971), anagawana m'nkhani ndi kuvomereza ku boma logwirizana lomwe linaphatikizapo Social Democratic and Labour Party (SSDLP) ndi bungwe la Alliance la otsagana. Panganolo linakhazikitsanso Bungwe la Ireland, kupatsa Republic malo ofunsira.

Kwa ogwirizana mwamphamvu a UP ndi a Democratic Union Paulkner, Suningdale anaimira kulolera koyambirira: mphamvu yotetezera mgwirizanowo mkati mwa UK, pamene Council ya Ireland inali yopereŵera. Komabe, ogwirizana mwamphamvu pakati pa UP ndi ku Democratic Union Pauph Pasley Pasley (DUP) yotsogozedwa ndi Iulkley inayambitsa ndawala yowopsa yolimbana ndi panganolo. Gulu lankhondo lolinganizidwa ndi bungwe la Ulster Work Council ku May 1974 linabweretsa Northern Ireland kuima ndi kukakamiza Faulkner kugwetsa ntchito, , mwamphamvu . UUUPUP, ndi Faulner adagaŵana ndi Falner chipani cha Northern Ireland (UPN), tsopano, pansi pa chigamulo chachikulu cha Kumadzulo, Harrine.

UP ndi Pangano la Anglo - Irist (1985)

Chiwopsezo chachikulu cha ndale zadziko chotsatira chinadza ndi kusainidwa kwa pangano la Anglo - Irish Advention mu November 1985 ndi Nduna Yaikulu ya Britain Margaret Thatcher ndi Irish Taoisseach Garret FitzGerald . Chipanganocho chinapereka ntchito yofunsira ku Northern Ireland, kupyolera ku Intergovernmental Conference. UUP, kenaka kutsogozedwa ndi James Molyneaux, adachita ndi mkwiyo. Gululo lolinganizidwa kutsutsa, linalengeza chigamulo cha kuperekedwa, ndi kulinganiza ndawala ya kusakhala wogwirizana ndi boma la Britain. Onse 15 MPS .

Mosasamala kanthu za chitsutso choopsa, Chipangano cha Anglo - Irish sichinatsogolere ku kugwa kwa UP; mmalo mwake, chinaumitsa chigamulo cha kugwirizana ndi kukakamiza chipanicho kulinganiza ndi Dup mkati mwa “Ulster Athi Ayi”. Komabe, panganolo linamveketsedwa kuti ogwirizanawo sakananso kubwereranso lamulo la Britain. Kusintha kumeneku kunachititsa njira ya njira yowonjezereka yofikira pambuyo pake m'ma 1990. Chipangano chatsatanetsatane cha Anglo-Irish chingapezeke pa [[FL:] Confictt Archive pa Internet (CIN) [1].

Magaŵano a M’kati mwa Dziko ndi Kupita Kumtendere Kwanthaŵi Yaitali

Mkati mwa ma 1980 ndi kumayambiriro kwa ma 1990, UUP inagaŵanitsidwa mosalekeza pakati pa kunyamula njira ya ndale zadziko yosagawanika ndi kusunga kaimidwe kaubwenzi wolimba. Utsogoleri wa gululo pansi pa James Molyneaux (1979-19995) anali wochenjera, akumasankha kugwira ntchito m'masitepe a lamulo la Britain . Wonga Nyumba ya Commons .rather kuposa kuloŵetsedwa m'nkhani zapamwamba zachilolezo.

Koma malo anasintha pambuyo pa Dwiving Street Declaration ndi kuletsa kwa 1994 ndi Lamulo la Nkhondo la Ankhondo la Chigawo Chogwirizana ndi IRA. UUP pansi pa Molyneaux inachedwa kusintha, ndipo kusuliza kwa mkati kunakula. Mu 1995, David Trimble anakhala mtsogoleri, kuimira mbadwo watsopano wofunitsitsa kuyesa kuthekera kwa dongosolo la mtendere. Utsogoleri wa Trimble anatsimikizira kukhala wofunika, ngakhale kuti anaikanso chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha kugwirizanitsa.

David Sanasinthe ndi Pangano Labwino Lachisanu

David Trimble anagamulapo kukambirana za malo amene angathetse Mavuto pamene anali kuteteza mgwirizanowo. Analoŵa nkhani zambiri zimene zinaphatikizapo Sinn Féin, mosasamala kanthu za chidani chachikulu cha mgwirizano. Zotulukapo Good Frigit Frieve (Mpangano wa Blessift)) wa 1998 zinali chinthu chothandiza kwambiri: inapanga mkulu wa mphamvu yotha kuyendetsa zinthu, inazindikira mfundo ya chivoti (Novert Ireland ikanatha kusiya UK kokha mwa voti yaikulu), ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa makampani a mtanda wambiri.

Kuchirikiza panganolo kunamchititsa kutsutsana ndi ambiri a paphwando lake ndi Dupus. Pa sitepe la mbiri, Trimble anakhala Mtumiki Woyamba wa Northern Ireland mu December 1999. Koma magaŵano a UP anakula kwambiri. Kulimbana ndi nkhani monga IRA decominginging, gulu la anthu la kampani la Dup, limene linakana panganolo. Trimmale analeka kukhala Nduna Yoyamba mu 2001 ndi 2002 kukakamiza kuti likhalebebe. Ngakhale kuti linapatabe Pricious Price mu 1998 ndi mtsogoleri wa SDLP John Hum, Trimble sanachirikize UUP.

Zimene Anthu a ku Upu Anachita Akakumana ndi Mavuto

Ulendo wa Ulster Unionism Party ndi nkhani ya kusintha ndi kutha. Pa chiyambi cha nkhondoyo, gululo linali mawu osatsutsika a mgwirizano; pofika pomaliza, linali litapezedwa ndi DUP yochuluka pochirikiza pepala la magetsi. Komabe ntchito ya UUP idakali yofunikabe.

Choyamba, chipanicho chinapereka maziko a ndale zadziko kaamba ka chivomerezo chachisungiko chimene chinali ndi chiwawa . Ngakhale ngati ena a malamulo ake anatsimikizira kukhala osapindulitsa. Chachiŵiri, mosasamala kanthu za ndewu ya mkati, atsogoleri a UUP a Faulkner ku Trimble anapanga kulolera kovuta kumene kunapangitsa kukhala ndi kuthekera kwa kukhala ndi malo a ndale zadziko. Chachitatu, chisinthiko cha chipanicho kuchokera ku ku kutsendereza ndi kugwirizana mu Good Wearday Agreement chimasonyeza mavuto a kusintha kuchoka ku ulamuliro wa fuko kufikira ku chigwirizano cha demokrase.

Olemba mbiri akupitiriza kukangana za choloŵa cha UUP. Osuliza amanena kuti kulephera kwa chipani kuvomereza kotheratu kusintha m'ma 1960 kunathandizira mlingo wa chiwawa. Ochirikiza adatsutsa kuti popanda kudzipereka kwa UP ku mgwirizanowo ndi kufunitsitsa kwake pomalizira pake kugaŵana mphamvu, palibe mtendere wokhalitsa ukanakhala wotheka. Kufufuza koyenera, onani Chikalata cha Irish Times pa Upup.

Osamuka

  • Poyamba a UUP anakana kusintha ufulu wawo wa anthu, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale mavuto aakulu.
  • Gululo linachirikiza njira zotetezera zolimba monga ngati kutsekeredwa kwa milandu ndi makhoti osakhala achinyengo, amene analekanitsa anthu autundu.
  • UP inatengamo mbali ndipo kenaka inatsutsa Chipangano cha Sunningdale, kusonyeza magaŵano aakulu a mkati mwa dziko.
  • Pansi pa mavuto a David Trime, chipanicho chinavomereza pangano la Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu, limene linam’patsa mphoto ya Nobel ya Mtendere.
  • Kutsika kwa Electoral kunatsatira pamene Dupu inalanda voti lauchipani cholimba kwambiri.

Kuyankha kwa Ulster Unionist Party ku Truddey kunali kopanda kudalirana. Atsogoleri ake anayenda m’njira yonyenga pakati pa kutetezera mgwirizanowo ndi kulabadira zofuna za chitaganya chosintha. Zipambano ndi kulephera kwa gululo zikumapereka maphunziro osatha a chigamulo cha nkhondo ndi utsogoleri wa ndale zadziko m'madera ogaŵanika kwambiri. Kuwonjezera, fufuzani Oxford Reference on the Ulster Union Party ndi kuloŵa kwaukulu kwa UP. [FLT:]