Kumvetsetsa Zomwe Ziyenera Kuchitika ndi Ntchito Yake Pofunafuna ndi Kuchotsa Chilamulo

Malamulo a lamulo lachimereka a ku America, olembedwa pa Malamulo achisanu ndi 14 . Pamutu pake, boma limafuna kuti lilemekeze ufulu wonse walamulo wa munthu, kutsimikizira chilungamo pa mbali iliyonse ya malamulo. Ngati lafika pa Lamulo Lachinayi Loletsa ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinji, lizimachita zinthu monga chitetezero cha ufulu ndi malamulo ovomerezeka. Popanda njira yoyenerera, kuteteza Malamulo a Chinayi kudzakhala kopanda njira yodalirika yotsutsa boma kapena kutsimikizira kuti kufunafuna ndi kudwala kuchitika pansi pa ulamuliro walamulo.

Unansi pakati pa njira yofunikira ndi maseŵero ndi zitetezero ndi kudalirana wazikidwa kwambiri m'nyengo ya Kukhazikitsidwa, koma wasinthika modabwitsa kwa zaka mazana ambiri za zigamulo za khoti, kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi zokumana nazo zopindulitsa. Nkhani ino ikufufuza mmene njira zoyenerera zimatetezera anthu ku kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, miyezo yalamulo imene imalamulira chitetezo, ndi kusiyanitsa kumene kumalola lamulo kuchita popanda chilolezo cha zochitika. Kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa kuli kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kudziŵa zoyenera zawo ndi kwa awo amene amagwira ntchito m’dongosolo lachilungamo kuti atsimikizire kuti ufuluwo uli woyenerera.

Maziko a Lamulo la Kuyenera kwa Lamulo ndi Lamulo Lachinayi

Demendment yachisanu imalengeza motchuka kuti palibe munthu aliyense amene adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. ̵ Poyamba, malire ameneŵa anakhudza boma la boma lokha. Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Civil War, Demendment ya 1450 inafutukula chiyeneretso chimodzimodzicho ku mabomawo, kupereka kuti palibe boma limene lidzalandidwa ndi munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. ” Onse pamodzi, zimenezi zikupanga chitsimikizo chalamulo chakuti mphamvu ya boma idzagwiritsiridwa ntchito mwa njira zokhazikitsidwa.

Lamulo lachinayi Lowonjezera, lomwe linavomerezedwa kukhala mbali ya Bill of Rights mu 1791, limati: “ kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeredwa mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, pofufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa, sikudzaswedwa, ndipo sipadzakhala malamulo, koma pa chifukwa choyenera, chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kufotokoza malo oti akafufuzidwe, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zimene ziyenera kugwidwa. ̵ Lemba limeneli limakhazikitsa zitetezero ziŵiri: chiletso chachikulu choletsa kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kudwala, ndipo chiyeneretso chirichonse chimene chiyenera kuzikidwa pa chifukwa chenicheni ndipo chiyenera kulongosola kufunafunako.

M’kupita kwa nthawi, Khoti Lalikulu lakhala likumasulira nkhani ya mu Lamulo Lachinayi mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenerera, ndipo limanena kuti ngati boma lafufuza kapena kulanda munthu, sizingafufuzidwe popanda kuganizira ngati linachitadi zimenezo.

Chiphunzitso Chogwirizanitsa ndi Lamulo la 14

Kwa mbiri yaikulu ya America, Demetrition Yachinayi inagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma. Boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko silinagwirizanitsidwe ndi chiyeneretso chake. Chimene chinasintha m'zaka za zana la 20 kupyola chiphunzitso cha kusankha kuphatikiza , kumene Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira kuti makonzedwe ambiri a Boma la ufulu agwire ntchito ku mabomawo kudzera ku Demetrisement ̱ Programme Clausste. M'nkhani zodziŵika monga [[FLT:] Map] v. (1961]) ndi [FLT] [FUF:4]. .VFol [199] [199] [199]), Khoti la Chitetezero cha Chikalata chotchuka cha [5], kuphatikizapo malamulo a &17, kuwonjezera chikalata chogwirizana ndi kutsutsa chigamu cha chikalata chowonjezera cha kutsutsa chikalata chaku

Kufunika kwa Lamulo la Nkhondo Kuti Kukhale Koyenera

Demendment Yachinayi ’ malemba akupereka lingaliro lakuti zilolezo ziri njira yokondeka ya kusanthula ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Chikalata choperekedwa ndi woweruza wosaloŵerera, chozikidwa pa mawu olumbira otsimikizira chochititsa chothekera, chimapereka kupenda kwaumwini pa lamulo losungitsa lamulo’ mphamvu. Kutsatira kwa productedism ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kachitidwe ka m’kachitidwe: Boma lisanaloŵe pa munthu ’ liyenera kusonyeza kwa woweruza wopanda tsankho kuti pali chifukwa chomveka chokhulupirira umboni wa upandu.

Chilungamo chimafunikira zambiri osati kungopeza chikalata, ngakhale kuli tero. Chikalatacho chiyenera kuperekedwa m’njira yoyenerera, kaŵirikaŵiri m’maola a masana, ndipo sichiyenera kupitirira ukulu wa zimene woweruzayo analamulira. Ngati apolisi afufuza malo osalongosoledwa m'zikalatazo kapena kutenga zinthu zosandandandaldwa, machitidwe amenewo angaswe Kukonzanso kwa Chachinayi ndi kuchepetsa chilungamo cha . Chiyeneretso cha kuchitika kwa munthu aliyense sagonjera kwa onse, kuyang'anira katundu wake.

Ndiponso, njira yoyenera imafuna kuti anthu adziŵitsidwe za kufunafuna kulikonse kumene kungachitike. M’zochitika zambiri, osungitsa lamulo ayenera kugogoda ndi kulengeza kukhalapo kwawo asanaloŵe m’nyumba, pokhapo ngati pali mikhalidwe yodzikhululukira yosaloŵera. Chidziŵitsochi chimapatsa anthu mpata wa kutsegula chitseko modzifunira ndi kupeŵa mikangano yosafunika. Kulephera kutsatira malamulo a m’malemba ameneŵa kungapangitse kufunafuna kovomerezeka kosagwirizana ndi lamulo.

Zimene Zimachititsa Kulolera: Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri

Chochititsa choyenera ndicho muyezo walamulo umene uyenera kuchitidwa chisachitike chisaweruzike. Chimakhala pamene kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe yodziŵika kwa osungitsa lamulo kukachititsa munthu wolingalira kukhulupirira kuti upandu wachitidwa ndi kuti umboni wa upanduwo uli pamalopo kuti ukafufuzidwe. Bwalo Lapamwamba lagogomezera kuti chochititsa chiri chosinthika, chomvekera bwino, osati chaluso. Koma chiyenera kukhala chozikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni zenizeni, osati kukayikira kapena kuyang'ana chabe. Njira yake imatsimikizira kuti ngakhale m'nkhani zamalire, woweruza amapenda umboni ndi kutumiza, mmalo mosiyira chigamulo cha mkulu wa boma pakhwalala.

Kukonzekera Pansi pa Lamulo Losafunika: Zoleka ndi Malire Ake

Ngakhale kuti lamulolo ndilo maziko a malamulo otetezera a Opaleshoni yachinayi, Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi nkhanza ndi zina zambiri n’koyenera popanda chilolezo. Kupatula kumeneku sikuli njira zozembera koma kuli kozikidwa pa zinthu zofunika zenizeni ndi boma’ kufunitsitsa kovomerezeka m’chisungiko cha anthu onse ndi malamulo oyendetseka bwino. Komabe, njira yoyenerera imaletsabe mmene kutsata kusiyanitsa kumeneku kungagwiritsidwire ntchito.

Kufufuza Kovomerezeka

Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufufuza, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Chivomerezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu, osati mokakamizidwa ndi chitsenderezo kapena chinyengo. Chitachitika chimafunikira kuti boma litsimikizire chitsimikiziro ndi umboni woyambirira, ndipo makhoti adzayang'ana kutheratu kwa mikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo munthu aliyense̱ zaka, maphunziro, ndi dongosolo. Munthu angasiye kuvomereza panthaŵi iliyonse, ndipo ngati nduna zipitiriza kufufuza pambuyo pochoka, umboni uliwonse wogwidwa ungachotsedwe. Mfundo yakuti wina savomereza kutsutsa kuyenera kwawo kwa kufufuzako ngati kupambana zimene zinavomerezedwa.

Kufufuza Zochititsa Kugwidwa

Pamene munthu agwidwa mwalamulo, apolisi angafufuze malo a msilikali amene angapeze chida kapena umboni. Kusiyana kumeneku kumalungamitsidwa ndi ofisala ndi kufunika kwa kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa umboni. Kufufuzako kuyenera kukhala kochitidwa ndi kumangidwa ndipo kuyenera kutsekeredwa ku malo kumene wogwidwayo angafike ku chida kapena umboni. Khoti Lapamwambalo limakhulupiriranso kuti apolisi angafufuze chipinda cha onyamula galimoto ku malo aposachedwapa osungirako zinthu za galimoto. . [1] . . Get. 2009, .

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Ngati pakufunika mwamsanga kuti boma lichitepo kanthu kuti liteteze ku kuwonongeka kwa thupi, kuwonongedwa kwa umboni, kapena kuthawa kwa wokayikirayo, apolisi angaloŵe m’nyumba kapena kufunafuna popanda chilolezo. Apolisi ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti apolisi apangadi vutolo.

Kuchoka pagalimoto

Chifukwa chakuti galimoto n’zoyenda mofulumira ndipo zingayendetsedwe, khotilo lanena kuti maofesala amene ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti galimoto ali ndi umboni wa upandu angafufuze galimoto lonse, kuphatikizapo zotengera zonse zili mkati mwake, popanda chilolezo. Kusiyana kumeneku kwazikidwa pa chiyembekezo chochepa cha anthu achinsinsi amene ali m’magalimoto poyerekezera ndi nyumba. Mchitidwe wa kufunikirabe chochititsa, ndipo kufufuzako kuyenera kukhala koyenera. Ngati apolisi afufuza mopambanitsa kuposa chimene chili choyenera, umboniwo ungachotsedwe.

Lingaliro Lomveka

Ngati mkulu wa asilikali ali wololedwa pamalopo ndi kuona zinthu zodziwonetsera bwino, angatenge zinthuzo popanda chilolezo. Chiphunzitsocho chikufuna kuti wapolisiyo akhale ndi ufulu wololedwa kulowa m’chochitikacho, ndi kuti kugamula kwa chinthucho kukhale koonekeratu. Zotsatirapo zikabuka ngati mkulu wa asilikali’ sanavomerezedwe, kapena ngati kufunafunako kunali chifukwa chodziwira kuti apeze umboni. Chiphunzitso chomveka sichingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kulungamitsa kufufuza kwachisawawa.

Lamulo Lothetsa Malingaliro: Njira Yofufuzira Zosatheka

Chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu koposa zoperekera lamulo la Kusintha kwa Kachinayi ndicho lamulo la loletsa boma kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wopezedwa kupyolera m'kufufuza kapena kugwidwa kwa mlandu. Lamuloli limagwira ntchito m'makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma, ndipo limalinganizidwa kuletsa kusamvera malamulo mwa kuchotsa chisonkhezero cha kuswa malamulo. Popanda lamulo la kuchotsa, Kukonzanso kwachinayi kungakhale kopanda tanthauzo lophiphiritsira, popeza kuti sipangakhale cholakwa kuswa lamulolo.

Chilamulo chopatula chili ndi malire, ngakhale kuli tero. Chimalola umboni kuvomerezedwa m'machitidwe a boma, m'mabwalo aakulu a ajuli, kapena m'kubwereza. Ndiponso, Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga kulekana kochuluka, konga ngati chikhulupiriro chabwino chosiyana ndi [, chimene chimalola umboni kuvomerezedwa ngati apolisi moyenerera adadalira pa chilolezo chimene pambuyo pake chinasintha kukhala chosakhala chotsimikizirika, kapena pa lamulo limene pambuyo pake linalengezedwa kukhala losayenerera. Mpake amatumikirabe m'nkhani zimenezi chifukwa chakuti akapita patsogolo pa chikhulupiriro chabwino, ndi chiyambukiro cha kutsendereza umboniwo chikakhala chochepa.

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo amenewa, lamulo lopatula lidakali lodalirika kwambiri, ndipo limatsimikizira kuti boma silipindula ndi kuswa malamulo kwake, ndipo limatsimikiziranso mfundo yakuti mapeto salungamitsa njira yopezera njirayo.

Zimene Zimachitika Masiku Ano: Pali Mavuto

Luso la zaumisiri lasintha kwambiri ntchito yofufuza ndi kulanda. Makompyuta, kuphatikizapo ma email, mauthenga a mauthenga, malo, ndi kusungira thambo, amadzutsa mafunso atsopano onena za chimene chipanga #8220; search ” ndi zimene zikufunika. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti anthu amayembekezera kukhala okha paokha m'makompyuta awo, ngakhale ngati zipangizozo sizipezeka m'kaundula wachibadwa wa #8220; nyumba. ”

Mu Riley v. California (2014, Khoti likugwirizana kuvomereza kuti apolisi satha kufufuza chochitika cha foni ya m’manja kuti agwire popanda chilolezo. Chigamulocho chinagogomezera kuti mafoni amakono ali ndi chidziŵitso cha munthu, kuposa kwambiri chinthu chakuthupi chonga pepala la pepala la pepala kapena phulusa la ndudu. Khotilo linagamula kuti boma ’ kufunitsitsa kuteteza ndi kusungidwa kwa umboni sikunalungamitse kutse chinsinsi chonse chakuti kufunafuna foni kopanda lamulo kungachititse kuphatikizapo. Chigamulezo chimenechi ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha kuyendetsa zinthu zatsopano.

Mofananamo, mu Comber v. United States[FLT :1] (2018), khoti linavomereza kuti boma’ osasunga masabata ambiri a malo a selo-ssite olembedwa ndi kachipangizo kotchedwa stem medie conde configuration . Khoti linakana mfundo yakuti mafaelo a malonda anali chabe a gulu lachitatu ndipo linazindikira kuti malo ozungulira akuvumbula chithunzi cha munthu wotchedwa ’ moyo. Monga chotulukapo, lamulo liyenera kupeza chilo chochirikizidwa ndi chothekera kupeza maselo a mbiri yakale. Mapangano ameneŵa amasonyeza njira yogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopanga zinthu zimene zimasintha motero kuti malamulo atetezedwe.

Kuchuluka kwa Zinthu ndi Chisungiko cha Dziko

Nyengo ya magetsi imadzutsanso nkhaŵa za maprogramu aakulu oyang'anira, monga aja ochitidwa pansi pa Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Pamene kuli kwakuti zikondwerero za chisungiko cha dziko zikufunikira kuyang'anira, monga chilolezo cha chiweruzo kuchokera ku Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FASC). Otsutsa amanena kuti kubisa kwa FISACC kachitidwe ka chigawo ka 702 ka kusonkhanitsa malamulo a anthu osakhala U.S. Anthu angapotope ndi ufulu wa kulankhulana pakati pa chitetezo ndi chinsinsi zikukhalabe chimodzi mwa zitsutso zofunika kwambiri za m'nthaŵi yathu ino.

Misani ndi Kujambula: Kulinganiza Ubwino wa Kusamala ndi Ufulu wa Malamulo

Chizoloŵezi cha kuimika ndi kutumiza , chodziŵikanso monga Terry imaleka (kuchokera ku Terry v. Ohio [1], 1968), imalola apolisi kutsekera munthu mwachidule chifukwa cha kukayikira koyenera kuti upandu uli wofanana, ndi kutsekera munthu kuti ali ndi zida ngati pali kukayikira koyenera kuti munthuyo ali ndi zida ndi ngozi. Kutsekera kumeneku kumafupika kumangidwa kotheratu ndipo sikufunikira chilolezo, koma kudakali kunyansi kwa Amereka Wachina.

Malamulo afunikira kuti kukayikira koyenera kukhale kozikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni, zosatsutsika, osati pa zinthu zachiphamaso kapena pa mikhalidwe ya anthu. Makhoti athetsa machitachita a kuletsa ndi kuwonjezera a mtundu kapena amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kumasulira. Mzinda wa New York [20203], khoti la boma linapeza kuti New York Police Department ̱ imasiya pulogalamu yachisanu ndi ya 141 chifukwa chakuti akuluakulu a boma anali kuimitsa anthu akuda ndi anthu a ku Spain omwe sanawaneneretu. Malamulowo anawonjezera kuti lamulolo amafunika kuyang'anira anthu onse ulemu ndi kusapereka umboni wofanana.

Ngakhale pamene kuima kwalungamitsidwa, ukulu wa frisk umalekezera ku kutsika kwa zovala zakunja kaamba ka zida. Ngati woyang'anira aona chinthu chimene chimadziŵika mwamsanga kukhala chomasulidwa, chingagwire pansi pa pepala la “ chazaumboni wakumva kuti ̵ kupatulapo. Koma kufufuza kulikonse kowonjezereka kumafuna kaya chivomerezo kapena chothekera. Kachitidwe kakutsimikizira kuti chinthucho chimaima ndi kanthaŵi ndipo kuti chikayikiridwe sichinyozedwa kapena kuchedwetsa.

Zoyenera Kuchita ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu: Mbali ya Makhoti ndi Nzika

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ovomerezeka, zochititsa, ndi zosayenera, mchitidwe woyenerera kwenikweni umadalira pa kusungitsa lamulo. Makhoti amachita mbali yaikulu mwa kupereka lamulo loletsa umboni, mwa kulangiza ajuli ponena za lamulo, ndi mwa kupereka malingaliro amene amamveketsa bwino malire a mphamvu ya apolisi. Nzika, zomwenso, zingasumitse ufulu wawo mwa kukana kufunafuna, mwa kupempha loya ngati ali m’ndende, ndi mwa kudandaula ngati zikhulupirira kuti ufulu wawo waponderezedwa.

Mabungwe osiyanasiyana amapereka zinthu zothandiza anthu kuzindikira ufulu wawo. Mwachitsanzo, ACLU̱ madziwa tsamba Lanu la Ufulu amapereka malangizo othandiza mmene angachitire ndi kusungitsa lamulo. Cornell Information Institute imapereka chidule chofikirika cha malamulo a Four Amendment. Ndi Project [FLT:]YEZ] kumvetsera ndi kumasulira mawu kwa Khoti Lapamwamba m'nkhani zambiri zazikulu za ku Dementimenti.

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo alinso ndi udindo wophunzitsa akuluakulu pa malamulo ndi kutengera malamulo amene amateteza ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, makamera a m'thupi, angapange zolemba zimene zimathandiza makhoti kupenda ngati kufunafuna kapena kulanda kunachitidwa bwino. Makomiti oyeneretsedwa angafufuze njira za makhalidwe oipa. Njira zonsezi zimathandizira kukonza njira zimene sizili zalamulo koma zothandiza.

Kumaliza: N’kofunika Kwambiri Kudziwa Kuti M’pofunika Kutero

Makonzedwe oyenerera amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya kufunafuna ndi kugwira sizikuchitidwa mwadala. Mwa kufuna zilolezo zozikidwa pa chochititsa chothekera, mwa kufuna kuti pakhale kulungamitsidwa ndi kufunikira kwenikweni, ndi mwa kupereka mankhwala onga opatula, Konsichushoni imatetezera munthu aliyense ku kumasuka ku kuloŵerera kwa boma kosalingalirika. M'nyengo ya makompyuta, chitetezo chimenechi nchofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse, monga momwe luso la zopangapanga limatheketsera oyambitsawo kuyang’anira pamlingo umene sakanatha kuulingalira.

Kuzindikira mmene ntchito yake imagwira ntchito kupatsa nzika mphamvu zoŵerengera mlandu wa boma, kumakumbutsanso kuti lamulo liyenera kuikidwa osati kokha pa kukwaniritsa zotulukapo komanso pa kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu amene akutumikira.

Potsirizira pake, mchitidwe woyenerera suli chabe chiphunzitso cha lamulo; icho chiri chitsimikiziro cha kuwona mtima.