Chiyambi cha Mapendedwe ndi Kulinganizika: Maziko a Chiphunzitso cha Chiphunzitso

Malamulo a mayeso ndi kulinganiza sanatuluke mu utsiru. Ziyambi zake zanzeru zinaloŵa kwambiri mu nthanthi zandale za Kutseguka kwa Chidziŵitso, makamaka ntchito ya Baron de Montesquieu. M'ntchito yake 1748] Mzimu wa Malamulo [, Montesquieu adatsutsa kuti kuletsa ulamuliro wa andale, mphamvu ya boma iyenera kugawidwa pakati pa nthambi zosiyana. Iye analemba motchuka kuti "mphamvu iyenera kukhala njira yoyendera mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa United States Constitution, amene anasonkhezera anthu a boma kuti adzilamulira mwamphamvu koma akuumirira kwambiri ufulu.

Oyambitsawo anadzionera okha maupandu a ulamuliro wapamwamba mu ulamuliro wa Briteni. Iwo anawopa ponse paŵiri kupondereza kwa ambiri ndi kupondereza kwa wolamulira mmodzi. James Madison, mu Fideralist Ayi. 51 , analongosola chitokoso chachikulu: "Muyenera choyamba kutheketsa boma kulamulira olamulidwa; ndipo kumalo enawo anali kukakamiza kulamulira lokha. Kuthetsako kunali njira yapadera ya kugawana mphamvu, iriyonse yokhala ndi njira yokanizira kuloŵererana ndi ena.

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chinali chosintha chifukwa chinakana chitsanzo cha mwambo wa mfumu yokhala ndi ulamuliro wosaletsedwa. M’malo mwake, chinayambitsa mkangano ndi kukambirana m’makonzedwe enieni a ulamuliro, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa gulu lililonse kugonjetsa. Kufufuza ndi kulinganiza sikuli chabe malamulo a mwambo; ndiko cholinga cha dala cha kugaŵira mphamvu kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense kwa ochita chigololo.

Mmene Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza Zipangizo Zimagwirira Ntchito

Kuti timvetse mmene machenjezo amatetezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwa, n’kofunika kupenda njira zoyenerera zimene zimatheketsa nthambi iliyonse kukakamiza ena kuchita zinthu zina.

Kupenda Malamulo pa Waukulu

Nyumba ya Oimira Authority, monga nthambi ya boma, ili ndi zida zamphamvu zingapo zoyang'anira ndi kuchepetsa nthambi ya akuluakulu. Chikalata chokhudza kwambiri. Nyumba ya Oimira ingabweretse milandu kwa pulezidenti wokhala pansi, pulezidenti, kapena akuluakulu ena a boma a "akufuna, chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi opalamula milandu. Ngati Nyumbayo ilephera, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke mlandu ndipo ingachotse akuluakuluwo ndi voti iwiridwe. Mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi pulezidenti Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trup (wrice), kusonyeza kuti ntchito yake siingakhale yokhudza ntchito.

Pambuyo pa kupeputsa, Nyumba ya Malamulo imalamulira bajeti ya boma kupyolera mwa mphamvu ya chikwama . Palibe bungwe la akuluakulu limene lingawononge ndalama popanda kutumiza malamulo. Izi zimapereka Nyumba za Malamulo zambiri zokhala ndi malamulo ndi ntchito za pulezidenti. Kuwonjezera apo, Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti, kuphatikizapo alembi a bungwe, oweruza a boma, ndi akazembe. Kutsimikizira kumeneku kungalole oyendetsa zinthu kupenda ndi kukana awo olingaliridwa kukhala osayenerera kapena opambanitsa. Nyumba ya Malamulo ingachotsenso malamulo a pulezidenti ndi anthu aŵiri otchuka m’machipinda onse aŵiri, kutsimikizira kuti munthu mmodzi sangaletse lamulo ndi chichirikizo chofala.

Akuluakulu Afufuza za Lamulolo

Nthambi ya mkulu ya boma si ntchito yoletsa kuyendetsa malamulo. Pulezidenti angapereke mpando wa malamulo ndi kupatsa pulezidenti mpando wa pagome. Pulezidentiyo alinso ndi ulamuliro ku [FLT: 2] audindo a akuluakulu a boma kuti aichirikize. Mphamvu imeneyi imaletsa Nyumba za Malamulo kupitirira mopupuluma kapena malamulo osasamalidwa bwino. Pamene malamulowa sapanganso malamulo atsopano, iwo angasinthe mmene malamulo alili, makamaka pamene aikidwa m'mabungwe.

Pulezidenti angaikenso Nyumba ya Malamulo ku chigawo chapadera [[FLT: 1] pamene nkhani zofunika zibuka, ngakhale kuti mphamvu imeneyi siigwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri. Mokulira, pulezidenti amatumikira monga mkulu wa asilikali koma ndi Nyumba ya Mabungwe yokha imene ingalengeze nkhondo. Kulimbana kwa akuluakulu a asilikali ndi mphamvu zankhondo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ndiko kutsimikizira kumene kwayesedwa mobwerezabwereza, kuyambira ku nkhondo ya ku Korea mpaka nkhondo zaposachedwapa ku Middle East.

Oweruza Afufuza Mantha Ena

Chigamulo, makamaka Khoti Lalikulu, limatumikira monga womasulira wamkulu wa Malamulo. Mwa mphamvu ya kupenda , yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury . Madison . [1803], makhoti angakantha malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress ndi zochita zochitidwa ndi mkulu ngati aswa malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti nthambi zonse zimagwira ntchito m’malamulo awo.

Oweruza a boma amaikidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo, zimene zimawatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Kudziimira kwawo kumawalola kupanga malamulo osadziŵika pamene kuli kofunikira kutetezera ufulu walamulo. Komabe, khoti la ajuli silimaletsa: Mabungwe angasinthe ziweruzo (ngakhale kuti zimenezi sizimachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri), kupereka ziyeneretso za lamulo kuti zithetsetse zigamulo zachiweruzo, ndi oweruza oweruza ena chifukwa cha kusamvera malamulo. Mtsogoleriyo amakakamiza malamulo a zamalamulo, kupereka mphamvu zothandiza pokhapokha pamene nthambi zina zigwirizana.

Kufufuza Nkhani Zakale: Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza Zochitidwa

Kufufuza njira zopimira ndi kupima dziko kumasonyeza mmene makompyutawa amagwirira ntchito. Nkhani iliyonse imasonyeza mbali ina ya kulimba kwa dongosololi.

Madzi Osefukira ndi Mphamvu ya Kulephera

Chipongwe cha Watergate cha ma 1970 chimaimira chitsanzo cha buku la zopinga ndi zopimira zogwira ntchito bwino. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ndi maulamuliro ake omwe anachitapo ndandanda ya nkhanza, kuphatikizapo kuswa pa likulu la Democratic Committee ndi kuwonjezera. Sate Sate Watergate Komiti [1], yoyang'anira malamulo, inasunga makutu otsegulidwa amene anavumbula ukulu wa khalidwe loipalo. Komiti ya Nyumba ya Jeudiciary inavomereza nkhani za kuletsa chilungamo, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu, ndi kunyoza Congress.

Pamene Supreme Court inalamula Nixon kutulutsa matepi ojambulidwa a makaseti a makambitsirano a White House (in United States v. Nixon]), jaji ya jaji yoyang'anira ntchito ya kazembe imanena za udindo wake. Kuyang'anizana ndi kukana kwina kochitidwa ndi Nyumba ndi chitsimikizo m'Bata, Nixon anachotsa. Chochitikachi chinasonyeza kuti pulezidenti ali wotetezeka maganizo pamene nthambi ya malamulo ndi ya khoti la oweruza akwaniritsa ntchito yawo. Ofalitsa nkhani zazikulu monga Bob Woowaward ndi Carl Bernstein anavumbula mfundo zimene zinasonkhezera kufufuzako.

Khoti Lalikulu ndi Wolamulira: Youngstown meep & Tube Co v. Sawyer

Pankhondo ya ku Korea, Pulezidenti Harry Truman analanda ulamuliro wa zitsulo za dzikolo kuti apeŵe chiwopsezo chimene chingasokoneze kutulutsidwa kwa nkhondo. Anatsutsa kuti zochita zake zinali zolungamitsidwa ndi "utsogoleri" wa maulamuliro a pulezidenti m'dziko lonse. Khoti Lapamwamba linakana. Mu [FLT:] Broadtown met & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sawyer [FLT:] [1952], Khoti linalamula kuti Truman adapitirira ulamuliro wake walamulo chifukwa chakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo sinalole kugwidwa ndi ulamuliro. Woweruza wa Black Hugo analemba kuti mphamvu za prezidenstry ayenera kuchokera ku ntchito ya Congresssions okanye ku Konsity.

Nkhaniyi inalimbikitsa mfundo yakuti ulamuliro wa akuluakulu ndi wopereŵera, ngakhale panthaŵi ya mavuto. Mtsogoleri wa jaji anafufuza pulezidenti wotchuka pa nthaŵi ya nkhondo, akumati Konsichushoni / / osati kutha kutsogolera. Chosankhacho chinagogomezeranso kufunika kwa kusiyanitsa maulamuliro: nthambi ya malamulo inapereka njira zina zothetsera mikangano ya antchito, ndipo pulezidenti sakanatha kuzithetsa.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Kukula kwa Ntchito ya Otsogolera

M'zaka makumi aposachedwapa, kugaŵikana kwa atsata boma nthaŵi zina kwalepheretsa kukhoza kwa nthambi ya malamulo kuyang'ana mkuluyo kudzera m'njira zamwambo. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ilephera kukhazikitsa malamulo aakulu, mapresidenti kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenukira ku maodiresiti a akuluakulu ndi kupanga malamulo a boma kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zawo. Mphamvu imeneyi yadzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za "utsogoleri wa boma" amene amanyalanyaza zoloŵetsedwa m'pangano.

Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Obama anagwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro kugwiritsa ntchito mbali zina za bungwe la Affordble Care Act ndi kupanga pulogalamu ya Defered Action for Childhoop (DACA) pambuyo pa Congress analephera kuchitapo pa kusintha kokulira kwa anthu. Pulezidenti Trump anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu a boma kuchepetsa malamulo a malo okhala ndi kuletsa anthu kuyenda. Otsutsa amanena kuti zochita zimenezi zimachepetsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma, pamene oteteza zinthuzo amatsutsa kuti n’zofunika pamene Nyumba ya Ufumu yachita chopumira. Nthambi ya zamalamulo nthaŵi zina inaloŵererapo kapena kuletsa malamulo ameneŵa, akukumbutsa pulezidenti kuti kawiriyo ali ndi malire a malamulo.

Machenjera ndi Kulinganizika Koposa Boma Ladziko

Malamulo a kupima ndi kulinganiza amapitirira nthambi zitatu za boma la boma. Ku United States, boma lenilenilo ndilo kupenda pa ulamuliro wapakati. Boma lili ndi malamulo awoawo, malamulo, ndi mabwalo a milandu, ndipo lingakanize kuchenjeredwa ndi kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko. Mgwirizano wa Tenth Amendment ku maulamuliro amene sanagawidwe ku boma, kupangitsa kugaŵikana kokhala ndi mphamvu.

Kuwonjezerapo, ntchito zaulere zosindikiza monga kufufuza kwamwayi pa nthambi zonse. Kufalitsa magazini kwa kampani kukuvumbula chinyengo, kusayenerera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu. Nkhani ya Pentagon Papers ( New York Times Co. v. United States ) inatsimikizira kuyenera kwa manyuzipepala kufalitsa mapepala osonyeza kusamvera boma, ngakhale pazotsutsa za nthambi za akuluakulu. Mabungwe a boma, magulu a anthu ozemba ufulu wa anthu, ndi mabungwe a zamaphunziro amayang'anira ntchito za boma ndi kusonkhanitsa malingaliro a anthu kuti adziwitse mlandu.

Mavuto Amakono Ofuna Kudzitetezera ndi Kusamala

Ngakhale kuti dongosololi lakhala lokhalitsa kwambiri, m’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino anthu afunika kumvetsa kuti n’zovuta kwambiri kuti likhale ndi mphamvu za demokalase.

Kukula kwa Nthambi Yoyang’anira ndi Boma Loyang’anira

Pazaka 100 zapitazi, boma la boma lakula kwambiri ndi kucholoŵana kwake. Mabungwe auyang'aniro onga Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Homeland Security, ndi Secrety and Exchange Commission ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu zokhazikitsa malamulo ndi kusungitsa. Otsutsa akutsutsa kuti "boma la Uyang'anira" limaphimba mizera pakati pa malamulo, maulamuliro, ndi mabwalo a chiweruzo, pamene mabungwe onse aŵiri amapanga ndi kutsatitsa kuyang'anira kochepa kwa dongosolo.

Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zina limakhazikitsanso ulamuliro wa malamulo. Mu Service ya Kusintha ndi Kusintha kwa Ntchito v. Chadha [19983], Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo la malamulo, Nyumba ya Zipangizo yogwiritsira ntchito kuthetsa machitidwe a bungwe popanda kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano. Posachedwapa, Khoti lagwiritsira ntchito "majiniyo chiphunzitso" kufuna chilolezo chomveka bwino chokhudza mapangano a zachuma ndi zandale zisanatenge machitidwe aakulu. Zigamu zimenezi zimalimbitsa lingaliro lakuti malamulo ofunika ali kwa opanga malamulo, osati opanga malamulo.

Kuimira Malo Otchedwa Partisan Gerrymandering ndi Kuimira

Pamene zigawo za malamulo zakopeka kuyanja chipani chimodzi, chitsenderezo cha mpikisano chimene chimathandiza kuŵerengera akuluakulu a boma nchachepa. Kupambanitsa kungasonkhezere ndi kuchepetsa kuvomereza kwa Congress ku masankhidwe aakulu. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa kuti makhoti a boma samamva mawu a makhoti a gerrydering (in [FLT: 0] .Chommong Chamonse , 2019), kusiya nkhaniyo ku makhoti ndi madongosolo andale. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa makhoti a ufulu wa boma kuti atsutse maulamulirowo kuti atsutse kutsutsa kuyendetsa zinthu, koma vutolo likupitirizabe m'dziko lonselo.

Kuweruza Moona Mtima ndi Kulimbikitsa Nkhondo

Kuyenera kwa nthambi yachiweruzo kumadalira pa kudalira kwa anthu pa kukhulupirira kuti oweruza amatsatira lamulolo mosatenga mbali. Koma pamene khoti Lapamwamba lakhala nkhondo zogaŵanitsa, malingaliro a khotilo pamene gulu la ndale lakula. Kulimbana ndi Woweruza Brett Kavaugh ndi kuikidwa kwa mwamsanga kwa Justice Amy Coney Barrett kusanachitike masankho 2020 kunakulitsa magaŵano a anthu. Pamene Khotilo likuwonedwa kukhala kuwonjezera kwa magulu andale, zigamu zake sizimavomerezedwa kwambiri pa mizera ya zipani, zimafooketsa mphamvu yake ya kuyang'anira bwino nthambi zina.

Kuwopseza Kusankha ndi Kutumiza Mphamvu Mwamtendere

Macheke ndi malingana zimadalira pa masankho aulere ndi oyenera, amene amalola ovota kuchotsa akuluakulu amene amagwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu. Kuyesa kutsendereza kuvota, kufalitsa chidziŵitso, kapena kugwetsa zipambano za masankho kuchitika pa mtima wa kuŵerengera kwa demokalase. Kuukira kwa U.S. Capitol kunaimira kusokonezeka kwakukulu kowopsa kwa kusamutsidwa kwa mtendere kwa ulamuliro m'mbiri yamakono ya Amereka. Zotsatira zake zimasonyeza zonse ziŵiri kulimba kwa dongosolo (Confernerain adagwirizananso kutsimikizira zotulukapo za chisankho) ndi zoyesayesa zake (zopitirizabe kuchepetsa chidaliro m'masankhoti).

Kulimbitsa chisungiko cha masankho, kupereka ndalama zokwanira za oweruza, ndi kutetezera ku kuloŵerera kwa maiko akunja nkofunika kwambiri kuti musunge kusanthula mphamvu. Kuwonjezerapo, njira zonga Electoral Count Reform Act ya 2022 cholinga cha kumveketsa mbali ya pulezidenti m'kukhazikitsa masankho ndi kuletsa zoyesayesa zamtsogolo za kugwiritsira ntchito masankho.

Kuthandiza Anthu Kuti Apitirize Kuyenda ndi Anthu Ena

Palibe njira ya macheke ndi kulinganizika zimene zingathe kugwira ntchito popanda nzika yodziŵa ndi yokangalika. Malamulo amapanga dongosolo, koma nzika zimene ziyenera kuiyendetsa. Kuzindikira kwa anthu za mmene boma limagwirira ntchito, ndi mmene mphamvu zingagwiritsidwire ntchito molakwa, ndi mmene zingagwiritsidwire ntchito molakwika.

Kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa ndiyo njira yolunjika kwambiri imene nzika zimayang'anira ulamuliro wa boma. Mwa kusankha oimira amene amachirikiza malamulo alamulo, ndi mwa kuvota awo amene samatero, anthu amapitirizabe kukakamiza nthambi zonse. [[FLT:]] Kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa [[FLT:] kuli ntchito ina imene imachititsa nthambi kukhala ndi mlandu ndi kutsimikizira kuti nzika zili ndi mbali m’malamulo.

Kuŵerenga ndi kulemba ndi kulemba kuli kofunika kwambiri m'nyengo ya kusadziwa. Nzika ziyenera kukhala zokhoza kusiyanitsa magwero odalirika a nkhani kuchokera ku nkhani zokopa, chifukwa chakuti anthu odziŵa bwino kwambiri ngokonzekera bwino kuzindikira kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu. Kuchirikiza manyuzipepala odziimira paokha . "kupyolerani, zopereka, kapena kungoŵerenga mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana ."

Mabungwe a Chivomezi onga Chigwirizano cha Akazi, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), ndi Bipartarisan Policy Center amaphunzitsa anthu ndi kuchirikiza ulamuliro wabwino. Magulu a Grasroot angafune kuti adziŵerengera mlandu pa mlingo uliwonse, kuchokera ku mabungwe a sukulu a kumaloko mpaka ku White House. Pamene nzika zilinganiza, zimakulitsa mawu awo ndi kuwapangitsa kukhala ovuta kuti akuluakulu aziwanyalanyaza.

Kuyerekezera: Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika Padziko Lonse

United States sindilo dziko lokha limene limagwiritsira ntchito mayeso ndi kulinganiza. Mademokrase ambiri asintha lamulo ku miyambo yawoyawo yalamulo. Mu Kingdom , dongosolo lazikidwa pa ulamuliro wa palamente, koma Nyumba ya Ambuye ndi jadicary jidiary imapereka mayeso pa boma. Khoti Lapamwamba, lokhazikitsidwa mu 2009, lingaswe malamulo amene amaswa ufulu wa anthu kapena malamulo alamulo. Komabe, palibe kulekana kwalamulo pakati pa nthambi za nduna zazikulu ndi zolamulira, popeza kuti nduna yaikulu ndi mabungwe a boma ndi mame a bungwe la malamulo ndi mamembala a nyumba za malamulo.

Germany ali ndi kakonzedwe kamphamvu ka boma ndi Bwalo la Malamulo limene lingaletse malamulo operekedwa ndi Bundestag. Bundesrat , kuimira maboma, ayenera kuvomereza lamulo lokhudza zikondwerero za boma. Dongosolo la Germany limaphatikizaponso kuvomereza kwa kudalirika, kumene kumalepheretsa boma kugwetsedwa popanda boma latsopano lokonzekera kulanda, motero likubweretsa chisungiko.

France [[FLT :1] ili ndi dongosolo la kanthaŵi kumene pulezidenti amagawana ulamuliro wautsogoleri ndi nduna yaikulu. Constitution Council imapenda malamulo a lamulo la malamulo asanapatsidwe. Komabe, osuliza amawona kuti pulezidenti wa Falansa ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu zangozi zimene zingapose mayeso ake abwino.

Indiya , demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko, iri ndi dongosolo la malamulo lokhala ndi zigamulo zokhala ndi kupenda kwamphamvu. Khoti Lapamwamba la India laletsa malamulo ndi machitidwe a mabwana amene amaswa zoyenera zapadera. Komabe, dongosolo la India limayang'anizananso ndi mavuto kuchokera ku kukwera kwa ulamuliro wa oweruza ndi kuukira ufulu.

Zitsanzo za kuyerekezera zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti njira zochitira zinthu zimasiyana, mfundo yaikulu siisintha: Kugaŵa mphamvu ndi kupanga mabungwe kumachititsa kuti munthu aliyense woseŵera akhale wovuta kulamulira. Palibe dongosolo lililonse langwiro, ndipo lililonse liyenera kutengera chikhalidwe ndi ndale zake, koma lamulo la boma loumiriza lili la padziko lonse.

Mapeto ake: Kuchirikiza Dongosolo la Mibadwo Yakutsogolo

Mayeso ndi kulinganiza sizikudziphera okha. Zimafunikira kukhala maso nthaŵi zonse, umphumphu wa bungwe, ndi unzika wachangu kuti zigwire ntchito bwino. Okonza malamulo a malamulowo anazindikira kuti chibadwa cha munthu ncholakwika ndipo mphamvu yake imawononga. Cholinga chawo chinali kutsutsa chikhumbo cha kufuna ufumu, kukhazikitsa boma lolinganizidwa kuletsa nkhanza ngakhale pamene anthuwo sakupereka chisamaliro.

Koma njirayo ingawonongeke pang’onopang’ono. Pamene nthambi ina ikana kugwirizana ndi ina, pamene makhoti adzaza ndi malamulo, pamene oimira nyumba ya malamulo alamulira audindo wochuluka, kapena pamene nzika za dziko zikhala zongonyalanyaza, malangizo a kulinganiza. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti democracy ingalephereke mkati, pamene atsogoleri ankhanza amagwiritsira ntchito njira zozembera za lamulo ndi kufooketsa miyezo yalamulo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.

Thayo la kusunga macheke ndi kulinganiza lili pa mbadwo uliwonse. Kuphunzitsa achichepere ponena za malamulo a boma, kuchirikiza njira zosankhira zoyenerera, kupempha kuwonekera kwa akuluakulu, ndi kuchititsa nthambi zonse kuŵerengeredwa mlandu kupyolera m’masankho ndi chitsenderezo cha anthu onse ndizo ntchito zonse zofunika za uyang’aniro wa demokrase. Mwakumvetsetsa ndi kutetezera njira zimene zimaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa ulamuliro, nzika zingatsimikizire kuti boma likhalebe mtumiki wa anthu, osati mbuye wawo.