Chiyambi: Demokalase ya Konsichura

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya makhoti kusanthula machitidwe a nthambi za malamulo ndi maulamuliro ndi kuchotsa awo amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo. Ulamuliro umenewu, ngakhale kuti sunatchulidwe mwachindunji m'zikalata zambiri zokhazikitsidwa, wakhala mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wamakono wa malamulo alamulo. Mwakukhazikitsa jajiya yodziimira kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo, kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, kutsimikizira kuŵerengera mlandu kwa boma, ndi kusunga kulekana kwa maulamuliro ake. Kuchokera ku ku kumbuyo kwake kwa ku United States kufikira kutengera kwake malamulo alamulo alamulo lalamulo lamakono kuzungulira dziko lonse, kupenda komiti yachiweruzo ikali chiwiri champhamvu ndi chopikisana kaŵirikaŵiri chiŵiya cha demokrala cha kudziimira pa .

Chiphunzitsocho n’chofunika kwambiri: malamulo olembedwa ali malamulo aakulu, ndipo ndi udindo wa oweruza kumasulira lamulo limenelo pamene mikangano ibuka. Popanda njira yolimbikitsira ukulu wa malamulowo, malamulo amaika moyo pachiswe kukhala zolinga chabe. Kupenda kwa malamulo kumasintha malonjezo alamulo kukhala ufulu wosungika. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mizu ya mbiri yakale yopenda, ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri poteteza ufulu ndi kulinganiza mphamvu, milandu yopanga malamulo imene yasintha kugwirira ntchito kwake, ndi kutsutsa kumene kukupitirizabe kuyambitsa mkangano pakati pa akatswiri ndi madokotala.

Chiyambi ndi Kukula kwa Mbiri

Maziko Oyambirira a Chilamulo cha Chingelezi

Lingaliro lakuti makhoti angapende lamulo lochitira zinthu mogwirizana ndi lamulo lapamwamba lisanakhazikitsidwe ku America. Ku England, lingaliro la Bwana Edward Coke mu [FLT: 0] Dr. Case . Bonham’s Case [[FLT:] (1610]) linapereka lingaliro lakuti “pamene ntchito ya Palamente itsutsana ndi kuyenera ndi kulingalira kofanana, kapena kunyansa, kapena kosatheka kuchitidwa, lamulo lofala lidzailamulira.” Ngakhale kuti lamulo lamakhalidwe limeneli silinatenge mu United Kingdom chifukwa cha chiphunzitso cha ufulu wa palamende, linasonkhezera akatswiri a m'makolone omwe pambuyo pake anapanga dongosolo la malamulo olembedwa, aakulu.

Pofika m’zaka za zana la 18, akatswiri a zamalamulo a ku Britain onga William Blackstone anavomereza kuti mphamvu za lamulo, ngakhale kuti ndi ulamuliro, zingachepetsedwe ndi lamulo lachilengedwe. Komabe oukira a ku America anapita patsogolo: iwo anapanga chikalata chimene chinatsendereza oseŵera onse a boma ndipo chikanachirikizidwa ndi makhoti a kudziimira paokha.

Marbury vesi: Madison: The American Breakthrough

Mlandu wapadera wa Madison . (1803) amapatsidwa mlandu padziko lonse wa kukhazikitsa kupenda kwachiweruzo mu United States. Kulemba za Khoti Lapamwamba, Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analengeza kuti “ndiye chinsinsi cha chigawo ndi ntchito ya komiti ya chiweruzo yonena zimene lamulolo liri. Marshall analingalira kuti Malamulo ndiwo lamulo lalikulu la dziko, ndi kuti lamulo lililonse loitsutsa liyenera kukhala lopanda pake. Ngakhale kuti malamulowo samapatsa mwachindunji mphamvu ya Bwalo la kupenda milandu, Marshall ananena kuti mkhalidwe weniweni wa malamulo olembedwa umasonyeza ulamuliro wotero.

Mkangano wa mwamsanga [1] Kaya William Marbury anali ndi thayo ku ntchito yake monga chiweruzo cha mtendere [1] unathetsedwa mwanjira imene inapeŵa kulimbana ndi Pulezidenti Thomas Jefferson. Mwakupeza kuti lamulo lopatsa ulamuliro wa Khoti loyamba pa mandamus linaswa Gawo III, Marshall anakhazikitsa kapendedwe kachiweruzo ndi kusonyeza chiletso chach. Kuŵerenga nkhani yonse pa Oyez [1].

Kufalikira kwa Dziko Lonse kwa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha, mayiko ambiri anatengera makhoti alamulo kapena anakhazikitsa makhoti aakulu omwe analipo ndi ulamuliro wobwereza. Khoti la Federal Constitution, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1951, linakhala chitsanzo cha kupenda kochitidwa ndi oweruza. Tchata cha Canada cha ufulu ndi ufulu (19982) chinapereka mphamvu zolimba zopendera makhoti, ngakhale kuti “mawu osaikidwa bwino a" amalola malamulo ena. Ngakhale United Kingdom, otsutsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kupenda malamulo aakulu, aona khoti likukhazikitsa mphamvu yoswa malamulo a Ulaya kapena a Human Rights Act 1998.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kulingana kwa Mafuko

Kupenda koweruza kwakhala injini yoyamba yopititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu mu United States. [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Board of Education (1954) inagonjetsa tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse, kugwetsa “kusiyana koma kulingana” chiphunzitso cha [[FLT:] Platry v. Ferguson[FL:3]. Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren Warren analemba kuti malo a maphunziro ndi“ osalongosoka,” ndipo chigamulo cha khoti logwirizana chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupenda malamulo oletsa kutsutsa lamulo la fuko. [FLT:] Brown. [OBrown pa oy [FFFF:]

Mofananamo, Loval v. Virginia (1967) anagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kwachiweruzo kuswa malamulo a boma otsutsa kukwatira, kulengeza kuti “ufulu wa kukwatira, kapena wosakwatira, munthu wa fuko lina amakhala ndi munthu aliyense payekha ndipo sangatsutsidwe ndi Boma. Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza ntchito ya khoti monga wotetezera magulu otsenderezedwa motsutsana ndi kutsendereza.

Kulankhula ndi Mawu Aufulu

Kupenda koweruza kumatetezanso msika wa malingaliro. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964]), Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti Computer Coyamba Reformation imateteza nkhani zabodza zokhudza akuluakulu a boma kusiyapo ngati inapangidwa ndi “njiru,” imaika chiletso chokwera cha masuti oipitsa. Posachedwapa, mu [FLT] Citins United v. FÉC . [FT:3] (20), Khoti likuswa makonzedwe a Bipartarian Reformation Active yomwe imaletsa kupondereza kwa zandale kwaumwini ndi makampani, kulingalira kuti malamulo Oyamba amatetezera nkhani zandale mosasamala kanthu za wolankhula. Pamene nkhani imeneyi ikuimira kupenda kopeka kwa lamulo loweruza lamulo lokhudza ufulu.

Kudzipatula ndi Kudzipaka

Kuyenera kwa kukhala chinsinsi, ngakhale kuti sikunatchulidwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo, kwasungidwa mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) adagonjetsa lamulo loletsa kulera mimba, kupeza “penumbra” ya ufulu wachinsinsi mu Bill of Rights Rights. [FLT:] [FLT]] [2] Ree v. [[FLT:]] [[FLT] [73]] [773]) Kulingalira kwa kuchotsa mimba, kuzindikira chifuno cha mkazi pansi pa Claus Cecestion. Ngakhale kuti [FLT:] [FLT] [FL:5] adakhala ndi chigamu cha pambuyo pake mu [FLT].[2] Malamulo otsutsa lamulo lakuletsa kuchotsapo lamulo lakuletsa lamulo lakuletsa, pansi pa chigamu .

Kulinganiza Mphamvu za Boma

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kuli kupenda kofunika pa nthambi zina. M'masukulu achichepere ttp Comment Comment mep membrine . v. Sawyer (1952), Khoti Lapamwamba linapeputsa lamulo la Pulezidenti Truman laudindo logwira zitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti Pulezidenti analibe ulamuliro walamulo wa kuchita zimenezo popanda chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa chilo. Woweruza Robert Jackson a Commis Conclactive, wogwirizanitsa maziko a kuyang'anira ulamuliro wapamwamba, adakali limodzi la malingaliro osonkhezera kwambiri pa kulekana kwa maulamuliro.

Posachedwapa, INS v. Chadha adagonjetsa chiwiya cha malamulo chaveto, chipangizo chogwiritsira ntchito kugwetsa zigamulo za bungwe la oyendetsa popanda kukhazikitsa lamulo. Khoti linagamula kuti chivomezo chiswe Preace Claus, chimene chikufuna bidaralism ndi kupereka kwa Pulezidenti kaamba ka ka ka kachitidwe kalikonse ka lamulo. Mikhalidwe imeneyi imasonyeza kupenda komiti yachiweruzo kuletsa nthambi ina kuloŵerera m'maulamuliro wa wina.

Mafuko ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Kupendanso kwachiweruzo kumagwirizanitsa kulinganiza pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma. United States v. Lopez (1995], Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti kunyamula mfuti m'chigawo cha sukulu sikunayambukire kwenikweni malonda a mayiko, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya malonda a Congress ya zamalonda. Zimenezi zinazindikiritsa nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi kuti Khoti linagwetsa lamulo la boma la ulamuliro wa malonda woposa wapamwamba, kusonyeza kudzipereka kopeputsanso kwa boma la boma la boma.

Mosiyana, Arizona v. United States (202) adachotsa makonzedwe aakulu a lamulo la boma la kusamukira, kulingalira kuti lamulo la boma limaletsa kutumiza alendo. Kupyolera m'zigamulo zimenezi, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumasunga malamulo a uchifumu wa mbali ziŵiri.

Malingaliro Oyerekezera pa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Chitsanzo cha ku America: Kubwereramo Kwamphamvu kwa Funso la Pamutu la Pansi pa Thupi

United States amagwiritsira ntchito chitsanzo champhamvu choyenerera: khoti lirilonse lingalengeze lamulo losakhala lalamulo, ndipo kumasulira kwa Khoti Lalikulu kuli kogwirizana pa nthambi zonse. Palibe lamulo lokhala ndi malire a kukonzanso kwa lamulo, kumene kuli kovuta dala. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimapatsa makhoti mphamvu yaikulu ya kupanga malamulo, kuchititsa nkhaŵa ponena za vuto la ofufuza milandu ndi malamulo a democracy.

Chitsanzo cha ku Britain: Ulamuliro wa Nyumba ya Malamulo

Ku United Kingdom, makhoti sangaweruze Machitidwe a Nyumba ya Malamulo chifukwa chakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi yolamulira. Komabe, lamulo la Human Rights Act 1998 limalola makhoti “kuperekedwa kwa kusagwirizana,” kusonyeza kuti lamulo likuswa pangano la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Anthu. Palamente imasungabe mawu omaliza, kutsutsa lamulo lolakwa. Kuyesa kuvomereza kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu ndi demokrase. [FLT: 0] Kuŵerenga Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu 1998 .

Chitsanzo cha ku Canada: Charter Review ndi Mlatho Wotetezera

Lamulo la Constitution la Canada, 1982, kuphatikizapo Charter of Rights and Freedoms, limapatsa makhoti mphamvu zobwereramo. Komabe, Chigawo 33 [1] “malamulo oimira dala" ndi malamulo a boma kapena achigawo kuchotsa ufulu wina wa Tchata kwa nyengo zisanu za zaka . Mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosalekeza, makamaka ndi Quebec m'malamulo a chinenero. Chitsanzo cha Canada chimayesa kulinganiza ulamuliro wachiweruzo ndi ufulu wa boma.

Makhoti a Malamulo a Ulaya

Maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ali ndi makhoti alamulo apadera amene amachita zopenda zopeka (malamulo openda asanagwire ntchito) ndi kupenda kotsimikizirika (kumva madandaulo a munthu mmodzi). Mwachitsanzo, Khoti la Federal Constitution, la Germany lachotsa malamulo achinsinsi, kulankhula kwaufulu, ndi chitetezo cha chidziŵitso, kukonza malo alamulo a dziko. Khoti la Justice of the European Union ndi European Court of Human Rights limapereka kupenda kogwirizana ndi dziko lonse, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la ufulu wotetezera.

Milandu Yosonyeza Chizindikiro Chimene Chinafotokoza Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kukulitsa Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lopatula ku makhoti a boma, kubisa umboni wopezedwa mwa kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu.
  • Miranda v. Arizona[FL:1] (1966): Apolisi ofunika kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo wa kutonthola ndi uphungu asanafunse mlandu wa osunga.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ukwati wovomerezedwa mwalamulo ndi lamulo kuzungulira dziko lonse, kutanthauza kuti Demetriyo ya 14 imapereka kuyenera kwa kukwatira mosasamala kanthu za kugonana kapena malingaliro akugonana.
  • Lawrence v . Texas [FLT ] (2003): Kugwetsa malamulo a sodoma, kuzindikira kuti pali kufunitsitsa kwaubwenzi.

Kufufuza Boma Kuti Lizilanda Anthu Mopitirira Malire

  • United States v. Nixon (1974): Kukana kwa Pulezidenti Nixon mwaŵi wa kuyang’anira kotheratu, kumkakamiza kutembenuza matepi a Watergate.
  • Clinton v. City of New York (1998): Inaphonya Line Memo Veto Act, imene inapatsa Pulezidenti mphamvu ya kuchotsa zinthu zenizeni zowonongedwa popanda chilolezo cha bungwe.
  • Malo a Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California [1] (2020): Anatseka dalaivala wa Trump woyesa kubwereranso ku DaCA, kupeza mfundo zomveka ndi zosamveka.

Kusuliza ndi Mavuto

Chipwirikiti cha Otsutsa

Chisulizo chopitirizabe cha kupenda chiweruzo ndicho kutsutsana kwake kowonekera ndi demokrase. Pamene oweruza osasankhidwa agubuduza malamulo operekedwa ndi makhomageti osankhidwa ndi anthu, iwo amaloŵa mmalo mwa malamulo awo kwa awo a anthu. Alexander Bickel motchuka anatcha zimenezi “vuto la atsamunda. Ochirikiza akuyankha kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo kumatetezera anthu ochepa ndi zoyenera zazikulu zimene zinganyalanyaze, ndi kuti Konsichushoni yeniyeniyo ndiyo chikalata cha demokrase chimene chimaletsa ndale wamba.

Kuweruza Koletsa

Osuliza kaŵirikaŵiri amaimba makhoti mlandu wa “kuweruza kwa milandu” poswa malamulo, pamene akutamanda“ kuletsa kwa lamulo” pamene akutchula za malumbiro a boma. Komabe, mapepala ameneŵa amanyamula malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, osunga mwambo amene anakondwerera Chikole cha United (kukhazikitsa malamulo a ndalama) angatsutse Obergefell [ (kupangitsa ukwati wofanana ndi wofuna kutchuka, ndi wotsutsa. Kwenikweni, oweruza onse amagwirira ntchito m’masuliridwe; funso lingakhale ngati amatsatira tanthauzo loyamba la malemba alamulo kapena njira ya kayendetsedwe ka moyo.

Kusankha Okwatirana Moyenera

M’maiko ambiri, njira yosankha oweruza yakhala ya ndale zadziko kwambiri. Zitsimikizo za Khoti Lalikulu la United States tsopano ndi nkhondo zochirikiza nkhondo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zinsinsi zimasonkhezeredwa ndi malingaliro awo pankhani zotentha za kagulu ka oweruza. Zimenezi zingafooketse chidaliro cha anthu m’kupanda tsankho kwa jaji. Akatswiri ena amapereka masinthidwe onga malamulo a oweruza kapena nyengo ya kupuma pantchito ya lamulo kuti achotse mapangano.

Kuzenga Milandu ya Makhoti ndi Mabungwe

Malamulo oyesayesa kufutukula kapena kukonzanso judiary . kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa “khoti . "kuika chiwopsezo chachindunji ku ufulu wachiweruzo. Mu 1937, Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt anapereka lingaliro la kuwonjezera pa zigamulo zatsopano zisanu ndi chimodzi ku Bwalo Lalikulu pambuyo pa kugwetsa maprogramu ake a New Deance . Makonzedwewo analephera, koma chochitikacho chimasonyeza mmene nthambi za ndale zadziko zingayesetsere kuletsa judiary yopanda ubwenzi ndi Mulungu. Zolingalira zofananazo zakhala zitayambiranso m'zaka zaposachedwapa, kudzutsa mafunso onena za kukhazikika kwa zaka 76 zoweruza.

Tsogolo la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Ziphunzitso Zosintha

Pamene chitaganya chikusintha, ziphunzitso zachiweruzo zimasintha. Chisinthiko cha Khoti Lapamwamba la United States kulinga ku kuyambirira ndi kulembedwa kwa malemba, chotsogozedwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Scalia ndi kupitirizabe ndi anthu osatsatira mwambo, chingachepetse kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, makhoti aang'ono ndi makhoti aakulu akumasulira mowonjezereka malamulo a boma kupereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa malamulo a boma.

Luso la Zaluso Ndiponso Kudzibisa

Luso la zopangapanga lamakono limadzetsa zitokoso za kupenda kwachiweruzo. Makhoti ayenera kusankha mmene Chisinthiko Chachinayi chimagwirira ntchito ku maselo , kaya maajensi ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'kuweruza koyenera, ndi mmene malamulo aufulu a kuyankhula amafalitsira ku mapulatifomu a makompyuta a anthu. Karperenter v. United States [2018]), Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti boma limafunikira chilo chopezera ndandanda ya malo a mbiri yakale, kuzindikira kuti tekinoloji yatsopano ingachotse ziyeso zoyembekezeredwa.

Mikhalidwe ya Padziko Lonse

Kufufuza kwachiweruzo kukupitirizabe kufalikira padziko lonse, komanso kumatsutsana. M'mayiko monga Hungary, Poland, ndi Turkey, maboma afooketsa makhoti alamulo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, kuweruza kopatula, ndi kuchotsa oweruza odziimira paokha. Kutha kwa ufulu wa kudziimira paokha kwa mademokalase atsopano kukusonyeza kusagwirizana kwa malamulo a boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, khoti la Interanki America la ufulu wa anthu ndi la African Court on Human and People’s ikuwonjezera mphamvu yawo yopenda ufulu wawo, kupereka chiyembekezo kaamba ka ufulu m’madera okhala ndi mabungwe ofooka.

Kumaliza

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kudakali kofunika koma kotsutsana ndi lamulo. Mwa kupatsa makhoti mphamvu yochotsa malamulo a boma ndi zochita zaudindo, kumatetezera ufulu wake wofunika ndi kusunga kulinganiza kwa lamulo la mphamvu. Nkhani zolembedwa kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] Marbury [1] kwa [FLT:] [[FLD]] [2] "Obergefe adawononga [malamulo] [[[[FLT: 3]] [kuteteza] chitira chithunzi kuthekera kwake kosintha, pamene kuli kwakuti kusuliza kwake kopitirizabe kwa lamulo lachiŵerembere, kuchitapo kanthu, kupenda kwa komiti kwa komiti ya chiweruzo sikuli kupenda kwa chigamu. Kupenda kwa lamulo kwa lamulo la lamulo la ufulu, judiary, ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsendedwa kwapo ku lamulo latsopano lachiŵembu, ndipo kupitiriza kutsimikizira kwa oweruza kutsimikizira ku kuvomereza kuperekedwa kwa lamulo la boma, ndipo kulibe lamulo lovomerezedwa lovomerezedwa lolamulira lolamulira lolamulira lolamulira lolamulira.