Table of Contents

Kupyolera m’zigamulo za bwalo lamilandu la malamulo, kumasulira malamulo alamulo, kumasulira ufulu wa munthu payekha, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo amapangira malamulo athu kumafunikiritsa kupenda milandu yofunika kwambiri imene yasintha chitaganya chamakono ndi kupitirizabe kusonkhezera kalingaliridwe kalamulo ka Amereka.

Kuchokera pa kukhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza kupendanso mfundo yachiweruzo mpaka kulongosola ufulu wa anthu, zigamulo za khoti Lapamwamba zasintha mobwerezabwereza malire a ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha. Milandu imeneyi siili ya malamulo chabe. Imatchula za kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kulinganiza zinthu zopikisana, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa, ndi kumasulira chinenero cha malamulo cholembedwa zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo kuti chithandize anthu kupeza mavuto.

Kumvetsetsa Chiweruzo Kupenda: Maziko a Mphamvu ya Bwalo Lamilandu

Kupenda chiweruzo ndi chimodzi cha mbali zapadera za lamulo lalamulo la United States. Komabe, Konsichushoniyo simapereka momvekera bwino mphamvu kwa makhoti a boma yolengeza machitidwe a boma popanda lamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi inawonekera mwa kumasulira kwachiweruzo ndipo yakhala maziko a dongosolo la zamalamulo la America.

Lingaliro la kupenda chiweruzo limaloleza makhoti kupenda malamulo operekedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi zochita zotengedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma kugamulapo kaya ngati akugwirizana ndi malamulo. Makhoti akapeza kuti lamulo kapena kachitidwe kangaswa Lamulo, angakaike pansi, kupangitsa kukhala kosaloledwa. Ulamuliro umenewu umaika jaji pamalo apadera monga woweruza womalizira wa tanthauzo la lamulo.

Kupendanso chiweruzo kungathandize kutsimikizira kuti atsamunda akhalabe nthambi yolingana ya boma limodzi ndi nthambi za malamulo ndi maulamuliro.

Marbury vesi: Madison (103): Kukhazikitsa Ulamuliro Woweruza

Marbury ndi Madison ndi chigamulo chapadera cha Khoti Lapamwamba la United States chimene chinakhazikitsa lamulo la kupendanso milandu.

Nkhani ya ndale

Mlanduwo unayambika kuchiyambi kwa 1801 ndipo unayambika ndi mpikisano pakati pa pulezidenti wochoka John Adams ndi pulezidenti wobwerayo Thomas Jefferson. Adams, chiŵalo cha Federalist Party, adataya chisankho cha pulezidenti wa U.S. cha 1800 kupita ku Jefferson, amene anatsogolera Democratic-Republican Party . M’masiku otsiriza a democratic Party yake, Adams anasankha oweruza ambiri a Federalist kuti asunge chisonkhezero chake m'gulu la Judiciary.

William Marbury anali mmodzi wa awo oikidwa kukhala oweruza mtendere wa District ya Columbia. Komabe, ntchito yake sinaperekedwe Jefferson asanatenge udindo. Pulezidenti watsopanoyo analangiza Mlembi wake wa Boma, James Madison, kuletsa makhoti otsalawo, kukhazikitsa poyambira kaamba ka mkangano wa malamulo.

Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall Anachita Zinthu Zosokoneza

Malinga ndi lingaliro lolembedwa ndi Marshall, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti kukana kwa Madison kutumiza ntchito ya Marbury kunali koletsedwa. Khotilo linaonanso kuti kunali koyenera m’mikhalidwe yotero kuti khoti lilamulire nduna ya boma kuti ipereke mlanduwo. Komabe, Marshall anayang’anizana ndi mkhalidwe wandale wovuta.

Ngati Khoti linalamula Madison kupereka makhoti, Jefferson akanangonyalanyaza lamulolo, kuvumbula kufooka kwa achiweruzo. Ngati Khoti likana kupereka lamulolo, kungaonekere kuti nthambi yachiweruzo inaumirira kutsenderezedwa ndi akuluakulu. Marshall anapanga njira imene inapeŵa mbuna zonse ziŵiri pamene inali kufutukula mphamvu yachiweruzo panthaŵi imodzi.

Kufufuza lamulo la Congress kunachitidwa kulongosola ulamuliro wa Khoti Lalikulu . gawo 13 la Chilamulo cha Judiciary cha 1789. Khotilo linapeza kuti Chilamulocho chinawonjezera kulongosola ulamuliro wa Khoti Lalikulu kuposa zimene zinakhazikitsidwa m'Bungwe la U.S. Bwalo lamilandu linagonjetsa gawo 13 la kachitidweko, kulengeza kuti makhoti a ku America ali ndi mphamvu yothetsa malamulo amene amapeza kuti aswe malamulo a m'Chilamulo.

Chiyambukiro Chokhalitsa

Linatsimikizira kuti Lamulo la U.S. ndilo lamulo lenileni, osati kokha ndemanga ya malamulo a ndale zadziko ndi malingaliro. Linathandizanso kulongosola malire pakati pa nthambi za boma zogawikana mwalamulo ndi zachiweruzo za boma lolamulira. Lamulo limeneli linasintha dongosolo la malamulo a Amereka.

Mu Marbury ndi Madison, , adagamula mu 103, Bwalo Lapamwamba, kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, linatsutsa ntchito ya Congress monga yosagwirizana ndi boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chinayambitsa chiphunzitso cha kupendanso mlandu ndi kukhazikitsa Khoti Lapamwamba la United States monga womasulira wamkulu wa Malamulo. Chigamulocho chinali cha mmene Marshall anatsimikizira mphamvu yachiweruzo panthaŵi imodzi pamene anali kufikira chotulukapo chimene Jefferson anachivomereza.

Ngakhale kuti palibe lamulo lina limene linalengezedwa kukhala losagwirizana ndi malamulo kufikira pamene Dred Scott anagamula mu 1857, mbali ya Khoti Lalikulu ya kuchotsa malamulo a boma ndi a boma amene amatsutsana ndi Lamulo silinatsutsidwepo mwamphamvu. Marbury anakhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene chakhalapobe kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri ndipo chinasonkhezera dongosolo la malamulo padziko lonse.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Dismantling Secovation

Khoti linagamulapo Pasby ndi Ferguson ndipo linanena kuti malamulo a boma ofuna kapena kulola masukulu ogaŵana mafuko akuswa Chitetezo cha Ecult Claus wa 14th Amendment. Khotilo linanena motchuka kuti "Masukulu ogaŵanika salingana kwenikweni.

Kusintha "Kulekanitsa Kofanana Nako"

Chigamulo cha Brown chikulengezedwa kukhala chigamulo chapadera m'mbiri ya Khoti Lalikulu, kugwetsa Plessy ku . Ferguson (1896) chimene chinapanga "Chiphunzitso chosiyana koma cholingana". Mu Plessy, Khoti linakhulupirira kuti ngakhale kuti lamulo la Louisiana linafuna kuti anthu apaulendo asunthidwe chifukwa cha fuko, panalibe kuswa lamulo la Kutetezera kwa 1449 kwa Ex Claus kwa nthaŵi yaitali monga ngati malo okhala ogona pa nkhani yake anali "sctace, koma ali ofanana.

Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, chigamulo cha Plessy chinapereka chilungamo chalamulo kaamba ka kugaŵanitsa mafuko mu United States. Sukulu, zoyendera, malesitilanti, mahotela, ndi pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa anthu ochitidwa pansi pa madongosolo opatuka, makamaka ku South. "Iwo koma olingana" chiphunzitso chinalola maboma kusunga magulu a mafuko pamene akunena kuti atsatira lamulo.

Njira Yopita ku Brown

Mlandu wa Brown unagwirizanitsadi nkhani zambiri kuchokera ku maiko osiyanasiyana, kusankhana kwa sukulu kotopetsa konse, Oliver Brown, sud the Topeka, bungwe la sukulu la Kansas pambuyo pa kukanidwa kuloŵetsedwa m’sukulu yapulaimale ya azungu pafupi ndi kwawo ndipo unakakamizidwa kupita kusukulu yogawidwa mwalamulo kutali.

NACP Legal Defense Fund, yotsogozedwa ndi Thirfaill Marshall (amene pambuyo pake anakhala Woweruza woyamba wa Supreme Court ya ku Africa), anapanga njira yalamulo yokwanira. Anapereka umboni wa sayansi wa kakhalidwe wosonyeza kuti tsankho linavulaza ana a ku Afirika, kululuza lingaliro lakuti malo olekanitsa angakhaledi ofanana.

Kusintha Chitaganya cha Amereka

Mwa kugwetsa chiphunzitso chimenechi, Brown Court inathandiza kukhazikitsa maziko a gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kugwirizana m’dziko lonselo.chigamulocho chinaimira nthaŵi yododometsedwa m’mbiri ya Amereka, ngakhale kuti kukwaniritsidwa kwake kunatsimikizira kukhala kovuta ndi kotsutsana.

Maiko ambiri a Kum’mwera adadziloŵetsa mu "kutsutsa kokakamiza," kukana kugwirizana ndi malamulo a tsankho. Maboma ena a sukulu anatseka sukulu za boma kotheratu mmalo mwa kugwirizana. Nthaŵi zina asilikali a Federal anali ofunika kusungitsa malamulo a khoti, monga pamene Pulezidenti Eisenhoer anatumiza 101st Airbor Division ku Little Rock, Arkansas mu 1957 kutetezera ophunzira asanu ndi anayi a ku Africa a Central High School.

Ngakhale kuti Brown anakaniza, anasintha kwambiri malamulo. Inatsimikizira kuti Aumeal Protection Claus analetsa tsankho la boma ndipo anapereka zipolopolo zalamulo kwa gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe. Malamulo a chosankha anafalikira kupyola pa maphunziro kutsutsa kugaŵana m'mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu.

Miranda m’mbali mwa Arizona (1966): Kuteteza Apandu

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966) Apolisi ayenera kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo asanawafunse. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza, likumauza apolisi kuti ayenera kudziŵikitsa ufulu wawo asanawafunse. Mlandu umenewu unasintha njira zosungitsira malamulo ku United States konse.

Kumbuyo Kwake

Pambuyo pa kufunsidwa kwa apolisi kwa maola ambiri, Ernesto Miranda anaulula za kugwirira chigololo ndi kuba anthu. Pa kuzengedwa mlandu, anayesa kupondereza kuulula kwake, akumanena kuti sanalangizidwe za ufulu wake wa kupereka uphungu ndi kukhala chete. Mlandu wa Miranda unadzutsa mafunso ofunika ponena za kufunsa koyenera kwa apolisi ndi kutetezera zoyenera za lamulo.

Khotili linaona kuti bungwe la Court Reformation (Kukonzanso Malamulo Achisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu) likufuna kuti apolisi auze anthu amene ali m’ndende kuti ali ndi ufulu wongokhala chete ndi wothandizidwa ndi loya.

Chenjezo la Miranda

Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa chimene chinatchedwa "Miranda Rights" kapena "Menda chenjezo". Asanafunse mlandu wa ajuli, apolisi ayenera kudziŵitsa kuti:

  • Ali ndi ufulu wongokhala chete
  • Chilichonse chimene amanena chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito m’khoti
  • Iwo ali ndi kuyenera kwa loya
  • Ngati sangathe kupeza loya, mmodzi adzaikidwa kuti aperekedwe
  • Iwo angapemphe ufulu umenewu nthaŵi iliyonse pofunsa mafunso

Machenjezo amenewa afala kwambiri ku America moti anthu ambiri amaona kuti ndi ogwirizana ndi mafilimu ndiponso mapulogalamu a pa TV.

Kulinganiza Lamulo ndi Ufulu Wamunthu Aliyense

Anthu ena otsutsa anatsutsa kuti chigamulo chimenechi chikalepheretsa apolisi kufufuza milandu ndi kulola kuti apandu athawe chiweruzo.

Okayikira ambiri akuperekabe mauthenga kwa apolisi, ndipo kuulula machimo kudakali chida chofunika kwambiri.

Khoti Lalikulu lasinthanso malamulo a Miranda pa milandu yotsatira, ndi kuyankha mafunso okhudza nthawi imene kusunga mwana kunayamba, zimene zingayambitse kufunsidwa, ndi mmene anthu akukayikiridwa kuti angawonongere ufulu wawo. Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zasintha, mfundo yaikulu siisintha: anthu akukayikira kuti ayenera kuuzidwa ufulu wawo walamulo asanawafunse mlandu.

M’bale Jackson (2022): Buku lonena za ufulu wochotsa mimba (lotchedwa The Aborrection Rights Deseats Desert)

Malamulo amene amaletsa mkazi kuchotsa mimba asanachotsedwe ndi oletsedwa. Ziletso zambiri pa kufupika koyamba n’zoletsedwa, ndipo ndi ziletso zokha zokhudza thanzi zimene zimaloledwa pa nthaŵi ya kuchepetsa kwachiŵiri. Izi ndizo zimene zinachitikira ku Roe v. Wade, chimodzi cha zigamulo za Supreme Court m'mbiri ya America.

Chosankha Choyambirira

Khotilo linagamula kuti malamulo otero amaphwanya ufulu wa malamulo achinsinsi. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka a ufulu wochotsa mimba ozikidwa pa kuyenera kwa kubisa, kumene khoti linkavomereza m’milandu yokhudza kuletsa kutenga mimba ndi kulinganiza banja.

A Roe Court anapanga dongosolo loyeretsera kuyang'anira malamulo ochotsa mimba. Pambuyo pa kuchotsa mimba koyamba, chosankha cha kuchotsa mimba chinasiyidwa kwa mkazi ndi dokotala wake. Mkati mwa wochotsa mimba wachiŵiri, maboma angalamulire kuchotsa mimba kutetezera thanzi la mayi. Kokha m'kamodzi, pambuyo pa kutha mphamvu kwa mwana wobadwa, ndi pamene angaletse kuchotsa mimba kusiyapo ngati kuli kofunika kusungitsa moyo kapena thanzi la mayiyo.

Zaka Khumi za Mkangano

Roe v. Wade anakhala malo apakati a mkangano wa ndale zadziko ndi chikhalidwe cha America kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu. Chigamulocho chinasonkhezera gulu la maprojekiti opanga, limene linachirikiza ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba kukhala wofunika kwa akazi ndi kulingana, ndi gulu la anthu ochirikiza moyo woyenerera, limene linaona kuchotsa mimba kukhala kolakwika ndi kuyesa kuchotsa Roe.

Zigamulo zotsatirapo za Khoti Lalikulu zinasintha kakonzedwe ka Roe. Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) inalowa mmalo mwa njira yochepetsera katundu ndi muyezo "wosafunika", kulola maboma kusintha njira zochepetsera kutaya mimba pamene akusunga ufulu waukulu wosankha kutaya mimba asanachite bwino.

Chigamulo cha Ochita Maseŵera

Wolamuliridwa ndi Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992 ndi amene analamuliridwa ndi Dobs . Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) Mu June 2022, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagubuduza Roe ndi . Wade m'chigamulo cha Dobbs, kuchotsa ufulu wa boma wa kuchotsa mimba.

A Dobbs ambiri anakhulupirira kuti Konsichushoni siimapereka kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba ndi kuti ulamuliro wa kuletsa kutaya mimba uyenera kubwezeredwa ku maboma ndi oimira osankhidwa a anthu. Chigamulo chimenechi chinali chimodzi cha zochitika zachilendo kumene Bwalo Lapamwamba linalamulira mwachindunji chigamulo chachikulu chimene chinalipo kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Maboma ena anayesetsa kuteteza ndi kuwonjezera njira yochotsera mimba.

Milandu Yowonjezereka ya Malamulo a ku America

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Federal Supremacy

Khotilo linanena kuti Congress inali ndi mphamvu zokhazikitsa banki ya dziko pansi pa lamulo la U.S. "loyenera ndi loyenera". Khoti linagamulanso kuti malamulo a United States akhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndipo chifukwa chake, boma silingakhoze kukhoma banki ya dzikolo.

Chosankha cha McCulloch chinakhazikitsa malamulo aŵiri ofunika kaamba ka lamulo la lamulo lovomerezedwa limene likupitirizabe lerolino: kutanthauza mphamvu ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Nkhaniyi inamveketsa kuti boma la boma liri ndi mphamvu zoposa zimene zinatchulidwa mwachindunji m’Bungwe la Malamulo ndi lamulo la bomalo limakhala patsogolo pa lamulo lotsutsana la boma.

Gideon (1963): Kuyenera Kulandira Uphungu

Khotilo linavomereza kuti Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi la kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu limagwira ntchito ku milandu ya boma ndi kuti “oweruza milandu m’khoti la apandu ndi ofunika, osati zinthu zapamwamba. ” Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikizira kuti oimbidwa mlandu apatsidwa ufulu wopatsidwa uphungu.

Limodzi ndi kuyenera kwa kuthandiza oimbidwa mlandu m’boma, chigamulo cha Gideoni chinakhala ndi chiyambukiro cha kufutukula madongosolo a otetezera a anthu m’dziko lonselo.

Des Moines (1969): Wophunzira Woyenerera Kulankhula

Khoti Lapamwambalo linatsutsa kuti ophunzira sanachotse ufulu wawo walamulo wa kulankhula... pa chipata cha sukulu. Mlandu umenewu unabuka pamene ophunzira anavala ziboo zakuda kusukulu kuti akatsutse Nkhondo ya Vietnam ndipo anausiya chifukwa chochita zimenezo.

Khotilo linapeza kuti mawu a ophunzira angaletsedwe ngati kwenikweni anasokoneza njira ya maphunziro. Chifukwa chakuti panalibe umboni wa kusokonezeka koteroko, sukuluyo inali kuswa ufulu wa kulankhula Woyamba. Tinker anakhazikitsa kuti ophunzira asunge ufulu walamulo m’sukulu, ngakhale kuti ufuluwo ungalinganizirizidwe motsutsana ndi ntchito zamaphunziro za m'masukulu.

United States v. Nixon (1974): Prezidential Accounting

Kuchokera ku mlandu wa Watergate pamene Pulezidenti Nixon anakana kutsegula makaseti a makaseti a nkhani za White House, akumati ndi udindo waukulu.

Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza pamodzi kuvomereza kotheratu kwa Nixon kwa mwaŵi waudindo waudindo, ndi kunena kuti pamene kuli kwakuti pulezidenti ali ndi mwaŵi wa kulankhulana kwachinsinsi, kuyenera kuvomereza pamene kufufuza kwa upandu kufuna umboni. Chigamulocho chinatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu, ngakhale prezidenti, amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo [1] lamulo lalikulu la demokrase.

Nixon anamvera lamulo la Khoti, ndipo matepi otulutsidwawo anavumbula kuloŵetsedwa kwake m'kuphimba kuswa kwa Watergate. Iye analeka mwamsanga pambuyo pake, kumpanga kukhala pulezidenti yekha wa U. Umboni unasonyeza mbali ya jadiary m'kuyang'anira mphamvu ya kulamulira ndi kusunga lamulo.

Griswold . Connecticut (1965): Kuyenera Kudzisunga

Lamulo la Connecticut limene limaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoletsera kwa okwatirana nlosemphana ndi lamulo chifukwa Aamereka onse ali ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kukhala achinsinsi. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, ngakhale kuti liwulo "umbuli" silikupezeka m'Bungwe la Malamulo.

Khotili linapeza kuti kusintha kwa malamulo osiyanasiyana kumachititsa "penumbras" kapena malo achinsinsi. Kuyenera kumeneku kunakhala maziko a zosankha zapatsogolo zokhudza ufulu wobereka, kuphatikizapo Roe v. Wade. Chigamulo cha Griswold chinazindikira kuti zosankha zina za munthu mwini n’zofunika kwambiri moti boma silingazisokoneze popanda kulungamitsa.

Mfundo Zachilamulo Zofunika Kwambiri Zokhazikitsidwa ndi Nkhani Zotchuka

Milandu yochititsa chidwi yotchulidwa pamwambapa inakhazikitsa malamulo angapo ofunika amene akupitirizabe kukhazikitsa malamulo a ku America:

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Makhoti ali ndi ulamuliro woona ngati malamulo ndi zochita za boma zikugwirizana ndi Malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi imalola oweruza kuyang’anira nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma, kutsimikizira kuti ntchito zonse za boma zikugwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo. Kupenda malamulo a milandu kwakhala mbali yolongosola malamulo a America ndipo kwasonkhezera dongosolo la malamulo padziko lonse.

Chitetezo Cholingana

Demendment ya 14 ikufuna kuti malamulo akwaniritsidwe mofanana ndi Claus. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa tsankho lodzifunira ndipo agwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amasankhana chifukwa cha fuko, kugonana, ndi mikhalidwe ina. Kupenda kofanana kwa chitetezo kumafuna kuti makhoti apende ngati magawo a boma akutumikira zolinga zovomerezeka ndi kuti kaya ali oyenerera kukwaniritsa zolinga zimenezo.

Ufulu wa Kusunga Zinthu Zachinsinsi

Ngakhale kuti mfundo za m’Malamulo siinatchulidwe mwachindunji, ufulu wa kukhala pawekha umateteza zosankha zina za munthu pa kuloŵerera kwa boma.

Kupha Koyamba ndi Katswiri

Zigamulo za khoti zimakhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zimatsogolera milandu yamtsogolo. Chiphunzitso cha kuyang’ana m’tsogolo (Chilatini cha "kuima mogwirizana ndi zinthu zimene zagamulidwa" chimalimbikitsa kusasintha ndi kuneneratu m’malamulo mwa kulamula makhoti oyambirira kutsatira zigamulo zofananazo.

Federal Supremacry

Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana, lamulo la boma limakhalapo pansi pa Supremacy Claus wa Malamulo. Lamulo limeneli limatsimikizira kugwiritsira ntchito kofanana kwa lamulo la boma m’maiko onse ndipo limaletsa maboma kululuza malamulo a boma. Komabe, maboma amakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu m'madera amene malamulowo samapatsa mphamvu boma la bomalo.

Kutsatira Makonzedwe

Malamulo achisanu ndi 14 amatsimikizira kuti boma silingalande anthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri njira zoyenerera (makonzedwe a mphepo) ndi njira yoyenerera (kutetezeredwa kwa zoyenera zazikulu). Njira yake imakhala ngati chitetezo chokhwima pa kachitidwe kodzifunira ka boma.

Mmene Makhoti Amamasulira Lamulo la Mlanduwu

Kudziwa mmene makhoti amapangira malamulo athu kumafuna kuti oweruza afufuze mfundo zosiyanasiyana za m’Baibulo.

Kuyambirira

Oweruza oyambirira amayesa kumasulira Konsichushoni mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira . N’kutheka kuti cholinga cha olemba kapena kumvetsetsa kwa anthu malemba pamene anatengedwa. Olemba nkhani za m’Chipangano Chatsopano amanena kuti njira imeneyi imakakamiza kuweruza ndi kusungitsa kukhulupirika ku Malamulo. Otsutsa amanena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chingathe kutulutsa zotsatirapo zosemphana ndi makhalidwe amakono ndipo kuti kusiyanitsa tanthauzo lake n’kovuta kapena n’kosatheka.

Kutsatira Lamulo Lokhudza Moyo

Odziŵa za malamulo a malamulo amawona Konsichushoni kukhala chikalata champhamvu chimene tanthauzo lake limasintha ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe ya kakhalidwe. Iwo amatsutsa kuti olemba malamulo analemba Konsichushoni m’mawu ambiri kulola kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yosayembekezereka. Osuliza akuda nkhaŵa kuti njira imeneyi imapatsa oweruza nzeru zambiri ndipo imawalola kukakamiza zofuna zawo zaumwini mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a lamulo.

Kulemba

Akatswiri a zolembalemba amasumika maganizo pa tanthauzo lachibadwa la malembo alamulo, akumapenda mawuwo okha mmalo mwa zifuno zazikulu kapena zotulukapo.

Kutengeka maganizo

Oweruza otchuka amalingalira za zotulukapo zabwino za zosankha zawo, akumafunafuna zotulukapo zimene zimagwira ntchito bwino m’dziko lenilenilo. Iwo angapeze njira zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera ndi kulingalira koyenera kuti apeze zotulukapo zabwino. otsutsa amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera zinthu sikumapereka chitsogozo chokwanira ndipo amalola oweruza kuchotsa malamulo amene amakonda kuti afufuze mwalamulo.

Kuthandiza kwa Malingaliro Osemphana Maganizo

Ngakhale kuti malingaliro ambiri amakhazikitsa mfundo zogwirizana, kusiyana maganizo kumathandizanso kwambiri kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kusavomereza mfundo zina zomasulira ndi kutsutsa malingaliro a anthu ambiri. Amasunga mfundo zimene zingavomerezeke m’nkhani zamtsogolo ndipo nthaŵi zina kusintha kwa ziphunzitso.

Kutsutsa kotchuka kwakhala malo ambiri m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Woweruza John Marshall Harlan anatsutsa pawokha mu Plessy v. Ferguson, akumanena kuti "Bungwe lathu ndi lakhungu la mtundu," linatsimikiziridwa pamene Brown ndi . Board of Education inasintha Plessy pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi pambuyo pake. Jasitisi Louis Brandeis pa nkhani zachinsinsi ndi kulankhula kwaufulu zinakhudza zochitika za chiphunzitso chapambuyo pake.

Kusavomereza kumagwiranso ntchito za demokalase mwa kuchititsa kusamvana kwa milandu kukhala koonekeratu ndi kupereka nkhani zokambitsirana za anthu ponena za tanthauzo la lamulo.

Kusintha kwa Khoti

Chigawo cha Khoti Lalikulu chimakhudza kwambiri zosankha zake. Mapresidenti amaweruza, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira, kupanga kukhazikitsa ntchito yaikulu ya ndale zadziko. Zoweruza zimatumikira moyo (kunga "khalidwe labwino"), kuwalola kudziimira paokha ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko komanso kutanthauza kuti kuikidwa kwa munthu aliyense payekha kungaumbe lamulo la lamulo kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Kulinganiza kwa malingaliro kwa Khotilo kumakhudza milandu imene imavomereza, mmene imathandizira mafunso a zamalamulo, ndi zotulukapo zimene amafikira. Khoti lolamuliridwa ndi oweruza osasintha limafikira zigamulo zosiyana kuposa wina wolamuliridwa ndi zigamulo zololera, makamaka pa nkhani za mkangano monga kuchotsa mimba, inde kachitidwe, zoyenera za mfuti, ndi ukulu wa ulamuliro.

Komabe, oweruza nthaŵi zambiri samavota molosera, nthaŵi zina amadabwitsa mapresidenti amene anawasankha, ndipo nkhani za munthu aliyense payekha zingatulutse mgwirizano wosayembekezereka. Malingaliro a zoweruza angasinthe m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ndipo nthaŵi zina kusanthula kwa lamulo kumaposa magulu a malingaliro.

Malire pa Mphamvu ya Uchiŵeruzo

Ngakhale kuti atsatiri a boma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, makhoti amayang'anizana ndi zinthu zofunika. Amangopanga nkhani zenizeni ndi mikangano, samatsutsa malingaliro achinyengo. Iwo alibe mphamvu yosungitsa ndipo amadalira pa kugwirizana kwa nthambi yaikulu kuti akwaniritse zosankha zawo. Ayenera kulingalira ngati milandu ili "yosafunika" kaamba ka chosankha ndi kaya magulu ali "aima" kusuti.

Makhoti amagwiritsiranso ntchito "kuletsa kwa lamulo" mwakupeŵa mafunso a lamulo pamene milandu ingathetsedwe pazifukwa zochepera. Amalingalira kuti malamulo ali alamulo ndipo amafuna umboni wowonekera bwino asanawaphe. Kulephera kodzifunira kumeneku kumathandiza kusungitsa lamulo la atsamunda ndi kusunga likulu lake la malamulo kaamba ka milandu imene ifunikiradi kuloŵerera kwa lamulo.

Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi maboma angavomereze zigamulo za khoti mwa kukonza malamulo, ngakhale kuti zimenezi nzovuta mwadala.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana kwa Nthaŵi Yomweyi

Makhoti amakono akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mafunso ofunika kwambiri okhudza tanthauzo la malamulo ndi ulamuliro wachiweruzo.

Luso la Zaluso Ndiponso Kudzibisa

Makhoti a boma aona kuti njira yachinayi yotetezera anthu kuti asafufuze zinthu zopanda nzeru zokhudza malo amene pamakhala mafoni, njira zotumizira mauthenga, ndiponso zinthu zina zamakono.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Masiku Omwe Akungofika Masinkhu Amakono

Mabungwe a boma afunika kukambirana ngati mfundo za ufulu wolankhula zikugwirizana ndi mfundo za m’Baibulo zovomerezeka za boma, malamulo a boma a kulankhula pa Intaneti, ndi kufalitsa nkhani zabodza. Nkhani zimenezi zikubweretsa mafunso ofunika okhudza demokalase, nkhani ya anthu onse, ndi kugulitsa mfundo.

Kupereka Ufulu ndi Lamulo la Chisankho

Makhoti amachita mbali zazikulu m'mikangano ya chisankho, kuyankha mafunso onena za njira zovota, kukonzanso malo, ndalama za ndawala, ndi kutumiza kampani. Milandu imeneyi imakhudza mwachindunji kutenga nawo mbali kwa demokalase ndi kuimira ndale zadziko. Zigamulo zaposachedwapa zanena za zikalata zosankhira anthu, zovota, ndi ukulu wa Chikalata cha Zoting Rights Act.

Boma Lolamulira

Mabungwe a boma achita ulamuliro waukulu, kudzutsa mafunso onena za kulekana kwa maulamuliro ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa demokrase. Makhoti ayenera kugamulapo kufulumira kwake kwa kupereka matanthauzo a malamulo ndi malamulo. Milandu yaposachedwapa yapendanso ziphunzitso zokhala zokhala ndi maziko oweruza openda njira zaudindo.

Kufunika kwa Kuphunzira Mwalamulo

Kumvetsa milandu ya m’khoti ndiponso mfundo zimene imapereka n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu akhale nzika yodziwa bwino zinthu.

Kuphunzira za malamulo kumathandiza nzika kupenda mosamalitsa zigamulo za milandu, kukhala ndi phande loyenera m’kutsutsana ponena za kumasulira kochitidwa ndi lamulo, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu osankhidwa kukhala ndi mlandu kaamba ka mapangano awo achiweruzo, kumathandiza anthu kumvetsetsa zoyenera zawo ndi malamulo opangidwa ndi chitaganya.

Milandu imene ikukambidwa panoyi ndi yochepa chabe mwa malamulo ofunika kwambiri a dziko la America. Mbadwo uliwonse umafunsidwa mafunso a malamulo a boma, ndipo makhoti ayenera kumasulira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zimene zilipobe malinga ndi mmene zinthu zilili masiku ano.

Zomwe Tingachite Kuti Tiphunzirenso

Kwa awo amene akufuna kufufuza milandu ya m'mabwalo amilandu aakulu kwambiri, pali zinthu zambiri zimene zilipo. Webusaiti ya khoti la ku United States imapereka zinthu zophunzitsa za milandu yofunika. Project imapereka zojambula zojambula za m'kamwa ndi milandu yatsatanetsatane. Cinstitution Annoted [ imapereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa makonzedwe a malamulo ndi mlandu woyenerera.

Mabungwe andale amapereka maphunziro osonyeza nzeru zosiyanasiyana zomasulira. Kugwiritsa ntchito mabuku osiyanasiyana kumathandiza kuti anthu azimvetsa bwino mafunso ovuta a malamulo.

Kumaliza: Kusintha kwa Lamulo la Malamulo

Ntchito ya dongosolo lachiweruzo poumba malamulo athu imasonyeza mphamvu ya kuyendetsa kwa malamulo. Kuchokera ku Marbury v. Kukhazikitsa kwa Madison kupenda milandu yamakono yokhudza malo achinsinsi a foni ndi ufulu wovota, makhoti amasulirabe malamulo a malamulo kuti athetse mavuto.

Milandu yochititsa chidwi imene takambiranayi ikusonyeza mmene zigamulo zachiweruzo zingasinthire anthu, kuteteza ufulu wa munthu payekha, ndi kufotokoza malire a ulamuliro wa boma.

Kumvetsa nkhani zimenezi ndiponso mfundo zimene zimakhazikitsa kumathandiza nzika kuti zizitsatira mfundo za demokalase, ndipo zimenezi zimapereka mpata wofufuza nkhani zokhudzana ndi malamulo amene akuchitika panopa ndiponso kuyembekezera kuti m’tsogolomu malamulo a boma adzayende bwino.

Milandu yofotokozedwa panoyi — kuyambira pa kukhazikitsa kupenda kwachiweruzo kufikira kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, kuchokera ku kulongosola njira zaupandu kufikira kulongosola ufulu wa kubala ndi kuwona chiyambukiro chachikulu chimene makhoti ali nacho pa moyo wa Amereka. Amatikumbutsa kuti kumasulira kwa lamulo kumaloŵetsamo zosankha zovuta ponena za mapindu opikisana ndi kuti anthu olingalira bwino angatsutsane ponena za mmene angalinganizire ufulu, kulingana, chisungiko, ndi zikondwerero zina zazikulu.

Mfundo zimene zakhazikitsidwa m’nkhani za masiku ano zimapereka malangizo. Koma kuti agwiritse ntchito mfundo zatsopanozi, amafunika kuonetsetsa bwino ndiponso kugamula bwino.