Kufufuza kopotoletsa kumaimira chimodzi cha ziŵiya zachinyengo kwambiri m'mkupiti wamakono wa ndale zadziko, kugwira ntchito pa malunji a kufufuza ndi kupotoza maganizo. Mosiyana ndi kufufuza kwa anthu kochitidwa kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chopanda chisokonezo, kukakamiza kuchitidwa ndi cholinga chenicheni cha kuumba /opera zinthu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira zimene zimasonkhezera kusanthula malamulo ndi khalidwe la kusanthula, kujambula kuchokera ku sayansi yandale zadziko, pignic, ndi kufufuza kwa kulankhulana. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kwa otembenuza ndi opanga malamulo ofunafuna kusunga umphumphu wa kupanga zosankha za demokrasi.

Kufotokoza Mantha: Zimene Ali ndi Zimene Siziri

Kufufuza kokakamiza ndiko njira ya ndale zadziko imene imawoneka ngati kufufuza kwa malingaliro koyenera. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli m'cholinga: kufufuza kwenikweni kumafuna kukopa zimene anthu akuganiza, pamene kuli kwakuti kufunsira kokakamiza kumafuna kusintha zimene anthu amaganiza. Ofufuza amafunsa mafunso otsogolera, kaŵirikaŵiri mafunso a kutsutsa olinganizidwa kuchotsa chidziŵitso choipa ponena za wotsutsa kapena kupanga lamulo m’kuuni wowononga. Mawu akuti "push" amalozera ku ku kuyesera kwadala "push" kofuna kugamula kuti apeze yankho loikidwiratu.

Nkofunika kusiyanitsa kukakamiza kupenda pa ntchito zina zofufuzira:

  • Zisankho za malingaliro: Gwiritsirani ntchito ziŵerengero za sayansi, mawu auchete, ndi lipoti la zotulukapo zowonekera bwino.
  • [[FLT :0] Kuitana kwa kazembe: Mowonekeratu kudzidziŵikitsa iwo eni kukhala olankhulana ndi projekiti (m., "olipiridwa ndi Wolamulira Smith kaamba ka Komiti").
  • Kufufuza kwa PUS: Kudzitsutsa iwo eni monga kufufuza, kaŵirikaŵiri kumanenedwa kukhala kochitidwa ndi kampani ya maphunziro kapena ya zamalonda yosaloŵerera, pamene akumapereka zolembedwa zolakwika.

Kufufuza kokakamiza kumafikira chiŵerengero chachikulu cha osankha (kaŵirikaŵiri 50,000 kapena kuposapo) ndi malembo achidule a 2-5 a mafunso. Chifukwa chakuti chonulirapocho sichokusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso, oimba samakhala ndi mayankho; amangopita ku malembo, kubzala mbewu za kukayikira kapena kulimbikitsa mayanjano abwino ndi wofunsira wochirikiza.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zothandiza: Mmene Kupusitsa Ena Kumakhudzira Zinthu

Kufufuza kokakamiza kumagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zingapo zokhazikitsidwa bwino za maganizo ndi kulankhulana. Kumvetsetsa njira zimenezi kumavumbula chifukwa chake zingakhale zogwira mtima, makamaka pakati pa osankha osapanga kapena osapanga chidziŵitso chochepa.

Kuwachititsa: Kuwagwiritsa Ntchito Anthu Ofunika

Kuphwanya malamulo kumachitika pamene pali chiyambukiro cha pambuyo pake. Pofufuza mokakamiza, mafunso amalinganizidwa kupanga mikhalidwe ina kapena mitu yopezeka bwino m’maganizo a ovota. Mwachitsanzo, kufunsira kokakamiza kungafunse kuti:

“ Kodi mungakhale othekera kwambiri kuvota kaamba ka Chikadada X ngati mukudziŵa kuti Candidate X anavotera kutsutsa kupereka ndalama kwa omenya nkhondowo katatu?

Ngakhale ngati wovotayo sanaonepo kukhala wopereka ndalama zakale kukhala chinthu choyamba, mfundo zimene zimatsimikizira kutsogolera. Wovotayo kenaka amasanthula X kupyolera m'lens imeneyo, ngakhale ngati kunena kwake kuli kosocheretsa kapena kosemphana ndi mawu ake. Kufufuza kwa Iyengar ndi Kinder (1987) kunasonyeza kuti kumasulira kwa oulutsa nkhani kungasinthe kwambiri njira yofufuzira yofufuzira.

Kumasulira: Kumasulira mwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Funso Mawu

Kufufuza kokakamiza kumachititsa anthu kulemba nkhani kapena kutsutsa mfundo inayake yolakwika.

  • Uchete: "Kodi mumachirikiza kapena kutsutsa kuwonjezera malipiro ochepera?
  • Kufufuza kodziwitsa: "Kodi mumachirikiza kapena kutsutsa lamulo limene akatswiri a zachuma amati lidzapangitsa mabizinesi aang'ono kuchotsa antchito ndi kukweza mitengo ya ogula?

Funso lachiŵiri limawonjezera malipiro ake ocheperapo ponena za ziyambukiro zake zothekera zachuma, kukondera yankho. Ngakhale ngati wovotayo pambuyo pake angaŵerenge kutsutsana, chinthu choyamba chingapitirire, chotchedwa "chiyambukiro chogwirizana ndi zotsatira zake.

Kudziwikiratu ndi Choonadi Chonyenga

Kupezeka mobwerezabwereza ku mfundo inayake kumawonjezera kuthekera kwakuti zidzaonedwa kukhala zoona, makamaka pamene gwero la zimene akunenazo laiwalika. Kufufuza kwa mavoti kumasonyeza mauthenga osakondweretsa nthaŵi zambiri m'mabanja osiyanasiyana kapena kutchula mphiri. Ngakhale ngati wovotayo sakumbukira kufunsira kokakamizako, kugwirizana pakati pa wopikisanayo ndi mikhalidwe yoipa kungakhomerezeke. Zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi chiyambukiro cha chowonadi chachinyengocho.

Kulimbikitsana ndi Kumenyana Mopanda Chilungamo

Kufufuza kokakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa mawu ndi zinenezo zodzutsa maganizo. Mkwiyo, mantha, ndi nkhaŵa ndi madalaivala amphamvu a ndale zadziko ogwirizana ndi malingaliro. Pamene ovota adzutsidwa mwamaganizo, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kulinganiza chidziŵitso cha mawu otsatiridwa molunjika mwakuti ali ndi malingaliro a m’mimba mmalo mwa kusanthula mosamalitsa. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumene kukupereka lingaliro la kulakwa kungadzutse malingaliro osuliza. Ngati chiganizo cha malingaliro oipa chigwirizanitsidwa ndi woloŵa ntchitoyo, kungakhale kovuta kutsutsa ndi chiwongoletso cholondola.

Chiyambukiro pa Kupanga Zosankha Zamphamvu: Umboni ndi Zotulukapo

Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi anthu kwatsimikizira kuti kukakamiza kusanthula kungasinthe zolinga za kuvota, makamaka m’mikhalidwe ina. Kusintha kwa ziyambukiro zoipa za ndawala (Lau et al., 2007) kunapeza kuti pamene kuli kwakuti chiyambukiro chonse cha kusatsa malonda nchachikatikati, kumasonkhezera kupenda kumene kumachitika chifukwa chakuti kuli kobisika ndi koperekedwa m’nkhani imene imasonyeza kusaloŵerera m’zasayansi.

Malo Opanda Chidziŵitso Chochepa

Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kufunsira anthu kuti afufuze kumathandiza kwambiri magulu awiri:

  1. Osankha osatsutsidwa: Anthu ameneŵa akufunafuna mokangalika zikalata za amene akufuna kuchirikiza. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumene kumapereka mkhalidwe wamphamvu kungachepetse kulinganizika, makamaka ngati wovotayo alibe chidziŵitso chotsutsana.
  2. Chosankha cha nyuzi: Anthu opanda chidziŵitso cha ndale zadziko ali okhoza kuyambitsa ndi kupotoza ziyambukiro. Popanda mphamvu ya maganizo yosanthula zinenezo za ndale zadziko, iwo angavomereze zinenezo zokakamiza za kusanthula kwa nkhope.

Kufufuza kwina kochitidwa ndi Granberg ndi Holmberg (1996) kunapeza kuti kuyang'anizana ndi funso limodzi lokakamiza lonena za khalidwe lolakwika la wofuna kubatizidwa kunasintha kusankha masankho ndi 5-8 peresenti pakati pa ovota osasankhidwa. M'chosankha chapafupi, chigawo chakumapeto chingatsimikizire zotulukapo zake.

Zotsatirapo Zam’tsogolo: Kulimbitsa ndi Kukonza Zinthu

Kufufuza kopotoletsa kumalimbikitsanso maganizo amene alipo pakati pa anthu osudzulana. Pamene wochirikiza wodzipereka wa Candidate A alandira wofufuza woukira Candidate B, iko kumatsimikizira ndi kukulitsa malingaliro awo omwe alipo. Kulimbikitsa kumeneku kumathandizira kuyambitsa kutsutsa anthu otsutsa. Mkupita kwanthaŵi, kuzoloŵera kutumiza mauthenga a poizoni kuchokera ku makampani ndi a pa wailesi kungawononge chidaliro cha osankhidwawo.

Zitsanzo Zosaiwalika za Mapukusi Ochititsa Chidwi

Kumvetsa nkhani zina kumasonyeza njira zimene anthu amagwiritsira ntchito ndiponso zotsatira zake.

Chisankho cha Pulezidenti wa ku United States cha 2000

Pa 2000 Republican primial , kufufuza kokakamiza kunaperekedwa motsutsana ndi Senator John McCaine ndi anzake a Kazembe George W. Bush . Voters ku South Carolina analandira mafoni ofunsa kuti, "Kodi mungakhale ndi kuthekera kwambiri kuvotera John McKain ngati mukudziŵa kuti iye anali ndi mwana wakuda wakuda wakuda? Funso limene linaloza mwana wamkazi wolandiridwa ndi McCains wa ku Bangladesh. Kusokonezedwa kwa chibwenzi cha kunja kwa ukwati kunali konyenga, koma kutachitikako. McCain anafotokoza kuti zotsatirazo zinali "mpangidwe waung'ono kwambiri wa ndale zadziko. Kufufuzako kunathandizira kutayikiridwa kwake ku South Carolina wamkulu, kumene kunamaliza ndendende yake.

Malo a mu 2016

Pamene kuli kwakuti si chisankho chosankha, Brexit serpendium inawona kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa kugwetsa mabomba ndi zonse ziŵiri m'ndale. Voters analandira mapempho ofunsa monga: "Ngati mukudziŵa kuti Yuropu Union imatumiza $350 miliyoni pa mlungu ku UK, ndi kuti ndalama zimenezi zingawonongedwe ku National Health Service mmalo mwake, mungavote kuti kampani 38% ya Free Preset ? Ndi ndalama zambiri zopereka ndalamazo zinanyozedwa kwambiri, koma kusuntha pulogalamu ya kuyendetsa kapangidwe kakedi kotchedwa Plated progatiod Frovite polingalira za EUP ku UK monga chitsime cha Briteni. Kufufuza ndi UKmeal Commission kunapeza kuti komiti ya Fravice inasimba kuti 38% ya provice polandira mafoni oterowo, ndipo ambiri ananena kuti ndalama zothandizira kaamba kavotiotioti.

Chisankho cha pulezidenti wa ku United States cha 2016

Kufufuza kwa makampani kunachita mbali yaikulu pa chisankho cha pulezidenti mu 2016. Mikampeni yaikulu ndi magulu ena kunja kwa United States adagwiritsa ntchito kufalitsa chidziŵitso choipa. Chitsanzo chimodzi chotchuka chinakhudza kufunsira mayeso ofufuza m'njira zazikulu chikalata chimene chinafunsa ovota za zochitika zoyerekezera zokhudza thanzi la Hillary Clinton . Mafoniwo anafunsa kuti, "Kodi mukuda nkhaŵa kuti Hillary Clinton ali ndi matenda aakulu amene amamlepheretsa kutumikira bwino? Zimenezi zinali zozikidwa pa miseche yosagwirizana ndi mfundo zaumboni ya zaumoyo.

Kusankha kwa ku Canada

Ku Canada, kufunsira kokakamiza kwakhala kochitidwa ndi zitokoso zalamulo. Mkati mwa chisankho cha boma cha 2015, Conservative Party inaimbidwa mlandu wa kugwiritsira ntchito kukakamiza kuukira mtsogoleri wa Liberal Justin Trudeau. Voters adapereka foni zimene zinayambika ndi "Tikufufuza malingaliro anu ponena za Liberal Party" ndipo kenaka adafunsa ngati iwo angakhale othekera kwambiri kuvota Liberal ngati anadziŵa kuti Trudeau adalola "Kukweza msonkho" kapena "Kuchirikiza msonkho wa carbon." Pamene kuli kwakuti ndemangazo zinali zowona, makonzedwe a Trudeau adasiyapo kuti pulani ya msonkho ya Trudeau inaphatikizaponso kugaŵana kaamba ka kalasi yapakati. Mtsogoleri wa ku Canada wowondawo atawonda bwino pambuyo pake kaamba ka mapeni osocheretsa a pulogalamu a ka makampani osochete.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Amafuna Kusintha Zinthu Potsatira Ulamuliro wa Anthu?

Kufufuza kokakamiza kumadzutsa mafunso aakulu a makhalidwe abwino ponena za mtundu wa kulankhulana kwa ndale zadziko ndi umphumphu wa masankho.

Chinyengo ndi Chivomerezo Chodziŵidwa

Kuswa lamulo kwa maziko ndiko chinyengo. Ofufuza akukhulupirira kuti iwo akutengamo mbali m'kufufuza kovomerezeka. Sauzidwa kuti chiitanocho ndicho kukambitsirana kwa kampeni, ndipo sauzidwa za amene akuitanayo. Zimenezi zikuswa lamulo lakuvomereza kwa chidziŵitso limene limalamulira kufufuza kwa makhalidwe. American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) yatsutsa poyera kukakamiza kufufuza, akumanena kuti iwo "sanapangidwa kuti apeze chidziŵitso chosadziŵika" ndi kuti agwiritsire ntchito "uveminesss versensies pofufuza."

Kufalikira kwa Chidziŵitso Cholakwika

Kufufuza kopototoka kuli nthanthi yokopa. Chifukwa chakuti iwo safunikira kuyang'ana mfundo imodzi kapena kusanthula monga kutsatsa, angafalitse zonena zonama kapena zosocheretsa popanda kuŵerengera. Kuchenjera kwa kapangidwe ka mapangidwe ka zinthuko kumatanthauza kuti chidziŵitso chonyengacho chaperekedwa osati monga chonenera koma monga funso, kukuchititsa kukhala kovuta kuvomereza magwero. Pamene atolankhani kapena ofufuza zinthu amayesa kuchotsa kusanthula kokakamiza, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri satha kuzindikira amene akuchichirikiza, monga momwe oimbira telefoni ndi ziŵiya za foni zobedwa.

Kuyamba Kukhulupirirana

Pamene ovota azindikira kuti "makampani" ali njira zochitira mpikisano, iwo samakhala ofunitsitsa kutengamo mbali m'kufufuza koyenera. Kulabadira kwa ofufuza oona kwatsika kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa. Malinga ndi Pew Research, ziŵerengero za kufunsa kwa telefoni zatsika kuchokera pa 36% mu 1997 kufika 6% mu 2018. Kufufuza kochititsa chidwi n’kumodzi kothandizira kutsikaku . Ofufuza ambiri amene anatenthedwa ndi "svey" sayankha kaŵirikaŵiri mafoni a mtsogolo olembedwa monga kufufuza.

Kukonza Malo: Kuyesetsa Kuletsa Mantha Oipitsa

Kugwira bwino ntchito za malamulo pa kafukufuku wokakamiza anthu kumachitika mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi dziko ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

United States

Ku United States, kufunsira sikuli koletsedwa pa kokha koma kungaswe malamulo ena. Khoti Lalikulu latetezera nthaŵi zambiri kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko, kuphatikizapo kupotoza zinyalala, pansi pa First Amendment. Komabe, maboma ena akhazikitsa ziletso zakutizakuti:

  • Idaho : Mafuno amene amakakamiza kufunsira amaphatikizapo kuvumbula mawu "Iitani imeneyi imalipidwa ndi [dzina la wochirikiza] ndipo ikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonkhezera voti lanu. Kuswa malamulo kungatuluke m’zilandu zolakwika.
  • New Jersey [1] Ziletso zimaitana kuti "kuimira mtundu wa chiitano" kapena kulephera kuvumbula chiŵalo cha bungwelo popereka chiitanocho.
  • Florida : Mafuno alionse a foni okhudza ndawala ya ndale amaphatikizapo dzina la wochirikiza ndi keyala.

Pa mlingo wa boma, Telefoni Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) imaletsa mafoni ongochitika mwa kampani koma imaletsa mapempho andale zadziko. Federal Communications Commission sinapereke mwachindunji zofufuza zokakamiza. Malamulo ndi odandaula ndi ongochitika mwamwaŵi.

Canada

Canada iri ndi malamulo amphamvu. Mu 2018, kampani yotchedwa Racknine inakomedwa dokopo landale lonse la makampani amene amapanga ndalama ndi nambala ya wothandizira. Kufufuza kwamphamvu kumene kumalephera kuvumbula mkhalidwe wawo wa kugawa kungafufuzidwe pansi pa lamulo la Canada Ecomtions Act. Mu 2018, kampani yotchedwa Racknine inakomedwa ndalama zokwana madola 1.3 miliyoni pa ntchito yake m'mabuloboli amene anatsogolera ofufuza kuphonya masiteshoni opatula.

United Kingdom

Mu UK, kukakamiza kufufuza kumagwera pansi pa puraview ya Ofesi ya Information Commissioner (ICO) ngati iphatikizapo mafoni ongochitika mwa kampani. ICO yakonza makampani kupanga mapempho osakhala a lamulo opanga mayeso oyerekezera kukhala mayeso. Komabe, kufunsira kokhala ndi mapepala ofufuzira nkovuta kulamulira chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mafotokozedwe omveka bwino a lamulo. Bungwe la UElectoral Commission lapempha kuti liwonjeze kwambiri mpikisano wandale koma silinapereke malangizo otsimikizirika pa kufufuza kokakamiza anthu.

Australia

Australia’s Ancy Act ndi Spam Act mwa njira ina kulamulira kufufuza kokakamiza, koma palibe lamulo lopatulidwa. Australian Electoral Commission ikuvomereza kuti ovota asamalire mayeso osapemphedwa, koma kusungitsa kuli ndi polekezera.

Mmene Opanga Nsalu Angadzitetezere

Ngakhale kuti malangizo ndi ofunika, maphunziro a munthu aliyense payekha ndi othandiza kwambiri.

  • Afunsa mafunso odziŵikitsa: Ngati woitana akunena kuti akutsogolera kufufuza, funsani dzina lonse la kampani yofufuza, wopereka, ndi chifuno cha phunzirolo. Mafunsila a Legitimate adzapereka chidziŵitso chimenechi; ofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri adzapatuka kapena kupereka mayankho otsutsa.
  • Pezani chinenero chotsogolera: Ngati mafunsowo aphatikizapo chidziŵitso choipa ponena za wobatizidwa kapena lamulo, makamaka chidziŵitso chimene chikuwoneka ngati chothandiza kapena chopereka, chingakhale kufunsira kokakamiza. Khulupirirani chibadwa chanu.
  • Musaloŵetsemo maganizo: Ofufuza aphunzitsidwa kudzutsa malingaliro aukali. Ngati mukwiya kapena kudabwa ndi funso, imani ndi kukumbutsa kuti kuitanirako kuli kuyesayesa kwankhanza.
  • Lipoti la kukayikira: [[FLT :1] Mu United States, tsegulani chidandaulo ndi Federal Trade Commission (FTC) kapena loya wamkulu wa boma lanu. Ku Canada, lankhulani ndi CRTC. Mu UK, lipoti ku ICOCO. Ngakhale ngati lamulo la lamulo lichitika mwa apa ndi apo, madandaulo amathandiza kupanga cholembedwa chimene chingatsogolere ku kachitidwe.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito zoimbira foni: Mautumiki onga Nomorobo (US) kapena Hiya angathandize kusefa maluwa odziŵika. Komabe, kuyendetsa mavoti kwa moyo kuchokera ku manambala osadziŵa nkovuta kutseka.

Tsogolo la Kuwononga Magalimoto Panyengo ya Masamu

Kugwiritsa ntchito malo osungira zinthu ndiponso makampani andale kumathandiza kuti anthu adziwe zinthu zambiri. Masewera ofufuza a pakompyuta amaoneka ngati makampani ofufuza zinthu zachinsinsi, makampani otsatsa malonda a WeuTube, kapena makompyuta. Njira zomwezo ndizo kugwiritsa ntchito popanga zinthu ndi kutumiza zinthu kudzera pa Facebook kapena pa email.

Luntha lopanga lalowanso pa chithunzi. Mawu opangidwa ndi AI angayendetse mafoni zikwizikwi a kutsendereza ndi kutumiza zinthu pa nthaŵi imodzi, kukonza zolembazo mogwirizana ndi mayankho a wovotayo kapena mfundo za anthu. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti kutulukira kukhale kovuta kwambiri ndipo zimadzutsa mafunso okhudza kuvomereza ndi kubisa mawu.

Oyang’anira akuyesetsa kuti asunge. Bungwe la European Union’s General Data Protection Regculation (GDPR) limakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima ogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zaumwini popanga mapulogalamu andale, omwe angachepetse kukakamiza anthu kuchita zinthu zoipitsa. Komabe, kuonetsetsa kuti malire akutsalira kumakhala kofooka. Vuto la ma democracy ndilo kuteteza kulankhula kwaufulu kwa ndale polimbana ndi chinyengo. Pamene kukakamiza kufufuza kumakhala kwaluso kwambiri, kufunika kwa kuzindikira anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito ma wilo, ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi zinthu zamakono silinakule kwambiri.

Kumaliza: Chosankha Chosamveka

Kufufuza kokakamiza sikuli njira yopatsira vuto m'ndale; kuli njira yadala, ya umboni yowonongera kuvota. Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito kukondera kwa nzeru ndi kutsutsa mabodza pofufuza, iwo amaluluza mkhalidwe wa nkhani zapoyera ndi kusokoneza zotsatira za osankhidwa. Pamene malamulo ena akupereka mankhwala apadera, chitetezo chachikulu chiyenera kukhala chosankhira chodziŵa bwino. Anthu amene amamvetsa njira zopimira kusanthula ndi kufalitsa nkhani sizingasokonezedwe nawo. Monga mmene mzera pakati pa kusanthula kovomerezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi cha ndale zadziko ukuwonjezereka m'nyengo ya manambala, mfundo ya democracy ya ufulu ndi chosankha chodziŵidwa imadalira pa luso lathu la kuona zinthu mwa kuyendetsa.

[[ML:0] kuwonjezera Chingelezi:

  • American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) – [[FLT: 0] Mawu a Chingelezi pa Posts [[FLT: 1]
  • Pew Research Center – [[FLT: 0] Kuzindikira kutsika kwa ziŵerengero za mayankho [[FLT: 1]
  • Malo Olankhulana Ogwirizana – [[FLT: 0]