Chiyambi

Lamulo la ngozi ziŵiri limaimira maziko a kachitidwe kaupandu ku United States, lolembedwa mu Fith Amendment kuti: “Ngakhale munthu aliyense wamakono sangakhale ndi mlandu wofananawo kuti aikidwe ku ngozi ya moyo kapena kuikidwa pathupi. Chitetezero chimenechi chimaletsa boma kupereka kapena kulanga munthu wina kuposa kamodzi pa mlandu umodzi. Komabe, zochitika zamakono kaŵirikaŵiri zimayambitsa milandu yambiri – mwachitsanzo, munthu mmodzi woledzera angaikidwe mlandu wa kupha munthu, DUI, kuyendetsa mopambanitsa, ndi kulephera kuletsa. Kumvetsetsa mmene kuopsa koŵirikizana kumachitika chifukwa cha mlandu umodzi kumafunikira kupenda zimene zimapanga “malakwa, unansi pakati pa milandu,” ndi kuvomerezana kumene kumalola kuchitidwa.

Maziko a Malamulo a Maupandu Aŵiri

Mawu a ngozi a Fite Amendment akugwira ntchito ku boma pozenga mlandu pa mlandu wa Geneth Reformation’s Acception ( Benton v. Maryland [1], 395 U.S. 784 [1969]). Chitetezocho chikaikidwa pa mlandu wa ajuli, kapena pamene mboni yoyamba yalumbira m'kuzenga mlandu. Pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa kapena kutsimikiza, boma silingatsutse woimbidwa mlanduwo, kapena kuperekera chilango chochuluka kaamba ka mlandu umodzi wochitidwa. Chikalatacho chimatumikira zifuno zitatu zazikulu: (1) kutetezera anthu pa mlandu wa ozengedwa moŵirikiza, (2) kusunga kuweruza komaliza, ndi (3) kuletsa kutsutsa kuyesa kuweruza kwa anthu osalakwa.

“Chiletso cha lamulo choletsa ngozi ziŵiri chinalinganizidwa kutetezera munthu ku ngozi za kuyesa ndi chitsimikizo chothekera nthaŵi zingapo kaamba ka mlandu wonenedwa. + – Lusity v. United States, 355 U.S.1957]

Kodi Ndi Liti Pamene Kuphatikana Kuŵiri “Kumanga”?

Kumvetsetsa kumamatirana kumasulizidwa pamene milandu yambiri ibuka kuchokera ku chochitika chimodzi. Upandu waŵiri sumagwirizanitsa kokha chifukwa cha kugwidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu. Umagwirizanitsa kokha pambuyo pakuti woimbidwa mlandu waikidwa m'ngozi – ndiko kuti, pamene mlandu wa oweruza uyamba. Kuzenga mlandu, zimenezi zimachitika pamene ajuli aikidwa pa malo oyenera ndi kulumbira. Kuzengedwa mlandu pa benchi, kumachitika pamene mboni yoyamba yalumbitsidwa. Ngati mlandu wachotsedwa asanasungedwe mlandu (m.g., mkati mwa kuweruza koyamba), boma lingabwezerenso milandu. Nthaŵi zambiri limakhala ndi mlandu, kuchotsedwa ndi tsankhulo, kapena zigawa za kugamulidwanso chifukwa cha kulakwa.

“ Kuiwala” Kuyesa: Ulamuliro wa Blockburger

Funso lalikulu m'milandu yambiri ndi lakuti kaya milandu iŵiri imakhala “mlandu umodzimodzi. . Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa kuyesa kofala mu . United States , 284 U.S.29]. Pansi pa kupima kwa Blockburger, milandu iŵiri yofanana ndi maupandu aŵiri ngati iliyonse sifuna umboni wa chenicheni chakuti winayo satero. M’mawu ena, ngati mbali za maupandu aŵiriwo zili zofanana, kapena ngati chimodzi chiri chophatikizidwa pang'ono ndi chilango chinacho, pamenepo iwo ali chitsutso chofanana ndipo sakhoza kulangidwa mopatulidwa kuŵirikiza kaŵiri.

Chitsanzo: Kubera ndi Kuzunza

Tiyerekeze kuti woimbidwa mlandu walanda sitolo ndi mfuti. Boma limamimba mlandu wakuba (kulanda katundu mwa kukakamiza kapena kuwopseza) ndi kuukira ndi chida chakupha. Zida zakuba zimafuna kulanda, pamene kuli kwakuti kuukira kumafuna kuchitapo mwadala kuchititsa mantha kuvulaza. Mu mawu aŵiri otsutsa, upandu uliwonse umafuna umboni wa chinthu chimene winayo sakufuna – kuba, kuukira kumafuna kuvulaza (kapena kuvulaza) kumene sikumafuna kuvulaza. Chotero, chigamulo pa milandu yonse iŵiri sichimawononga ngozi, monga momwe zilili maupandu osiyana.

Zolakwa Zochepa Zimaphatikizidwa

Ngati upandu umodzi uli wochepa kwambiri wophatikizapo kulakwa kwa wina, ngozi ziŵiri zopangika. Mwachitsanzo, kupha kwachiŵiri ndi mlandu wochepera wa kupha munthu koyambirira m'zigawo zambiri. Ngati woimbidwa mlandu wa kuphedwa kwa munthu woyamba, iye sangaikidwenso mlandu wakupha munthu wachiŵiri chifukwa cha kupha munthu kofanana, chifukwa chakuti mlandu wachiŵiriwo ndi mlandu umodzimodziwo pa zolinga zowopsa ziŵiri.

Kupereka Mlandu Wochuluka Chifukwa cha Vuto Limodzi: N’kosavuta Kulimvetsa ndi Kosamveka

Chochitika chimodzi chingapangitse upandu wochuluka wosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kuukira limodzi kungapange zonse ziŵiri (kukhudza kosaloledwa) ndi kuukira (kuwopsya kwa kuvulaza), kulikonse ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana. Ozunza kaŵirikaŵiri amadandaula kuti amatsekera kuthekera konse kwa kulakwa. Mawu aupandu aŵiriwo samaletsa kachitidweka, malinga ngati mlandu uliwonse uli mlandu wopatulidwa pansi pa kuyesa Blockburger. Komabe, malamulo alamulo amagwira ntchito pamene mchitidwe ugwiritsiriridwa kutsimikizira milandu yosiyanasiyana imene ilidi mlandu umodzimodziwo.

Chitsanzo: DUI ndi Vehicular Homicide

Woyendetsa galimoto amamenya ndi kupha munthu wapansi ali woledzera. Boma lingamuikire mlandu wa kupha munthu ndi munthu wa m’thupi. Pansi pa Blockburger , DUI amafuna umboni wa kuledzera pamene akuyendetsa galimoto; kupha munthu ndi mtima kumafunanso umboni wa imfa yochititsidwa ndi kuyendetsa kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Upandu uliwonse uli ndi mbali inayo yomwe sukufuna: DUI sakufuna imfa, ndipo kupha munthu wa m’thupi sikufuna kunyodola (m'mayiko ambiri, “upandu wapakamwa , ukhozanso kupha mopambanitsa). Chifukwa chake, zikhululukiro zosiyana kwa onse aŵiri n’zololedwa. Komabe, ngati nyumba yolinganiza kuti ikhale yopalamula kupha munthu wina pamene kupha munthu wina kwapatulako kuli kopanda pake, zotsatira zake zingatsati.

Pamene Ndalama Zochuluka Zimalizidwa

Makhoti a ngozi ambiri pamene mlanduwo uli “kulakwa komweko . ku Blockburger. Mwachitsanzo, mu Brown v. Ohio ., 432 U.S. 161 [77], woimbidwa mlandu woyamba kuimbidwa mlandu wa chimwemwe (kuyendetsa galimoto popanda chilolezo) ndipo pambuyo pake anaimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha kuba kwa galimoto kozikidwa pa chochitika chimodzimodzi. Khoti Lapamwamba linanena kuti kukondwa ndi kupha kwa galimoto pang’ono chabe (kumene kumafuna kulanda kwachikhalire). Popeza kuti mlandu wachiŵiriwo unali wolakwa, unaswa kaŵiri. Mofananamo, ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo wachotsedwa mlandu wa kulanda nyumba, bomayo singathe kumuyesa pambuyo pake chifukwa cha kulakwa kofananako, chifukwa cha kulakwa kochepa.

Chiphunzitso cha Uchifumu cha Umodzi

Chimodzi cha zitetezero zazikulu ku United States ndicho chiphunzitso cha uchifumu chamitundu iŵiri, chimene chimalola mabwalo osiyana ndi maulamuliro osiyana (m’chitsanzo, maboma a boma ndi maboma) kuchita chinthu chimodzimodzi. Chochititsa nchakuti wolamulira aliyense ali ndi malamulo ake ndi zikondwerero; kulakwa kotsutsana ndi United States sikuli kulakwa kofanana ndi kulakwa kwa boma, ngakhale ngati khalidwelo nlofanana. Mwachitsanzo, apolisi amene amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yopambanitsa angaikidwe mlandu ndi boma ndi boma ndipo boma lolamulira pa kuswa ufulu wa anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsanso chiphunzitso chimenechi mu . United States v. [FL:1], Confect. [13], C.19609]

Zimene Zingakuthandizeni

Pa chochitika chimodzi, milandu ya boma ndi ya boma ingakhale yosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kuwomberana kwa anthu ochuluka kungatsogolere ku kuphana ndi kudana ndi upandu wa boma kapena kuweruza ndi mfuti. Woimbidwa mlandu sangadzinene kukhala wowopsa kuŵirikiza kutsekereza mlandu wachiŵiri chifukwa chakuti olamulira aŵiriwo ali ndi zikondwerero zosiyana zalamulo. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kachitidweko m’malire awo, koma ulamuliro wa boma udakalipo.

Zosiyanasiyana ndi Zopereka m’Malamulo Amitundumitundu

Umboni Watsopano ndi Milandu Yolakwika

Upandu wa kaŵiri sumatsekerezanso kupha pambuyo pa kulakwa kwa mlandu pamene pali “chofunika chachikulu” (m’chitsanzo, juli yopachikidwa) kapena pamene woimbidwa mlanduyo apempha kulakwa. Mofananamo, ngati umboni watsopano ubuka pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa, boma silingatsutse woimbidwa mlandu umodzimodzi. Komabe, ngati mlanduwo uchotsedwa pa kuikidwa paupandu, kapena ngati chitsimikiziro chasinthidwa pa kufunsira chifukwa cha kulakwa (osati umboni wosakwanira), kuphanso kuyenera kuvomerezedwa.

Anthu Omwewo, Ovutika Mosiyanasiyana

Pamene chochitika chimodzi chivulaza mikhole yambiri, mkhole aliyense angapereke mlandu wosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati woimbidwa mlandu aponya anthu atatu pa kachitidwe kamodzi, iye angaikidwe mlandu wa ziŵerengero zitatu za kupha kapena kuukira. Chiŵerengero chirichonse chiri mlandu wapadera chifukwa chakuti aliyense amaphatikizapo mkhole wina, ndipo kupima kwa Blockburger sikumagwirizanitsa. Imeneyi ndi lamulo lotsutsidwa bwino; kuwopsa kwaŵiri sikumaletsa chilango chambiri kaamba ka ka kachitidwe kamodzimodziko pamene mikhole yambiri yavulazidwa.

Zotsatirapo za Anthu Okha ndi Zaupandu

Chikalata cha ngozi ziŵiri chimagwira ntchito kokha ku milandu ya upandu, osati milandu ya boma kapena ya boma. Chotero, munthu angayang'anizane ndi milandu ya upandu ndi mlandu wa boma kaamba ka chochitika chimodzimodzi (m., imfa yachiŵeniŵeni yolakwika pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa kwa kupha). Kuwonjezerapo, kutayikiridwa kwa boma, kuchotsedwa kwa laisensi, kapena chilango chaukatswiri sichikulingaliridwa kukhala “kubwezera chilango” pa zifuno ziŵiri m'mikhalidwe yambiri, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kulephera kwa kuletsa pamene chilango chachiŵembu chiri“ chochepa kwambiri . [ United States v. Halper, kapena kulangidwa kwauka kwauka kwauka kwauka kwaukatswiri, 490, pambuyo pake, kuchotsedwa ndi lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la boma.

Anthu Oteteza ndi Ogwira Ntchito Zokopa Ayenera Kuwaganizira Bwino

Ngati chochitika chimodzi chitsogolera ku milandu yambiri, uphungu wodzitetezera uyenera kusanthula kaya zinenezo ziri zofanana kapena zochepa zophatikizidwa pansi pa mayeso a Blockburger. Ngati nditero, kachitidwe ka kuchotsa mlandu wa kukopa kayenera kuperekedwa mlandu usanazengedwe. Ndiponso, ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo wachotsedwa ku mlandu waukulu, uphungu uyenera kupenda mwamsanga ngati zinenezo zocheperapo zidakalipo ndi kusamuka kuti asungenso.

Kumenya ndi Kumanga Manda

Upandu ukhoza kuyambukira mapangano a kuchonderera. Woimbidwa mlandu sangakhale ndi mlandu wofanana ndi mlandu umene anamasulidwa. Komabe, boma kaŵirikaŵiri limaimba mlandu wa kugwiritsa ntchito zigamulo za liwongo. M’kugamula, khoti siliyenera kupereka chilango chochuluka pa mlandu umodzimodziwo. Chilango chowonjezerekacho sichiyenera kupitirira pa chilolezo choyenera cha mlandu uliwonse ngati mlanduwo wapezedwa kukhala wofanana ndi Bolburger.

Kukopana ndi Kuukira kwa Magulu Olimbana ndi Magulu Oopsa

Ngati woimbidwa mlandu wa kuimbidwa mlandu pa milandu yambiri imene imawononga ngozi ziŵiri, mankhwala ndiwo kutsutsa chitsimikizo pa mlandu wowonjezereka. M’nkhani zina, khoti lingagwirizanitse zigamulo. Makhoti ofufuza Blockburger agwiritsira ntchito njira imodzimodziyo ya Blockburger de novo. Ndiponso, kuwopsa koŵirika kukhoza kubuka ndi Habeas corpus ngati sikusungidwa bwino pozenga mlandu, ngakhale kuti malamulo osatsimikizirika otsatidwa bwino angagwiritsiridwe ntchito.

Kukula kwa Mbiri ndi Kutsutsana kwamakono

Mawu a ngozi ziŵirizi ali ndi maziko aakulu m'malamulo a Chingelezi, kumene kuchonderera kwa autrefois consortion (pambuyo pake kumasulidwa) kapena autrefois woweruza [ (poyambirira anaimbidwa mlandu) kuletsa milandu yotsatizana. Malamulo a U.S anatengera lamulo, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ku milandu yambiri kuchokera ku chochitika chimodzi kwakhala kodabwitsa. [[FLT: 4.] Tamburger [FLT:], khoti losumikidwa pa mfundo za malamulo, mayeso amene otsutsa ena angalole boma kuchititsa kachitidwe kaupandu kamodzi m'maupandu kowonjezera kamodzi kowonjezera kachitidwe kochita kamodzi.

Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo achirikiza “mayendedwe ofananawo” mmalo mwa“zinthu zofanana” zoyesa kuletsa boma kuchenjeredwa. Grady v. Corbin[FL:1], 495 U.S.508 (1990), Khoti linatenga mwachidule “mayendedwe ena”, koma linagonjetsa zaka zitatu zokha m' United States v. Diffic , 509 U.S. (1993). [FLT)] Dixon . [FLT:] Chigamulo cha Boode chibwezeretsa mbali za Blo la Bolderburg monga ngati muyezo la milandu iŵiri.

Kusintha kwa Boma

Maboma aumwini ali omasuka kupereka chitetezero chachikulu koposa cha maupandu oŵirikiza kuposa chimene boma limafunikira. Maiko ena atengera “umboni umodzimodziwo” kapena“ mayeso a projekiti”, omwe ali otetezera kwambiri kuposa Blockburger. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti la Apilo la New York limagwiritsira ntchito “zotsatira zamalonda zina za ” pansi pa malamulo ake a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri ofuna kuti milandu yonse yochokera ku malonda aupandu iyesedwe pamodzi. Mofananamo, makhoti a California agwiritsira ntchito muyezo wa“ khalidwe lofananalo” m'nkhani. Osunga malamulo ayenera kudziŵa za chitetezero cha boma pamene akuimira milandu yambiri yochokera ku chochitika chimodzimodzicho.

Chitsanzo: Lamulo Lofala la Oregon

Lamulo la Oregon la ngozi ziŵiri (lochokera ku lamulo la boma ndi mlandu) kaŵirikaŵiri limaletsa zikhululukiro zambiri kaamba ka ka kachitidwe ka upandu kamodzimodzi, ngakhale ngati milanduyo ili ndi mbali zosiyana. Mu Statet v. Weist , 89 P.3d 1179 (Or. 2004), Khoti Lapamwamba la Oregon linatsutsa kuti milandu iŵiri ya kuukira kwa munthu mmodzi inaswa kuopsa koŵiri, pamene boma linalephera kusonyeza chivulazo chapadera pa mlandu uliwonse. Zimenezi n’zoposa kupenda kwa boma la Blockburger.

Chitsanzo Chothandiza: Kubera Anthu ndi Kuwazunza

Talingalirani za woimbidwa mlandu amene amaloŵa m’sitolo yothandiza, kudzoza mpeni, kufuna ndalama, ndiyeno kupyoza kalalikiyo pamene atsutsa, kuvulaza kowopsa. Chochitikacho chimapereka zinenezo zambiri: umbava, anayesa kupha munthu pamlingo woyamba (kupha mwadala), kuukira pamlingo woyamba (kuvulaza kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi chida chakupha), kukhala ndi chida chaupandu, ndi kuopseza (kuika wina m’mantha). Pansi pa kuyesa kwa Blockburger, mlandu uliwonse uli ndi mbali zowonekera:

  • [[FULT:0] . . . . kulanda katundu mwa kukakamiza kapena kuopseza mphamvu.
  • Anapha munthu: Kufuna kupha modziphatikiza ndi sitepe lachindunji kulinga kukupha.
  • Assault choyamba: [[FL:1] Kukonzekera kuvulaza thupi kapena kutengamo mbali m’mkhalidwe wovulaza wotero ndi chida chakupha.
  • Kukhala ndi Weaton: Modziŵa kukhala ndi mfuti kapena chida chowopsa.
  • Kusintha: Motsimikiza kuika wina poopa kuvulala kwakukulu.

Chifukwa chakuti upandu uliwonse umafuna umboni wakuti enawo sawabera (m’njira imodzi, kupha anthu, kupha anthu poyesa kupha, kukhala ndi zida zogwiritsa ntchito powazenga), milandu yonse isanuyi ndi yosiyana ndi zigamulo ziwiri, ngakhale kuti inayambira pa chochitika chimodzi. Woimbidwa mlanduyo angaikidwe mlandu pa milandu yonse isanu popanda kuphwanya Lamulo lachisanu. Komabe, ngati lamulo la malamulo likufuna kuti mlandu umodzi uphatikizepo mlandu wa munthu wina (m’jeng’ono, chiwopsezo chingakhale chochepa ngati chiwopsezocho chili cha kulanda ngati chiwopsezo chokhacho chikugwira ntchito), khotilo liyenera kugawanitsa kapena kuswa chigamu chimodzi.

Kumaliza

Chikalata cha malamulo chosonyeza ngozi ziŵiri ndi chitetezo chofunika kwambiri, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake milandu yambiri yochitika pa chochitika chimodzi sikophweka. Kuyesa ma projects kumakhalabe chida chachikulu chodziŵira ngati milandu iŵiri ili yolakwa mofanana. Malamulo ambiri amaloledwa ngati iliyonse ili ndi mbali yapadera ndi bungwe la malamulo. Chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro chamitundu iŵiri chimalola maupandu a boma ndi a boma osiyanasiyana, ndipo milandu yokhudza mikhole yambiri yokhudzana ndi yosiyana nthaŵi zonse imasiyana. Oweruza ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa mlandu uliwonse wokhudza umboni ndi zinthu zina zotero. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba lachitira, lamulo silimaletsa boma kubweretsa milandu yambiri ya milandu ya milandu yokhudzana pa khalidwe lofananalo – limaletsa boma kuyesa munthu mmodziyo kuyesa kulakwa kaŵiri konse.

Kheleyi:

  • Maupandu aŵiri ogwirizanitsidwa pamene oweruza alumbira (kapena umboni woyamba m’kuzenga mlandu pa benchi).
  • Blockburger (“zinthu zofanana”) zimalamulira ngati milandu iŵiri ili mlandu umodzimodzi.
  • Mlandu wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale pa chochitika chimodzimodzicho, umaloledwa kaŵirikaŵiri.
  • Munthu wonyozeka sangalangidwe payekha pambuyo pa kuimbidwa mlandu kapena kuimbidwa mlandu waukulu.
  • Ulamuliro wa magulu aŵiri umalola boma logaŵikana kapena kumangidwa.
  • Malamulo a boma angapereke chitetezo chachikulu.
  • Upandu uliwonse wophatikizapo mnkhole wapadera uli mlandu wapadera.

Kwa awo ofuna kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, gwiritsirani ntchito Cornell Information Institute kupenda kwa maupandu oŵirikiza , Kuchotsedwa kwa Chikalata cha Justice Criminal Resource Manual pa ngozi yoŵirikiza [, ndi [FLT] Cinstitution pa Konsolention pa Fibrence [. Monga momwe nthaŵi zonse, nkhani zina zimafunikira uphungu kuchokera kwa loya woyenerera wotetezera waupandu.