Table of Contents
Kumvetsa Zithunzi za Ndale za Magulu Osiyana
M'zitaganya zosonyezedwa ndi magaŵano a mafuko, chipembedzo, kapena zinenero, kapangidwe ka magulu andale zadziko kamakhala kuletsa kwamphamvu kwa mtendere, bata, ndi chilungamo. Makonzedwe aŵiri osiyana olinganizira mphamvu za ndale zadziko . "Kulinganiza mphamvu zandale" ndi kutchuka kwa masinthidwe osiyanasiyana a mafunso a mmene kuimira kuyenera kulinganizidwira. Pamene kuli kwakuti zonse ziŵiri zikhale zotsimikiza kulamulira mokhutiritsa, malamulo awo amakhalidwe, madongosolo, ndi zotulukapo zake zimasintha mowonekera bwino. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kusanthula kozama kwa madongosolo aŵiri ameneŵa, kupenda maziko awo opekedwa ndi matanthauzo ake, mphamvu zawo, ndi maumboni ake oyenerera, ndi mawu ake omwe ali oyenerera kwambiri.
Asayansi andale zadziko akhala akutsutsana kwa nthaŵi yaitali za ubwino wa kulamulira ndi ulamuliro waunyinji. Kusankha pakati pa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kutsogolera sikuli kokha maphunziro; kuli ndi zotulukapo zenizeni za dziko kwa mamiliyoni a anthu okhala m'zitaganya zonga Lebanon, Belgium, Northern Ireland, Kenya, India, ndi United Kingdom. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo ameneŵa kumathandiza opanga malamulo, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika kusanthula maluso a boma amene angachirikize kulamulira kodziwitsa kapena kutsetsa chilo cha boma.
Kuloŵa M’malo Mwamphamvu
Chikomyunizimu, chodziŵikanso monga demokrase ya kukhazikitsa boma kapena demokrase yosamalira mphamvu, ndi chitsanzo cha kuyendetsa kochitidwa mwachindunji kwa anthu ogaŵanika kwambiri. Liwulo linatchuka ndi wasayansi wandale Arend Lijphart chakumapeto kwa 1960 ndi 1970, lozikidwa pa maphunziro ake a mademokrase a ku Ulaya monga Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Switzerland ndi Austria. Lijphart ananena kuti maiko ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti anagaŵanitsidwa ndi zipembedzo ndi zinenero, apeza ulamuliro wa democracyism wokhazikika kupyolera ku madongosolo a boma amene anatsimikizira kuloŵetsedwa kwa magulu onse otchuka.
Lingaliro lalikulu la chivomerezo cha kugonja ndilo lakuti m'chitaganya chogaŵanika, ulamuliro wochuluka wokha ungatsogolere ku kuchotsedwa kwachikhalire kwa anthu aang'ono, kusonkhezera mkwiyo ndi mikangano. Mmalomwake, mphamvu imagawana pakati pa anthu apamwamba a mbali zazikulu kapena chitaganya. Lijphart anatulukira mbali zinayi zazikulu zimene zimazindikiritsa dongosolo la kukhazikitsa kwathunthu:
- Accondal Coalition [FLT :1] - mbali zonse zazikulu za chitaganya zimaimiridwa mu nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma. Mmalo mwa boma lachigawo chimodzi, kabati imaphatikizapo atsogoleri a mafuko, chipembedzo, kapena zinenero. Mwachitsanzo, ku Belgium, boma la boma nthaŵi zonse limaphatikizapo atumiki onse a Chidatchi ndi olankhulana ndi Chifalansa.
- [[FLT: 0] Mutual Veto kapena Concurent Majoity - Manorty magulu ali ndi mphamvu yoletsa zosankha zimene zimayambukira zikondwerero zawo zofunika. Izi zimaletsa ambiri kupititsa patsogolo nkhaŵa za timagulu tating'ono. Ku Northern Ireland, mkulu wa mphamvu zolamulira amafuna chichirikizo cha kutsata zigamulo zina zazikulu kupyolera m'chikalata cha njira yodera nkhaŵa.
- Projectity - kuimira m'lamente, utumiki wa anthu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri m'kugawiridwa kwa chuma cha boma kumalingana ndi ukulu wa gulu lililonse. Zimenezi zimapezedwa mwa kuimira gulu loimira, monga ngati dongosolo la gulu kapena kusanthula kotengedwa. Ku Lebanon, mipando ya palamente imaikidwa mogwirizana pakati pa timagulu tachipembedzo todziŵika tozikidwa pa muyezo woikizidwa.
- Autonomy [1] Magulu amapatsidwa mlingo wa kulamulira kwaumwini pa nkhani zimene zili zamwambo, monga maphunziro, chinenero, ndi malamulo a munthuwe. Zimenezi zingatenge mtundu wa chipani, kudalirana, kapena kudzilamulira kwa chikhalidwe. Dongosolo la Switzerland lopanga zinenero ndi chipembedzo lopereka ulamuliro waukulu.
Chikomyunizimu si njira imodzi yothetsera mavuto onse. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Modabwitsa, Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu ku Northern Ireland mu 1998 chinakhazikitsa msonkhano wogwirizanitsa ndi akuluakulu a boma omwe cholinga chawo ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu (ochuluka a Chiprotesitanti) ndi a National Union (ochuluka Akatolika). Mofananamo, Chipangano cha Lebano (19989) chinakonzanso njira yogwirizanitsa anthu kuti chikhalenso ndi mphamvu pakati pa magulu ake ampatuko pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵembu. Pambuyo pa pomaikapo-paraid South Africa, malamulo a dziko lonse (1993) panali Boma la Union National Union lomwe linakhazikitsa mphamvu pakati pa African National Congress and National Party ya chipani cha National Party kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo.
Otsutsa amanena kuti kudalirana kwa mafuko kungasokoneze kugawikana, kugawikana kwa magawo, ndipo kuchititsa kugamulapo kwa ndale zadziko kuchedwa kapena kufooketsedwa chifukwa cha kufunika kwa kugwirizana kwakukulu. Komabe, ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti m’mabanja ogaŵanika kwambiri, ulamuliro wachiŵiri [1] kaŵirikaŵiri umatsogolera kupondereza ndi kupanduka.
Kodi Kulamulira kwa Anthu Ambiri N’kutani?
Majonitarianism, maziko ake, ndi lamulo lakuti unyinji (kapena kuchuluka) wa nzika uyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu ya kupanga zosankha zogwirizana pa chitaganya chonse. M'madongosolo andale zadziko, kutchuka kwa bishopu kaŵirikaŵiri kumatembenuzira m'makonzedwe osankhira monga ngati woyamba woyamba wolembapo (FPTP) kapena madongosolo aŵiri anthaŵi zonse, kumene wofunsira kapena chipani cha osankha ambiri amapambana mpando kapena udindo. Njira imeneyi njawonkhokera ndipo imachititsa opambana owonekera bwino, omwe angatsogolere ku boma lolimba, lotsimikizirika.
Maziko a chiphunzitso cha maodalensi ali m'nthanthi ya democracy. Anzeru a Classic onga John Locke ndi Jean-Jacques Rousseau anatsutsa kuti chifuno cha ambiri chiyenera kupambana kuti asonyeze chifuniro cha onse. M’chenicheni, madongosolo apamwamba ngofala m'maiko ndi miyambo yandale ya Anglo-America. United Kingdom, United States, Canada, ndi India (kupangira Lok Sabba voti) onse amagwiritsira ntchito FPTPPP pa chitaganya chawo chapansi, ngakhale kuti India ndi chitaganya chachikulu cha dongosolo lake lapamwamba lapamwamba la zandale la Anglo, lakhala nkhani ya mkangano m'zaka makumi angapo posachedwapa.
Zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’madongosolo a alonga ndi izi:
- Boma la Kagulu kamodzi [[FLT :] -System, chipani chimodzi chimalandira mipando yokwanira kupanga boma lokha, popanda kufunikira mabwenzi akugwirizana. Zimenezi zimapanga chonulirapo chowonekera cha kuŵerengera.
- Wolamulira -Proferal [P] - Chipani cholamulira chingapangitse malamulo mofulumira, chifukwa chakuti sipafunikira kulolera kusiyana ndi maboma ogwirizana.
- Kutenga Mafuko onse [1] , mu FPP, woimira mmodzi, ndipo wosankhidwa amene ali ndi voti zambiri amapambana, ngakhale ngati sapeza anthu ambiri. Zimenezi zingakokomeza kuimira kwa ambiri ndi kuchepetsa kagulu ka anthu.
- Zigamulo za Policy [[FT:1] – Majoritarianism madongosolo kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbikitsa mpikisano wa mbali ziŵiri, umene umavomereza kusankha wovota koma ukhoza kuchepetsa mbali zachitatu ndi mawu a anthu ochepa.
Ochirikiza ulamuliro wa ufumu wa articarianism akutsutsa kuti umachititsa kulamulidwa kogwira mtima, chitsogozo cha lamulo chomvekera bwino, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa democracy. Iwo amaloza ku kukhazikika kwa United States ndi United Kingdom monga umboni wakuti ulamuliro wa ambiri ungagwirizane ndi miyezo ya demokrase yomasuka, malinga ngati pali zitetezero zamphamvu kaamba ka ufulu wa munthu ndi chiŵeruzo cha kudziimira pawekha.
Komabe, osuliza amawona kuti madongosolo aakulu angachotse motsatizanatsatizana ku kuimira ndi mphamvu. M'zitaganya zogaŵikana za mafuko, fuko lachikhalire la anthu likhoza kulamulira dongosolo la ndale zadziko, kusiya anthu ochepa popanda chisonkhezero chatanthauzo. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, monga momwe zimawonera ku Sri Lanka kumene malamulo a boma la Sinhalese-majeri anachepetsa kagulu ka Tamil, kothandizira nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ya zaka makumi ambiri. Mofananamo, ku Rwanda, boma la Ahututsi lapasada anagwiritsira ntchito kudziŵikitsa kwa mafuko mwadongosolo ndi kuukira anthu ochepa a ku Tutsi.
Kuyerekezera Kugwirizana kwa Anthu ndi Majonitalanti: Kupenda Kolongosoka
Kuti timvetsetse kuti ndi dongosolo liti limene lingagwire ntchito bwino kwambiri pa nkhani imene tatchulayo, n’kofunika kuwayerekezera ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana.
| Dimension | Consociationalism | Majoritarianism |
|---|---|---|
| Inclusivity | High – all major groups guaranteed representation in government and decision-making. | Low – large minorities can be permanently excluded from executive power. |
| Efficiency of Decision-Making | Slow – requires negotiation and consensus among multiple parties. | Fast – a single party can implement its agenda quickly. |
| Electoral System | Proportional representation or mixed-member proportional. | First-past-the-post, two-round system, or other plurality-based systems. |
| Representation of Minorities | Explicitly institutionalized; groups have veto power over vital interests. | De facto marginalized; no guaranteed access to power. |
| Stability | Can be stable if elites cooperate; risk of paralysis or group entrenchment. | Stable if majority is moderate; risk of majoritarian tyranny and rebellion. |
| Accountability | Diffuse – many parties share responsibility, making voter judgment difficult. | Clear – voters can easily reward or punish a single ruling party. |
Kuzindikira
Kuchoka kwakukulu kwa malonda ndiko pakati pa kusasamala ndi kulimba mtima. Kulimbana ndi kusokonezeka kwa zinthu kumawonjezera kusamvana mwa kutsimikizira kuti magulu onse aakulu ali ndi malo ogona pathebulo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi mtengo wa kuchedwa, kuchititsa kulephera. Kudzipereka kwa kulolerana pakati pa anthu chifukwa cha kufulumira ndi kumveka bwino. M'vuto limene limafuna kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira kwambiri (monga ngati tsoka lachilengedwe kapena kugwa kwa chuma .) Dongosolo lapamwamba la anthu likhoza kupambana pa kusoŵa choyendera. Komabe, m'madera kumene anthu ambiri sakukhulupirirana, chilakiko chachikulu chingawonedwe ngati chiwopsezo, chotsogolera ku kusathandiza anthu kapena chiwawa.
Ziyambukiro Zadongosolo la Kachitidwe ka Zinthu
Komiti ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya kampani ndi njira imene imamasulira mavoti m'mipando. Madongosolo a bungweli amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira zina zoimira (PR) kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu za gulu lililonse la nyumba ya malamulo zikufanana ndi mphamvu zake. Mwachitsanzo, ku Netherlands, khomo loloŵera nlotsika (0.67% ya voti ya dzikolo), kulola kagulu kakang'onong'ono ka anthu kupambana mipando. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madongosolo aakulu monga FPPPPP a pansi pa dziko lonse lapansi lokhala ndi kufalikira. M'dziko la UK, Liberal Democractis angalandire mbali yaikulu yaing'ono kwambiri ya mipando yawo, pamene kuli kopediase.
Ufulu wa Anthu pagulu umatsutsana ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha
Chikomyunizimu kaŵirikaŵiri chimadalira pa kudziŵika kwa ufulu wa gulu, kutanthauza kuti kuimira kwa ndale zadziko kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi fuko, chipembedzo, kapena chinenero. Izi zingakhale zovuta chifukwa chakuti zimalingalira kuti upo wa munthu ngwokhazikika ndi womangika, ndipo kungaletse kudula mtanda. Chimatona, m’nthanthi, amachitira nzika zonse monga anthu mosasamala kanthu za gulu, zimene zimayenderana ndi ufulu wa munthu. Komabe, m’zochita, madongosolo aakulu m'zitaganya osiyanasiyana angatulutse kuchotsa gulu la anthu popanda kudziŵika.
Chiyambukiro pa Kugwirizana kwa Mayanjano ndi Kukhazikika kwa Ndale
Kufufuza za kutsutsana kwa nkhondo kumapereka umboni wosiyana wonena za dongosolo limene limachirikiza mtendere wosatha. Kufufuza kotchuka kwa Lijphart kunapeza kuti mademokrase a boma anali osasunthika ndi achiwawa kwambiri kuposa apamwamba m'zitaganya zogaŵanika. Mwachitsanzo, Belgium, mosasamala kanthu za kusagwirizana kwa zinenero pakati pa Flemings ndi Wallons, wakhalabe democracy popanda nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi, makamaka chifukwa cha mbali zake za kugwirizanitsa. Mofananamo, chigwirizano cha Switzerland ndi boma la chigwirizano cha dziko la French, Italy, ndi Roman- kulankhulana mwamtendere.
Komabe, chisokonezo cha kukhazikitsa dziko sindicho chopatsa. Osuliza onga Donald Horowitz akutsutsa kuti kukhoza kuchititsa zipani za ndale zadziko kupikisana ndi magulu a magulu. Ku Lebanon, dongosolo la kukhazikitsa lakhala likuimbidwa mlandu wa kuyambitsa timagulu tampatuko, kupangitsa ziphuphu, ndi kuchititsa ziphuphu zandale zadziko. Kutsutsa 2019 ku Lebanon kunali kuvomereza ku gulu la ndale zadziko limene limagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la kagulu kampatuko kaamba ka phindu lake.
Majortarianism, panthaŵi ino, yapambana m'matunja ofanana koma iri ndi mbiri yoipa ya magaŵano aakulu. Kugwa kwa Yugoslavia, kupululutsa anthu ku Rwanda, ndi nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ya Sri Lanka zonse zinachitika m'maiko okhala ndi madongosolo aakulu kapena apadera omwe analephera kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Komabe India, dziko lalikulu ndi losiyana, lasunga dongosolo la demokrase la boma kuyambira pa kudziimira, mosasamala kanthu za kugwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lapamwamba la osankha nyumba yake yaing'ono. Zimenezi zachitika chifukwa cha magulu amphamvu a chigawo cha India, dongosolo la magawo ambiri m'kakonzedwe ka FPPPP, ndi malamulo a chitetezo kwa anthu wamba.
Kufufuza Nkhani za M’mbiri ndi za M’tsogolo
Belgium: Boma la Chikalata Cholemba Mabuku
Belgium inayamba kuchokera ku dziko la Chifalansa lolankhulana ndi ambiri ku dziko logawikana kwambiri lokhala ndi zinenero zofanana. Mapangano a chivomerezo a zinenero za m'zaka za zana la 20, kuphatikizapo kugawidwa kwa chinenero m'kabungwe, kudzisankhira kwa chikhalidwe kwa anthu a Flemish ndi Francone, ndi boma, zaletsa nkhondo. Komabe, kuyambira 2010, Belgium yakhala ndi nyengo zotalikira popanda boma la boma lonse chifukwa cha kukambirana kwa mgwirizano, kugogomezera kusagwirizana kwa malamulo a boma.
Northern Ireland: Kusintha Kotsutsana Chifukwa cha Mphamvu za Mphamvu
1998 Good Lachisanu Agreement inakhazikitsa mkulu wokakamiza wa bungwe logwirizana kuti anthu agwirizane ndi aunyinji agwirizane. Makonzedwe a mgwirizano umenewu, limodzi ndi mabungwe a mdadada wa malire ndi ufulu wodzilamulira, anatha ulamuliro wachindunji ku London ndipo analetsa chiwawa cha magulu ambiri. Ngakhale kuti kuphana kwa ndale kwachitika (m'jere, kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2020), dongosolo lamtendere limaonedwa mofala kukhala lopambana. Dongosololi limakhalabe losalimba, ndi kusagwirizana kwa nthaŵi ndi nkhani za chizindikiritso monga chinenero cha Ireland ndi makonzedwe a malonda a papositir exit.
Ufumu wa United Kingdom: Dongosolo Lolamulira Anthu Ambiri Lili Pansi pa Chipsinjo
Chitsanzo cha UK cha Westminster ndi njira yapadera yosonyezera magawo a makampani ndi masankho a FPTP, makhabodi amodzi, ndi ulamuliro waudindo. Ilo lapereka boma lokhazikika kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma lathetsanso mikangano ya chigawo ndi mafuko. Kuchotsa kwa UK ku EU kuvumbula magaŵano aakulu pakati pa England ndi Scotland, ndi boma la Scotland (logwirizana ndi kutchuka kwa manertistrianism) kupempha ufulu wachiŵiri wa kudziimira. Ku Northern Ireland, mwambo waukulu wa "osanguluke" lamulo (Tsogolomo lisanafike chaka cha 1972) unachititsa kuti Aprotesitanti alamu ndi tsankho, kutsogolera ku mavuto. Kusintha kwa mavutowo ku kubweretsa vutolo.
Kenya: Kuyesa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu
Pambuyo pa vuto lachiwawa la 2007-2008 pambuyo pa kusankha, Kenya inatenga malamulo atsopano mu 2010 amene anayambitsa dongosolo la pulezidenti ndi pulezidenti wamphamvu, komanso chofunika cha mphamvu: pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ayenera kuchokera ku mafuko osiyanasiyana ngati palibe tikiti imene ipambana ambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo kuchotsa chisinthiko kufika pa 47, zimene zimapereka ufulu wa mafuko osiyanasiyana. Dongosolo la projective liphatikizapo mastericitarian ( pulezidenti wamphamvu) ndi ma consocial (kulinganiza kwa mtundu, devolution), ndipo laletsa chiwawa chachikulu chosankha, ngakhale kuti kutsutsanako kudakalipo.
Kutsutsana kwa Anthu ndi Nkhani Zapambuyo Pake
Kodi Kufuna Kugwirizana Kwadziko N’kugaŵanika?
Chimodzi cha zisulizo zokulira kwambiri nchakuti kuchirikiza udani wa fuko kapena chipembedzo kumachirikiza kutchuka kwa dziko. Ku Belgium, kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti nzika zambiri za Flemi ndi Francone zimagwirizanitsa kwakukulukulu ndi chitaganya chawo mmalo mwa boma la Belgium. Ku Lebanon, timagulu takula, ndipo dongosolo limaimbidwa mlandu wa kuchirikiza kuchirikiza makampani otsatsa malonda ndi kusagwira ntchito. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa "kusinthasintha" kugwirizanitsa kumene kumalimbikitsa kugwirizanitsa m’malo mwa kukhazikitsa kusiyana kwa magulu.
Kodi Chitetezo cha Malamulo Chingadziŵitsedwe ndi Udindo Waukulu?
Maiko ena asintha chiphunzitso cha maneraliarianism ndi mbali zonga ngati university, likulu la ufulu, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a zinenero zochepa. Malamulo a India amaphatikizapo chitetezo chachikulu kwa magulu a anthu olinganizidwa, mafuko olinganizidwa, ndi zipembedzo zang'onozing'ono. Canada amagwiritsira ntchito FPTP koma alinso ndi ufulu waung'ono wa chinenero ndi Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Kusintha kumeneku kungachepetse ziyambukiro zoipa za malamulo ambiri popanda kulamula kuti akhazikitse ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, iwo amadalira pa chikhalidwe chandale chimene chimatchulapo ufulu wochepa kwambiri.
Kupanga Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana
Kusintha dongosolo la Electoral ndi njira yaikulu yosinthira. Maiko okhala ndi madongosolo aakulu nthaŵi zina amalingalira kuvomereza kusankhidwa kwa mbali zosanganizidwa (MMP) kapena kusankhidwa kwapadera kuwongolera kuimira kwa anthu ochepa popanda kutumiza njira yonse ya ku kukhazikitsa. Ku New Zealand, kusintha kuchoka ku FPTPP kupita ku MMP mu 1996 kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka ndi kupereka magulu aang'ono (kuphatikizapo oimira a Maori) mawu amphamvu. Kusintha kumeneku kungagwirizanitse kutha kwa mbali zazikulu za maatomu (zigawo zamodzi) ndi kugaŵana kwa madera.
Kumaliza: Kusankha Chitsanzo Choyenera cha Anthu Ogaŵanika
Chivomezi cha Consociationalism kapena chipani chapamwamba kwambiri. Kugwira ntchito kwawo kumadalira pa nkhani za mbiri, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe. Chikomyunizimu chimapereka chida champhamvu choyang'anira nkhondo za dziko lonse mwa kutsimikizira kuti magulu onse aakulu agaŵana mphamvu. Chingaletse chiwawa ndi kulimbikitsa kugwirizana, koma pamtengo wochititsa magaŵano ndi kupanga zosankha. Chipani cha Nazi, ndi lonjezo lake la boma lokhutiritsa ndi lokhala ndi lodziŵerengera mlandu, chimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'matupiti a British kapena awo okhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu, koma chingathe kuletsa kuchirikiza kugwirizana kwamphamvu m'nkhani zogaŵanitsa.
Kwa opanga malamulo, phunziro nlomvekera bwino: palibe njira yothetsera mavuto onse. Mabungwe andale ayenera kuyendera mfundo za chikhalidwe cha dziko. Nthaŵi zina magaŵano a anthu ndi magulu a anthu akakhala aakulu ndipo akakhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana, njira yopangira mtendere ingakhale yofunika kuti apeze mtendere. M’madera kumene magaŵano savuta kwambiri kapena kuti pali chiphaso champhamvu cha anthu, dongosolo la anthu ogwirizana kwambiri lotetezedwa ndi ufulu wa anthu ochepa lingakhale loyenera kwambiri. Makampani a Hybrid .
Kumvetsa mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa kudalirana ndi kutchuka ndi chinthu chachikulu n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu apeze kulinganiza kumeneku m’madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse.
Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani Arend Lijphart' Classic Ntchito ya Democracy ya Consociality , Donald Horowtitz's critique mu " Actriques in Conflict" [[FLT:] , ndi Northern Ireland ] ntchito yokonza mtendere pa [[FLT:] mapepala a Belfast .